The influence of European art essays 1: On the trend of European medieval art Abstract: Art has many stages, and medieval art has its special position and function in history. European medieval art, as an artistic orientation of the times, is often labeled? Dark ages? What is the fate of medieval art? Is it noble or humble; Whether aggressive or conservative; Freedom or autocracy is a question in this historical period. A brief exposition of medieval art may lead to some conclusions on these issues.
Keywords: medieval art trends
1. What is this? Medieval?
According to the general view of historians, history? Medieval? (Middle Ages) generally refers to the German occupation of Rome, that is, from the end of the Western Roman Empire (AD 476) to the Renaissance in15th century (AD 1453) and the beginning of the germination of capitalism. This is only a relatively unified understanding. Historians still have many definitions of medieval history, but their general scope will not deviate from this interval.
The Middle Ages in history lasted for nearly a thousand years, which was an era in European history (mainly referring to Western Europe). The Italian poet Petrarch (A.D. 1304~ 1374) divided history into ancient, medieval and modern, and regarded the Middle Ages as an extremely chaotic middle period. He habitually turned this period of the Middle Ages into? Dark ages? . Then why is it called? Dark ages? And then what?
? Medieval? This word began to be used by humanists in the late15th century. Politically, this period of history, also called medieval history, refers to the history from the demise of the Western Roman Empire in 476 to the outbreak of the British bourgeois revolution in 1640. The formation, development and disintegration of feudal system is the main line of European history in this period. However, the development of feudal society in the world is unbalanced. When Western Europe just entered the feudal society in the 5th century, the history of the feudal society in China had lasted about 1000 years.
During this period, Europe did not have strong political power to rule. Feudal separatism brought frequent wars, which led to the stagnation of science and technology and productivity, and people lived in hopeless pain. Therefore, the Middle Ages or the Early Middle Ages are generally called? Dark ages? Traditionally, this is a period of relatively slow development in the history of European civilization.
So, it seems that everything in the Middle Ages is shrouded in? Darkness? In the shadow, there is no light, no breathing, no shouting, no vitality. Darkness? Ruling everything, even art, the most flexible and convenient way to reflect spiritual life, is hard to achieve results. Is that really the case?
Second, the performance of medieval art thinking
Mention? Medieval? What will people think of the Middle Ages? This word will bring some familiar images to people's minds: Gothic cathedrals, feudal castles, crusaders and aristocratic wars, and the flames of the inquisition. Centuries ago. Medieval? When it is used as a name to divide ancient Greece, Rome and modern history, it has a derogatory meaning, implying the destruction and blank of European cultural history, and continues to this day. ? If people want to find an adjective to describe backwardness, lack of culture and lack of legal system, people can use the word medieval. ? Medieval? In fact, it has become synonymous with all dark reactionary words. ? Is it in a dark shadow that everything is dim? Is art the same? We cannot help asking.
It is true that the Middle Ages had its dark side in politics, as well as in art, but art had more tenacious vitality. While adapting to the requirements of the times, it can always give people light and comfort in the dark, and effectively promote the pace of historical progress, becoming a mirror taking history as a mirror. Medieval art is particularly prominent in this respect. Although there are some shortcomings due to historical limitations, its artistic achievements are unprecedented, admired by future generations, and its position in the world art forest is even more important.
The grandeur and solemnity of Gothic churches, the beauty and luxury of Byzantine mosaics and the roughness and massiness of Roman sculptures are all style descriptions of artistic phenomena in a specific period, and they all have their specific connotations. Aesthetically, Hegel divided architecture into three categories: symbolic architecture in ancient Egypt, classical architecture in ancient Greece and Gothic romantic architecture in the middle ages. ? Romantic architecture is more scientific, more reasonable and more perfect than classical architecture in terms of materials and architectural configuration. That is to say, under the guidance of aesthetic judgment, the most suitable materials and the most economical and reasonable configuration are combined into an unparalleled human structure, which embodies the noblest ideal of mankind. ? (2) In order to express the desire to worship and liberate Christ, the form of architecture has been exaggerated to the extent of formlessness, and the sublimity and greatness have also been expanded to infinity. Romantic architecture has reached the highest level of sublimity and greatness in aesthetics.
Byzantine mosaic not only has bright and dazzling color effect, but also has a three-dimensional sense of structure. In modeling, they pay special attention to generalization. They don't depict details, but realize their image modeling through color contrast, making the subject stand out. It is conceivable that under the illumination of light, those images with complementary colors and ordinary looks are so gorgeous and harmonious against the golden background. It gives believers such a noble and sacred religious feeling. Mosaic has reached the solemn, reserved and exciting eternity required by Christianity, which is undoubtedly the best expression of Byzantine art with its unique style and form.
The revival of Roman sculpture proves the artist's endless imagination and creativity. Whether it is the figure modeling on the gable wall of Otan church or the tall stigma decoration, it presents vivid, free, bold and changeable effects.
Political turmoil and social chaos will inevitably have a great impact on the economy, art and other fields, but we know that the development of art is always unbalanced, and art in a disorderly state may not be unable to bloom gorgeous flowers. Just like the Wei and Jin Dynasties in ancient China, the art gardens in the Middle Ages in Europe are unique. The artistic achievements and styles created in that period were the unique spiritual wealth of that period, and even its influence spread all over the world, even in modern times. If we want to talk about some of its disadvantages, I think it is probably a spiritual oppression given by religious consciousness in art, which runs through the whole Middle Ages.
The church in medieval Europe had great power to control social affairs. At the beginning of the Middle Ages, Catholicism, as a branch of Christianity, helped the Germans to establish and consolidate their political power, and the power of the church also grew. ? Soul redemption? 、? Human love? Other thoughts are not only applicable to slave owners, but also to feudal owners, which is conducive to maintaining feudal rule. The basic teachings of Christianity became a tool for the religious and ruling services of feudal nobles.
Western Europe in the Middle Ages was dominated by natural economy at first, with low productivity, and science and technology could not be applied to production. In society, the masses were oppressed by the church and feudal nobles, deprived of the opportunity of education, and the obscurantism policy promoted by the church spread. Church? We can control the masses and exert influence through various means and channels from the aspects of politics, economy, culture, education and ideology, which inevitably makes religious theology become the dominant official ideology, and the masses' thoughts are inevitably deeply influenced by religious theology, and their thoughts and feelings are influenced and nourished by religion. Almost everyone has become a devout believer, completely succumbing to the authority of the church and becoming a slave to orthodox teachings and church authority. This situation has seriously hindered the development of production and social progress. ? At this point, we can understand that it is a phenomenon that medieval art is branded with religion.
The development of history always has its highs and lows, so that the Catholic theological thoughts in the later 14 and 15 centuries were influenced? Heresy? Attacked by molecules, they think that there is no need for celibacy in life, and demand that the spiritual shackles tortured by Catholicism be lifted. With the germination of capitalism, the struggle against the church intensified, and finally the Renaissance and the Religious Reform appeared in the middle of16th century. These movements advocated breaking through the ideological and cultural shackles of feudal prisons and churches, giving people real dignity and value, restoring people's free will, and affirming the happiness that people should enjoy in this world, which made Europe climb to a new level and opened a new era.
This also illustrates the suffering of medieval art from another side, but it is only limited to the artistic spirit. Formally, medieval art did not bear too much guilt. We should remember the importance of artistic spirit to freedom, and at the same time, we should not forget the diversity of artistic forms.
summary
The Middle Ages have gone away from us, but the heritage left by history is rich and colorful. The sacred aura of religion faded over the Middle Ages, and art has already stepped down from the unattainable altar and become a feast for the public to enjoy. We don't have to consider whether the art of that period is great or small, glorious or humble, because the trend of art is not just art itself, it involves too many relationships. Here, we just need to savor its unique taste, feel its profound and shocking power, and perhaps feel some artistic spirit and enlightenment.
Precautions:
(1) Su A Gulevich, Pang Yujie, Li Xuezhi. Medieval cultural categories. Hangzhou: Zhejiang People's Publishing House. 1992 version. Page 1.
(2) Li Wei and Feikai. Architectural philosophy. Shanghai Lin Xue Publishing House. Page 2006.357.
③ Chen Xiwen. Research on the history of the world in the middle ages. Beijing: People's Publishing House. 2006, pp. 208-209.
References:
[1] Department of Foreign Art History, School of Humanities, Central Academy of Fine Arts. A brief history of foreign art. Beijing: China Youth Publishing House, 2007.
[2] Zheng. The mystery of European culture. Shanghai: Shanghai People's Publishing House. 1999.
[3] Chen Lemin. Fifteen lectures on European civilization. Beijing: Peking University Publishing House. 2004.
[4] Zhuang Xichang. History of western culture. Beijing: Higher Education Press. 1999.
The influence of European art essays II: the influence of four classical European artistic styles on women's clothing styles Abstract: The development and changes of art and culture will inevitably be reflected in people's clothing styles, especially women's clothing styles are always closely related to an era and the culture and art of this era.
Keywords: Gothic Art Style Baroque Art Style Rococo Art Style Neoclassical Art Style Women's Style
Each period has different artistic styles, which are manifested in various artistic fields such as architecture, fine arts, music, literature, dyeing and weaving, and have an impact on people's social life and spiritual life. Gothic art style, baroque art style, rococo art style and neoclassicism art style occupy a decisive position in the history of European art, and these artistic styles also affect the clothing styles of the same period.
First, the characteristics of four artistic styles
Gothic art style? Goth? Initially, it originated from a unique architectural style, such as straight columns, high zenith and pointed arches, which can be seen in a cathedral with spires in the Middle Ages, and is characterized by typical elements such as pointed arches, small minarets, stacked walls, flying arches and stained glass inlays. This style has influenced the whole of Europe and is reflected in different art fields, such as painting, sculpture, decoration, music and other art forms. It is characterized by exaggeration, asymmetry, strangeness, lightness, complexity and decoration, and its main feature is the frequent use of longitudinal extension lines.
Baroque art style Baroque represents the spirit of Louis XIV. It has a gorgeous, vibrant, colorful, beautiful lines, rich and luxurious style. It liberates the human spirit from the shackles of classicism and makes it indulge in endless fascinating dreams. At first, it was mainly aimed at the architectural style of Italy in17th century. Later, Baroque influenced architecture, art, music, literature and dyeing and weaving. The most basic feature of baroque art style is to break the seriousness, implication and balance of Renaissance, and advocate luxury and style.
Rococo art style18th century France is still the cultural and artistic center of Western Europe. Due to the vigorous rise of salon culture in France, women have become the focus of attention in the male world, forming a cultural form different from the solemn and luxurious court culture in Baroque period, that is, Rococo artistic style. The peak of Rococo style is Louis XV, which mainly refers to a kind of interior decoration style of Louis XV: C-shaped, S-shaped curve or whirlpool pattern decoration style. Another feature is sweet and light, exquisite and gorgeous, without the religious flavor and exaggerated emotional expression of baroque art, which influenced the clothing at that time, even with? Rococo? This word stands for the clothing style of18th century before the French Revolution.
Neoclassical artistic style Neoclassical artistic style rose in the middle of18th century, and its spirit was a strong rebellion against Baroque and Rococo artistic styles. It mainly strives to restore what ancient Greece and Rome strongly pursued? A sense of solemnity and tranquility? Theme and form, and enter the rationalism aesthetics.
The Influence of Ersi Style on Women's Style in the Same Period
Gothic style Gothic style deeply influenced the costume aesthetics and costume creation of medieval French clothing. Influenced by the architectural style, the Gothic clothing style is mainly reflected in the images of high crown, pointed shoes and sharp jagged bottom of skirt, and the fabric presents the same luster and bright colors as the stained glass in Gothic church. Skirts often make the wearer look slender by using longitudinal modeling lines and folds, and increase the height of the human body by heightening the brim, giving people a feeling of lightness and upward. The blouse is tight, the lower overskirt is wide, the upper part is light and the lower part is heavy, forming a cone shape, which is highly decorative. The pointy Enin hat is like a small steeple, with two tights with different colors of trouser legs, pointed upturned shoes and a coat decorated with asymmetric patterns.
Baroque style is influenced by baroque artistic style. In the history of western clothing, Baroque style? Represents17th century European fashion style. Its clothing is characterized by a lot of lace and lace, accompanied by luxurious decorations, such as ribbons, big buttons, embroidery, jewelry and so on. So this style of fashion and accessories are full of luxury and classical features.
Skirts are the focus of baroque women's wear. The dress is characterized by drooping, pleating and mopping the floor, which is softer, more natural, generous and full of romance than in the Renaissance, showing the natural charm of women. In addition to grabbing, women have to wear three different colors of skirts (namely petticoat, inner skirt and outer skirt) instead of skirts. Wear a multi-layer pleated skirt under the skirt to make the lower body look bulging and increase the sense of volume and layering. Both overall modeling and local modeling emphasize curves more to show women's unique gender charm.
Rococo style, as a clothing style, is characterized by extreme elegance and exquisiteness. It broke the symmetrical pattern since the Renaissance and created an asymmetrical, free and unrestrained, slender, light, gorgeous and complex decorative style with a light and elegant sense of movement.
The woman wears a corset vest under her clothes, and the skirt is supported again. At this time, the form of skirt support is flat and symmetrical. Wear a gorgeous petticoat outside the skirt support and Rob outside, usually opening at the front. The neckline becomes a big U-shape, revealing a corset. A row of ribbon bows are arranged in order of size from top to bottom, and Rob's bottom is also open in an A-shape. The petticoat is exposed, and the petticoat and Rob are also decorated with zigzag frills, lace, ribbon bows and flowers. The sleeves are elbow-length, and the cuffs also have three layers of lace.
Neoclassicism from 1790 to 1820, neoclassicism prevailed, which made women's wear lean towards the natural style of ancient Greece and Rome, and replaced the gorgeous and exaggerated clothing style with natural and simple style. Robes and jackets are typical styles of this period. This is a loose petticoat made of white cotton. The waistline of the dress is raised below the chest to make the proportion of the human body look better. There is a protective layer on the inner side of the chest instead of the corset, which reduces the bondage to the female body. Short sleeves, revealing arms; The skirt is very long and hangs to the ground, which makes women's clothes return to elegant and natural beauty again.
The influence of 34 artistic style on modern women's clothing style
In today's fashion world, European classical art style is still the source of inspiration for many fashion designers, who hold high the banner of retro style and go back centuries in many details.
Gucci once designed a series of clothing inspired by Gothic style, which was very sexy. Black rock girl, with the flavor of Hollywood actress in 1930s: wide trouser legs, tight and slender tailoring, with straps and high heels, sexy with personality, giving girls a Gothic mystery.
Baroque style is also favored by fashion designers. Inspired by Baroque style, YSL designer tom ford reinterpreted French lace, bow tie and wide sleeves into modern clothes. The materials he used showed a mature and sexy female image. Shoulder straps are the key details in design, which often appear on tops, skirts and shoes, as well as wide cuffs and bow ties, with black as the main tone, gorgeous embroidery and classical waist-closing appearance, which can not help but remind people of the various amorous feelings of women in Saint Laurent, the French court hundreds of years ago.
D & ampg spring and summer G2008 dress series is the climax of fashion returning to Rococo style. Printed fabrics, exaggerated skirts, discounted lace, complicated decorations and low-cut petticoats are all designed around the classic and beautiful X-shaped outline, emphasizing the level and quality of skirts and sleeves. In the choice of color, magnificent colors such as grass green, pink and goose yellow are presented one by one, which is light and gorgeous.
Yaying in 2008 and 2008? The inspiration for the 2009 autumn and winter special conference comes from neoclassicism. Its clothing perfectly presents the excellent proportion between women's bodies. Through three-dimensional cutting, pleating and piping, it outlines a sense of space with visual effects with exaggerated bows, retro wide belts and metal ornaments. The ornaments are dominated by black gold and beige, and dotted with a little rose, dark orange and dark green, showing the classic splendor and nobility.
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These four categories are not the only European artistic styles. Diversified culture will inevitably create colorful art forms in society, and clothing is a mirror of the times, which not only reflects the relationship between man and nature and society, but also reflects the breath of an era and people's mental outlook.
References:
[1] gorgeous. History of western clothing [M]. China Textile Press, 2002.
[2] Zang Yingchun. Comparison of Chinese and Western female styles [M]. Light Industry Press, 200 1.
Articles on the influence of European art:
1. Research papers on the influence of Chinese and Western contemporary art on people's real life
2. Talking about Chinese and Western Art and Totem Art Papers
3. On the essential differences between Chinese and Western art education
4. On the significance of Renaissance art
5. Analysis of contemporary coal carving art enlightenment papers.
6. Art design papers.