Where did Tian Huang's name come from? In short, yellow stones found in rice fields. Another reason why Tian Huangshi is rare is that on the earth, there are only sand layers under the narrow paddy fields on both sides of a stream in Shoushan Village, Fujian Province. Moreover, after hundreds of years of continuous excavation and mining, the paddy fields in Shoushan Village have been dug countless times, and now they have dried up, and the excellent tianhuang has long been priceless. In ancient times, there was a saying that "one or two fields of yellow rice and three or two fields of gold", but now it is "two" versus "gold", so the price of yellow rice has risen rapidly.
At present, the so-called Tianhuang, which is called "Tianhuang" in the market, has soft radish patterns, but its shape is mostly not egg-shaped; Some are thick yellow, comparable to Tian Huang, but the radish lines in the stone muscles are sparse and messy; Some are delicate and clean, but the stones are delicate and soft. Some people use yellow litchi cave stone to carve and print buttons and pretend to be fake tianhuang for sale; Or cheat the novice with the yellow pebbles in the pit of Ling Du; What's more, countless small pieces of thin field Yellowstone are glued into Ota Yellowstone, or top-grade field Yellowstone is inlaid on coarse field Yellowstone, which confuses people and makes huge profits. So, how do collectors judge the authenticity of Tian Huangshi?
According to experts, Tian Huangshi has been separated from the mother mine and buried in the ground for millions of years. Under the special environment and conditions, Tian Huangshi gradually changed its original shape, color and texture, and has its unique appearance characteristics. To sum up, it is mainly manifested in six aspects: stone shape, stone color, stone skin, radish pattern and red rib, which we can identify according to.
Stone shape: Tian Huangshi is mostly pebble-shaped, smooth and flat, with no obvious edges and corners. This is due to the continuous erosion and grinding of ore blocks by water flow during migration and rolling.
Stone: The texture of Tian Huangshi is warm and lovely, slightly transparent or translucent. If carefully observed, it will glow with a charming luster, which is not available in other stone varieties.
Stone color: "Tian Huangshi", as the name implies, is a yellow gem. Although according to hue, there are Tianhuang, Baitian, Hongtian and Heitian, as well as varieties such as gold-coated silver and gold-coated silver, no matter what color Tian Huangshi is based on yellow, it is just white, red and black. For example, the color of "Red Celestial Stone" is nearly orange, such as orange peel, and it is impossible to have pink, vermilion and blood red; "Kuroda Stone" is black with ochre; Even Tian Huangshi, known as the "white field", is not pure white as snow, but slightly yellow in white or egg white.
Stone skin: Tian Huangshi's appearance is mostly covered with yellow or black cortex, which is thick or thin, all-inclusive or sparsely hung, and its shape is changeable. Although the skin of some Tian Huangshi is extremely thin, it will be removed once carved and polished, but the color of Tian Huangshi is different, usually it gradually turns white from the epidermis to the inner layer, or even turns white. This discoloration law is especially obvious and large in Tian Huangshi.
Radish pattern: When Tian Huangshi with strong transparency is observed under strong light, its texture is often faintly visible, with fine and dense texture, and its shape is like newly unearthed white radish fiber, so it is called "radish pattern".
Red rib: Red rib refers to the occasional red rib on the surface of Tian Huangshi, which is as red as blood and as thin as silk, commonly known as "red rib" and "bloodshot". It is a lattice formed by fine cracks produced during the migration of Tian Huangshi and the infiltration of iron oxide in the soil.
The identification of the authenticity of Tian Huangshi mainly depends on the naked eye, which can be basically identified according to the above appearance characteristics.
Tian Huangshi is a treasure in Shoushan stone series and is known as the "king of stones". It is warm and lovely in color and delicate in texture, and has been regarded as the "Indian King" by Yin Shi people since Ming and Qing Dynasties. Tian Huangshi has been loved by collectors for centuries. As the saying goes, "gold is easy to get, but Tian Huang is hard to find."
Shoushan Township, the northern mountainous area of Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, has a mountain stream with a length of more than 1 km and a width of more than 200 meters, which is the origin of Tian Huangshi. It is separated from the stone vein and forms a block independently. It has been buried by SARS for a long time. It is a stone with "no root, no root, and the pulse can be found". Tian Huangshi is divided into three sections: Shangban, Zhongban and Xiaban. Shangban is near the upper reaches of the stream. The Tian Huangshi produced here is highly transparent and inspiring, with a slightly yellow color and a white tone. Because the upstream water source is good, the produced Tian Huangshi is as bright as glass. Tian Huangshi's top grade is called "Gold Covered Silver" and "Tian Baishi", which comes from the upper half. The middle plate is located in the middle of Xihe River. Most of the stones produced are standard, clean and moist, with strong color and clear radish texture. The best stones in Tian Huangshi, such as Tian Huang Liang Stone, Gold and Silver Leopard, Orange Peel Red, Golden, Kai Ba Huang and Chicken Oil Yellow, are mostly produced here. Xiaban is located in the area of Kengtou, which lacks water washability, so the transparency of stone materials is poor, and most of them are tung oil color, deep ochre color and rough texture.
As early as 1000 years ago, some people began to collect it in China, and Tian Huangshi in the Ming and Qing Dynasties was even more famous. Many dignitaries and scholars compete to deliberately collect Tian Huangshi. According to legend, Tian Huangshi was indispensable in the story of the gods in the early Qing Dynasty when the emperor offered sacrifices to heaven, which implied the auspicious meaning of "Fu (Fujian), Shou (Shoushan) and Huang (Tian Huang)". Therefore, Tian Huangshi has always been famous and his worth has doubled. There is an old saying that "an inch of farmland is worth an inch of gold".
Tianhuangshi variety
The more precious ones are as follows:
Tianhuang frozen stone: the top grade of Tianhuang stone, the whole stone is transparent, like solidified honey, moist and incomparable.
Silver-coated gold: fresh eggs with shell-like appearance and a pale white skin with bright luster.
Tian Baishi: This stone was produced in Shangban District. It is as ice as jade, and the red color in the stone is particularly eye-catching. It has been discontinued now.
Gold-coated silver: Tian Huangshi is the top grade, like sheep fat oil, with a bright yellow skin outside, which forms a sharp color contrast with meat.
Chicken oil yellow: produced at the junction of the upper half and the middle half, thin and solid, moist and greasy, and the stone surface color has a layer of chicken oil-like skin.
Orange peel yellow: stone carvings are produced in the middle plate area, with bright color, red and yellow, and pure texture.
Black leather field: also known as "crow skin", the color is mostly osmanthus, and the skin is like lacquer charcoal. The contrast between the black skin on the outside and the yellow skin on the inside is particularly strong when carving works with this kind of stone.
In today's international art market, Tian Huangshi's buyers are mostly Hong Kong, Taiwan Province Province, Singapore and other Chinese-inhabited areas. The better the quality of Tian Huangshi, the more attractive it is to collectors.
Tian Huangshi is only produced in Shoushan, Fujian, China. Because its color is generally yellow and it is produced in the field, it is called Tianhuang. The material of Tian Huangshi is warm and greasy, and it is known as the "crown of lithographs". The aesthetic expression of China seal is in three aspects: seal cutting, button decoration and print quality. The precious Tian Huangshi became attached to the seal, which not only enriched the aesthetic value of the seal, but also doubled the value of Tian Huang himself. The color of Tian Huangshi is based on calm and pure deep yellow, which symbolizes wealth. A first-class Tianhuang Yin Shi should not only have delicate and moist characteristics, but also have pure color, bright texture, huge body and finely carved buttons. If the printing surface comes from a famous seal cutting, its value will be higher. Yellowstone in the collection can be divided into old stone and new stone. Generally speaking, old stones are more positive in quality and shape, while new stones tend to follow the shape naturally in order not to reduce the weight, and are rarely processed into square printed matter. Tian Huangshi has a unique grain, which is often called "radish silk grain". Some people often use this as the basis for identifying Tian Huangshi. But in fact, some stones with "radish silk pattern" are not Tian Huang, and can't be judged by just one grain.
Identification of Tian Huangshi
Tian Huangshi is a unique "soft gem" in China. Only Shoushan, Fujian has a farm in the world, which is less than 1 km. Because the color is generally yellow, and it is also foreign-made, it is called Tian Huangshi, a production base, which has been excavated for hundreds of years. Its material is warm and greasy, ranking first among soft carved stones. Ming and Qing dynasties were presented to the palace as tributes and carved into jade seals and artistic decorations.
Tian Huangshi, as the "king in stone", has always been expensive. Scholars all think that collecting or using fields is more elegant and tasteful than jewelry and jadeite. From the perspective of cultural relics identification, it is one thing to identify Tian Huangshi, which is different from other types of cultural relics, but first of all, it depends on whether it is really Tian Huangshi. Mr. Li Yuanmao has done a lot of research on this, and made an incisive analysis of Tian Huangshi's falsification and identification. The quotations are as follows:
Pretending to "dig a hole" to dig a pit head stone, commonly known as a pit head field, because it is a single stone, produced in the sand near the pit head Xikou, it is an immature field stone. The soil is slightly wet and the fineness is very close to that of Tianhuang. Its humidity and brightness are the same as those in Shi Tian. Because of its thorough acidification, it is very similar to Xiabantianhuang. Radish lines are slightly straight, showing water lines or cow hair lines. It can be seen that the stone is brittle. Outstanding people "have the same value as Sanbantian". Poor pit head field is usually called digging pit head stone, with prominent edges and corners, no skin, thin acidified layer, yellow outside and white light inside. The stone broke like a puddle. There is no radish pattern or cotton pattern, and the rock is heavy and contains gravel. Because there is no geothermal cultivation, the oxidation is insufficient, and the temperature is naturally poor, so it cannot be purchased as a field stone.
Take "Digging Mountain Stone" (Shajitian) as an imitation: this stone is a mountain stone dug in sandy soil, and there are two kinds, one is light loquat yellow, which was mostly produced in the second year of the Republic of China, and the other is ripe chestnut. The former is as shiny as a field, and the latter is as similar in color as a field. There is a thin yellowish cortex outside. Because the iron acidification degree of dry epidermis in mountainous areas can't be compared with that in Shi Tian, the texture is mostly greasy and shiny, but the softness and warmth are far less than that of Tianhuang, and the brightness is also poor, so there is no sense of air overflow. Radish grains are like zongzi, but the zongzi in Tianhuang is relatively soluble, while the zongzi dug in mountainous areas is insoluble, thick and exposed, such as orange capsules. Occasionally there are cotton sand or red spots. The color looks like a foreign stone outside, but it is white inside with red squares. Fresh as blood, dry. Sometimes, it is accompanied by the rock color of primary minerals. Unlike Tian Shi's red squares, they are mostly brown or ochre yellow, calm and moist. Although it has a certain collection value, it is far less than Tian Huang.
Lumuge, commonly known as Lumutian, pretending to be "deer eye lattice", is produced in the sand near Dulingkeng in Shoushan, not far from Niguliao. This is a huge whole, with a large proportion. Multicolor is as deep as tung oil yellow, and a few are gray, black and white. The texture is usually opaque, rough and dry. Often wrapped in yellow skin, how thin, with milky white skin, opaque. There are milky pink powder halo and more sand nails under the skin. Cracks are mostly criss-crossing, and some are large and unqualified. Only the quality is warm and moist, and it can mix fields and stones. In 1930s, a number of deer were mined, and there were radish patterns between the meshes, but all of them were cow hair-like patterns, which were not very similar to all kinds of radish patterns in Shi Tian, and it was not difficult to distinguish them. Most collectors who buy deer eyes are associated with sculptors, such as famous sculptors such as Lin, Zhou Baoting and Lin Wenju. The first-class deer eyes will be compared with the intermediate Tian Huang.
Use "Xiahuangshi" as Xiabantian. The local stone farmers in Xiahuangshi are called Xiabantian for commercial needs. It is indeed produced in Yu Xia, but it is an opaque, hard and astringent stone with no skin, radish lines and cracks. Its color is like a sugar field, with a specific gravity of more than 2.9, and it feels heavy in your hand. Muscle contains white spots like lice eggs.
Pretending to "dig a hole" is born in the soil, and there are also radish patterns. Every time Shi Jia fills Sakamoto with it, some gold occasionally has red squares, and the texture is delicate and occasionally looks like deer skin, similar to Tian Shi. When distinguishing this kind of stone, first, look at the temperature, and the excavation is not as good as Tian Huang. The second is to look at the grain, which is curved and thin, flowing and flocculent, which is different from the radish grain. What is dug is yellow skin and light heart, and some are gray, not as red as Tian Huang. Excavation is characterized by heavy rocks, solid and firm texture, miscellaneous and impure texture, and sometimes small white spots, which are not difficult to distinguish.
Pretend that "Tieyan into the pit" is a pit, and its rock-sticking side is extremely wet, but not warm and greasy enough, and there are sparse radish patterns in some areas. Because it is attached to the rock, only one side is as smooth as a field stone, and the color gradually becomes turbid. It is not difficult to identify. But the price is higher than that of Lumuge, which is similar to that of medium-sized stones.
The scorpion posing as a "snake" is a boulder with almost all mining properties. Generally, its texture is grayish white, like a white field, but its permeability is poor, its texture is impure, and it contains mottled slag spots or white sand spots. This kind of rock is rich in gas, its specific gravity is greater than that of the white area, and its interior is grayish white.
Pretending to be the producer of "Yellow Mountain Sticking Stones" in the 1940 s was very powerful. This stone is like a pit stuck to the rock. The sticky surface of the stone is relatively condensed, and the color is chestnut and bright, like Tian Huangshi. 1, 2 cm deep, almost rice bran yellow, no radish pattern, but radish pattern on the back, but the color is different, which is its flaw.
Pretend to be "Lu Yin". Luyin is a kind of excavation stone. It looks like Tian Huang, but its color is gloomy, and its texture is dry and firm.
Pretending to be a "stream egg", the eggs in the stream are laid on the moon in the ocean stream. The appearance is slightly like Tian Shi, with no skin, red squares and radish patterns. The texture is hibiscus, and the inside is white. It is obviously different from Shi Tian.
Pretend to be "Shanbo Cave". Shanbo Cave was originally a mine name, and some crystals are warm and psychic, like Tianhuang Cave. So some people pretend to be Tian Huangshi after processing and carving. This kind of stone has no skin and belongs to a kind of rock. Its muscles contain fine metallic sand spots and powdery white mud spots, commonly known as "peanut cake".
Niu Danhuang, commonly known as Niu Dantian, posing as a "cow" is massive. Mainly produced in the bottom of the stream and field soil at the southern foot of Qishan Mountain. The texture is slightly bright but rough, covered with yellow or black stone skin, slightly like a field stone. There is no radish pattern in the muscle, it is not psychic, and there are subtle white spots hidden, which are heavier and easy to identify.
The yellow frozen stone posing as "yellow frozen" is a puddle frozen stone, such as loquat yellow, which is psychic in texture and easy to be mixed with Shangbantian yellow. The main basis for identification is that the yellow frozen stone has no stone skin and its color is consistent with its appearance. It's damp and inferior.
Pretending to be "the old pit yellow high mountain stone", the old pit mountain has chestnut yellow, but it also has patterns, but unlike radish patterns, it is loose and wide. Soaked in oil for a long time, it is also moist. But the texture is loose and thick. Coagulation, moistening and greasy are not enough.
Pretending to be "white water yellow" White water yellow is a rock, hard and impermeable. Some have white water, yellow skin, black skin and layered muscles, but they are not like radish lines and cracks, but they are not like plaid lines. The local stones are used by laymen.
Pretending to be a white field with "White Mountain Frozen". Some frozen white mountains have radish patterns, mostly granular dumplings, or water patterns, which are loose, lack of temperature and greasy.
It is stained with "White Stone in the second year of the Republic of China". Radish-patterned stones are very similar to Shi Tian's irregular reticulation. Boiled with Coptis chinensis or Garcinia cambogia, such as osmanthus fragrans and Huangtian, but there are often opaque lumps, which are hard. At the same time, it lacks warmth and greasiness.
Pretending to be "Tai Chi throwing stones". This stone is crystal clear. There are red, yellow and white. Often dyed yellow and white, it deceives people with its radish-like lines.
Litchi pretending to be "Alpine Litchi Jelly" has radish lines and white litchi dyeing, but it is tight and crisp, and the temperature, coagulation and greasy degree are not enough. In recent years, there are imitators in the Canton Fair, each selling tens of thousands of yuan.
Pretending to be Kuroda with Frozen Mountain Corner. Horn jelly is a puddle stone with ochre in the black, which is bright and shiny. There are occasional squares and flowing radish lines in the muscles, which are dense and straight, and the radish lines in Kuroda are loosely bent. It is not difficult to identify the quality that is neither moist nor greasy.
Pretending to be "Lianjiang Huang". Lianjiang Yellow is produced at the top of Jinshan Mountain in the northeast of Shoushan Mountain. Outsiders call it dry yellow, while Lianjiang people and Qingtian people call it mountain yellow. Yellow is hard and cracked, and the muscles are straight and opaque. In the Qing Dynasty, there were businessmen in Beijing who often sold fake fields in Huangshi. It belongs to vein ore, and sand-free ore has its own characteristics and is fundamentally different in stone quality.
Pretending to be "the only stone in the Golden Lion Peak", this stone is produced in the Golden Lion Peak and has a black skin. Compared with Shi Tian's endless leather, it is darker, thicker, without radish lines, impermeable, rough and dry in texture and heavy in rock flavor.
Pretending to be "Fangshan Stone". It is produced in Fangshan, west of Beijing, and boiled in Shi Jia, which can be used as a field of Yellowstone. Loose texture, no particles, lack of temperature, moisturizing greasy degree.
Pretending to be "Huang Hanshi" for nearly 20 years, many people have impersonated this kind of stone, mostly in Taiwan Province Province and Hongkong market, and recently appeared in Guangzhou and Beijing. The stone is tender, smooth and moist, translucent, colorful and charming. Han Shi has a net radish pattern, and those with cow hair patterns are parallel, that is, one side of the seal has parallel patterns on both sides, and the other two sides have no patterns, unlike the radish pattern in Shi Tian.
Pretending to be a "rich mine" In recent years, many people pretend to be rich mines in Qinghai. Rich mineral is yellow soft stone, colorful and charming, but very thin, less than 2 cm thick. Both sides are flat, with white stone skin. Generally, they are carved in high relief, and the hardness is about 1.5 degrees, which can be scraped with nails.
More than 20 kinds of fake stones are listed above, but not all fake skills can be listed. Generally, most of them are rockeries. Half truth and half falsehood is not a case. As long as the stone is clear, it is not difficult to tell it apart.
Identification of Tian Huangshi
How to identify Tian Huangshi, the "king of stones", is a problem that Shoushan stone collectors and connoisseurs are very concerned about, and it is also their necessary ability to identify. The experience of ancient and modern Shoushan stone connoisseurs and researchers in identifying Tian Huangshi can be summarized as shape, stone skin, hue, texture, lattice, feel and proportion.
(1) shape According to the geological formation and evolution history of Tian Huangshi, Tian Huangshi generally maintains its natural shape, that is, the shape of a goose egg. However, Tian Huangshi, which is produced near Shangban Kengtou, sometimes has angular edges, because it is close to the source of the stream, and Tian Huangshi lacks the opportunity to roll and hone. In addition, in the process of burying a small amount of Tian Huangshi underground, due to crustal movement, the stone body is broken and divided into several petals, forming edges and corners. Although it has been nourished by the soil for a long time, the edges and corners of the profile have not been smoothed, so sometimes when stone farmers find this broken field Huangshi, they will generally continue to look for its "other half" nearby.
(2) Except for a few Tian Huangshi, stone skins are generally covered with cortex, so the presence or absence of stone skins is an important basis for identifying Tian Huangshi.
The cortex of Tian Huangshi is extremely thin or slightly thick, and the color of stone skin is mainly black, yellow, white and green. The cortex has single layer, double layer and three layers. Compared with other unearthed Shoushan stones, the leather is fine, and the knife feels smooth and slightly heavier, and the powder is fine and even.
Under normal circumstances, the colors of Yellowstone in single skin field are yellow, white, black and green, and the colors are thick and light. Some are unified as a whole, some are different on both sides, some are combined in blocks, and the texture is good and bad. Those whose skin color is as pure as yellow teeth have extremely pure and excellent texture, which is called Huangtian Huangshi. Yellow and grayish green, slightly hard and dark in color; Black is slightly green, the skin is even, and it is also of high quality; The skin color is gray and light, and the color is deep and deep; Black with small yellow-green or small gray, rough grain, poor permeability, mostly hard field yellow or miscellaneous field stone. Some single-layer leather farms are Yellowstone, with one side white and one side black, that is, a loaf of silver and one side crow skin.
Tian Huangshi has a double skin, some crows have a thin yellow skin, and some crows have a translucent white skin. Most of these two kinds of double-skin fields belong to loquat yellow field Huangshi. The outer cortex is fine, the inner cortex is evenly distributed, and the muscle mass is pure, even frozen.
Because of the fluidity of Tian Huangshi and the change of pH value of soil sand layer, there are sometimes three layers of Pi Tian Huangshi. Or crow skin outside, yellow skin in the middle and white skin inside; Or yellow skin outside, black skin in the middle and yellow skin inside. Tian Huangshi, containing multiple layers of stone skins, is opaque and difficult to see, but its texture and color are often excellent.
Usually, except for some three-layer fields, the general fields have good permeability under the light, and they can gain insight into their internal textures and colors.
(3) Hue identifies the true color of Tian Huangshi, not in the light, but in the sun. Experts who are good at distinguishing Tian Huang usually describe the "maturity" and "aging" of Tian Huang by the depth of color, so as to infer the length of time that Tian Huang has been buried underground. Tian Huangshi's color is fresh and good, steady but not turbid, neither floating nor sinking. Its biggest feature is that it is not "angry" and is mainly yellow. No matter the Red Square, Black Square and White Square, there is a layer of "Imperial Qi" with yellow flavor, but the main pigments, color purity, concentration and muscle permeability contained in different fields and Huangshi are not the same. Even the same yellow stone, its internal and external colors are not invariable. Except for Baitian Huangshi, most of them are thick outside and yellow inside, especially the large and generous Tian Huangshi, which has very few internal and external colors. Only those with thin shape and small volume can be close to the same color inside and outside.
Generally speaking, there are two kinds of silver-plated Jintianhuang. One is between Baitian Huangshi and Huangtian Huangshi, with the muscle quality of Baitian Huangshi outside and the quality of Huangtian Huangshi inside. Most of Baitian Yellowstone Park has a yellow heart. If there are many yellow hearts, it belongs to gold-covered silver. The other is Yellowstone, a white field. There is also a kind of "gold-covered silver" Tian Huangshi, which is extremely rare.
"Green Wild Stone" has been handed down from generation to generation, but it has not been seen so far.
(4) Texture Tian Huangshi's texture basically hides the fine radish pattern as a net, which is dense and orderly, such as peeling new radish and splitting fresh orange. The finer the muscle texture of Tian Huangshi, the lighter and more transparent the color, and the more obvious the radish pattern, so the white radish pattern is often the most beautiful. There is also a kind of Tian Huangshi, the radish pattern is extremely hidden, extremely fine, extremely inconspicuous, and the color quality is also very pure and excellent, which is one of the most concise Tian Huangshi.
(5) There is an ancient saying in Shoushanjie that "no field can be achieved without a grid". This is because most fields and yellow stones have cracks to some extent. However, the cracks are not unique to Tian Huangshi, but the cracks of Tian Huang, with different colors and shapes.
Tian Huangshi's cracked lattice includes open lattice and dark lattice. Ming Ge mostly exists on the surface, with a cross shape, such as turtle crack. Kengtoutian Huangshi and Xia Tian Huangshi are the majority. The grid lines are straight and tidy, and Kengtouchang and Huangshi are the most common. The hidden grid is deeper in the texture of Tian Huangshi. The lattice is thick and soft, such as Baitian Huangshi and Shangbantian Huangshi. Tian Huangshi, whose plaid is intermittent and winding, is relatively loose and tender, and the upper part is sometimes visible. The grid is shallow and short, and the quality is tender, mostly in Nakasakamoto. At the same time, it is also common in Tian Huangshi, which has good quality in Shangsakamoto and Xiasakamoto.
The red squares of Tian Huangshi excavated on the spot, also known as "red ribs", are mostly brown or ochre yellow. There are thick red squares in the skinless land of Huangshi. Yellowstone with black skin and Yellowstone with white skin are also common, and it is difficult to hide when carving.
(6) Another important feature of the feel field of Huangshi is its moist, delicate and tender texture. All kinds of yellow fields, even white fields or black fields, are yellow and red under the light and full of treasures. Although it is very cold in winter, they are also very warm and affectionate, so they are very amiable. Tian Huangshi holds it in his hand and feels greasy. He is not oiled or dry all the year round. Once he is rubbed, he will feel very oily.
(7) Specific gravity 2.6-2.65
Anti-counterfeiting of Tian Huangshi
Tian Huang is known as "three easy as gold". Because of its rarity and high value, as early as the Qing Dynasty, some merchants imitated Tian Huangshi with Lianjiang Yellow. Now the development of science and technology also provides opportunities for counterfeiters. Some lawless elements in the stone market often take advantage of the similarity between Tian Huangshi and some stone species, or make inferior products or make fakes. Collectors of Tian Huangshi must be vigilant.
Common fraud phenomenon:
One is to make pebbles with stones close to Tian Huangshi in color and like radish in texture, chisel them with hard tools or roll them with hard sand, then soil or color them, and then cook them to make them similar in color and appearance to Tian Huangshi without skin. At first glance, this fake Tian Huang looks like the real thing, but after careful observation, its appearance is full of gaps, which is unnatural. As long as you observe the texture by appearance, you will know that it is a fake.
The second is fake stone skin. Or paint it with pigment, or paint its surface with glue mixed with stone powder, or soak it in water and heat it at high pressure, and then grind it, just like Tian Huangshi is wrapped in stone skin. However, this kind of fake stone skin is loose and fragile, with coarse particles, opaque and turbid, and hard to cut. When identifying, once touched or refueled, its graphics and text will soon disappear. When carving, you can only carve a set of line scenes, and you can't carve them very carefully.
The third is to change the color of other stone species to make them similar to Tian Huangshi, and "skillfully" transform the surface muscle into Tian Huangshi's "wrapped skin" and forge it into crow skin Tian Huangshi, but its cortex is as shallow as paper. This fake is easy to identify because the skin color is too transparent and the leather is too soft.
The fourth is to use some stone species with similar texture to Tian Huangshi to pretend. The identification of this fake requires that the appraiser must be familiar with the characteristics of several stone species similar to Tian Huang before making a comparative identification. For example, digging rocks and digging stones are pit stones, usually with radish patterns, but the former is loose and the latter is slightly hard, not as moist as Tian Huangshi. Another example is oolite, which is also digging mountains. Loose and dry, the shape is mostly not egg-shaped. Another example is the topaz of the old cave mountain man, although it can be compared with Tian Huang, but it has no stone skin and radish pattern, and the texture has metal sand spots, and sometimes there are "peanut cake" mud spots, which is far from Tian Huang. In addition, yellow litchi frozen stone is often made into a square by Shi Jia because of the occasional stone skin and radish pattern, which is called Tian Huang Frozen. This kind of fake is extremely expensive, and it is difficult to identify if it is not an expert because there is no artificial trace. But if you look closely, you can still find that the texture of this litchi frozen stone is too psychic, and the radish pattern is relatively thick, lacking the sense of stability of Tian Huang.
In recent years, when studying the internal composition of Tianhuang, the relevant departments have changed the molecular structure of some stone materials by scientific methods, so that their colors and internal structures are close to Tianhuang, but they cannot be moist as silk. It can be seen that the natural beauty of Tianhuang is far-fetched by human beings.
Tian Huangshi, the king of stone
Tian Huangshi, produced in Tiankeng, Shoushan Village, the northern suburb of Fuzhou, Fujian, is a treasure in Shoushan Stone. It means "Fu" (Fujian), "Shou" (Shoushan), "Tian" (wealth) and "Huang" (emperor's special color), so it is called "Emperor Stone".
About the origin of Tian Huangshi, it is said that it is: a gem left by the goddess when mending the sky; It is said that there are also historical records: when Emperor Xianfeng died, he gave Cixi an imperial seal, and the last dynasty disintegrated. Puyi didn't want all the treasures, but only sewed a "triple seal" in his cotton-padded jacket. These official and folk legends have undoubtedly added many mysterious colors to Tian Huangshi.
Tian Huangshi's texture is Procter & Gamble's, transparent and psychic, and the lines in the muscles are faint as silk, obviously detailed, just like ribs. There are several kinds of ribs in Shoushan stone, but there is only one kind of red disk in Tian Huangshi, and the color tone on the surface and inside of a Tian Huangshi may change. Therefore, the value of Tian Huangshi's square seal is higher. Sawing Tian Huangshi into a square chapter was called "stone-solving" by predecessors, and the ancients said that "it is difficult to solve the stone and it is difficult to go to the sky." This is because it is difficult to see whether the tone of Tian Huangshi is consistent from the appearance. If it is sawed, it may rise several times and the price may plummet. Tian Huangshi is mostly egg-shaped, and it will feel smooth and moist when touched by hand. A good Tian Huangshi must undergo artistic processing, including thin meaning, relief, round carving, square chapter making and so on.
In recent years, Tian Huangshi has become increasingly scarce and its price has skyrocketed. The theory of triple exchange of gold has long been out of date. In the auction market, the price of Tian Huangshi is hot. Tian Huang Lao Yin, which weighs tens of grams on one side, sells for tens of thousands or hundreds of thousands of yuan, and the slightly larger top grade can sell for hundreds of thousands or millions of yuan.
Tian Huang, an "old pet" favored by scholars for hundreds of years, not only contains cultural connotations such as elegance and taste, but also because Tian Huang's stone materials are scarce. Tianhuang belongs to the top grade of traditional carved stone Shoushan stone, which is produced in an ancient sand layer in the west of Shoushan River in Shoushan Township, Fujian Province. It has been mined for hundreds of years. Due to years of mining, Tian Huangshi has dried up and the price of stone has soared. It used to be said that "one or two golden fields, one or two yellow fields", but today, the price of one or two yellow fields is already several times that of one or two yellow fields. According to experts from Guangzhou Cultural Relics Headquarters, the asking price of 1 g ordinary Tian Huangshi has reached 300 yuan last year.