8. Is the huge Terracotta Warriors and Horses Corps a part of the first imperial tomb, or is it the sustenance of the first emperor's mother who misses her lover?

1in March, 974, the western production team of Xiahe Brigade of Manzhai Commune in Lintong County decided to drill eight wells. When drilling the fifth well, a strange thing-"Wapen Leaf" was dug from a depth of three or four meters.

It is said that a long time ago, as long as you dug a well or a grave, there would be "monsters". These "monsters" often make trouble, either the well water suddenly dries up or the new grave suddenly collapses. Sometimes, the "monster" will suddenly appear upright on the wall of the shaft, "bulging his mouth and glaring" to scare people.

Later, the production team dug up another "clay pot master", which happened to be met by a China reporter named Shang An 'an, and wrote an article entitled "A number of clay figurines of the Qin Dynasty appeared in the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor", which was reported by People's Daily internally and quickly attracted the attention of relevant central departments and leaders. In July, under the leadership of National Cultural Heritage Administration, Shaanxi cultural relics archaeologists formed the "Terracotta Warriors and Horses Archaeological Excavation Team". After a year's hard work, a huge pit of Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses, 230 meters long from east to west and 62 meters wide from north to south, with a total area of 14260 square meters, reappeared in front of the world.

1976 In May, No.2 pit with an area of more than 6,000 square meters was discovered 20 meters northeast of 1, and No.3 pit with an area of 520 square meters was discovered 25 meters north of 1 soon. Later, the unfinished No.4 pit was discovered.

The discovery of the Terracotta Warriors shocked the whole world. French Prime Minister Jacques Chirac said after visiting 1978: "There are seven wonders in the world, and the discovery of Terracotta Warriors can be said to be the eighth." 1980 In September, Xinhua News Agency reporter Wang published an article entitled "Visiting the Museum of Terracotta Warriors and Horses" in Xinmin Evening News, and publicly crowned the Terracotta Warriors and Horses as "the eighth wonder of the world" for the first time.

Terracotta warriors and horses are mainly composed of terracotta figures and horses. Their manufacturing method is "taking the mold as the model, combining and molding, making parts, gradually assembling, then firing in the kiln and painting in the kiln". Exquisite production, both form and spirit. All the clay figurines have distinct personalities, and their expressions, manners, postures and clothes are very different, reflecting the mental outlook and psychological state of people of different ages, experiences, arms and positions, and are lifelike.

Ma Tao is extremely meticulous, with a strong horse, upright ears and forward-looking eyes, which is vivid and vivid. Ma Tao's proportion is very symmetrical and harmonious, which conforms to the anatomical principle. These skills, in addition to the superb skills of the producers, are also inseparable from the fact that Qin people are famous for raising horses and are extremely familiar with them. Qin Mugong's Bole is a famous horse hunting expert in China, and his book "Hunting Horse Classic" had a great influence on horse breeding in Qin State.

What is the reason for making such a changeable Terracotta Warriors?

As we all know, Qin conquered the six countries by force, which made Qin Shihuang fully realize the role of the army. Therefore, he hoped that the underground kingdom he entered after his death would still have a powerful "Qin Zhirui". This is probably the origin of the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang.

The three pits of Terracotta Warriors No.1, No.2 and No.3 that have been excavated now are neatly lined with three fronts, which cooperate with each other to form a complete combat force. So some people say that the terracotta warriors and horses of Qin Shihuang may be the epitome of the battle scenes of Qin Shihuang before his death. Therefore, when the Terracotta Warriors went abroad for an exhibition in Sweden, the Swedish Daily reported humorously: "China's Qin Shihuang army appeared in Stockholm more than 2,000 years ago."

The three terracotta warriors and horses pits are distributed zigzag from north to south, with a total area of more than 20,000 square meters, that is, more than 30 acres.

Pit No.1 in the south is the largest, with chariots as the main body, and chariots and infantry form a joint formation of rectangular phalanx. At its eastern end, there are three rows of warriors facing east, each with 68 people. They are the pioneers of this policy. There is a row of warriors facing north in the south, which is the left wing of the army. At its western end, there are also three rows of warriors, one of which faces west and is a defender.

The forward, the defender and the left and right wings are the main forces of this phalanx.

The main forces all face the east, except for two rows in the west, one row in the south and one row in the north, and the rest are chariots. The form of chariots is one chariot for every four rows of warriors, some of whom are wearing battle robes and some are wearing armor. There is a rider and two riders behind the middle chariot.

According to historical records, in ancient times, battles were mainly fought by chariots. There are three soldiers on the chariot, one on the left is holding a bow, the other on the right is holding a spear, the middle one is driving, and the rear of the chariot is an infantry or an apprentice. They belong to chariots. During the Zhou Dynasty, there were 25 soldiers per vehicle, which increased to 75 during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. In the phalanx of terracotta warriors, there are 80 people behind each car, or 120 people, and some even reach more than 200 people. This shows that the services and arms in ancient wars have changed: the role of infantry has become more and more important, so that it has gradually separated from chariots and become a separate and important service.

The second pit is located in the north of the first pit, and it is in a square army array. It consists of chariots, infantry and cavalry.

To the east is the infantry phalanx. On the east and west sides of the phalanx, there are two rows of warriors who shoot vertically; On the north and south sides, there are three rows of warriors shooting vertically. The warriors are all dressed in battle robes, with leg pads and full boots tied to their legs, and their left and right feet form a figure of eight forward. The left arm is bent on the chest and the right hand is extended, showing an archery posture.

In the middle of the square is four columns facing the east, two columns for each team. It's all sitting posture. They are dressed in armor, with their right legs on the ground, their left legs raised, their left hands on their chests, and their right hands slightly bent, posing as archers. This is an archer in the infantry. His posture is different, which means he is practicing archery.

On the south side behind the phalanx, there are eight train soldiers arranged side by side, each with eight chariots, forming a huge chariot policy. There are three warriors after each ride, and there are no apprentices.

In the north of the chariot square, there is also a rectangular square composed of chariots, with three columns of * * *, and each column has six chariots. In addition to the three chariots, there are eight to thirty-six soldiers behind the chariots. Then there are a few cavalry and infantry. Followed by a rectangular chariot phalanx. * * * is divided into three groups, each group has two chariots in front and eight cavalry teams in the back, each team has four columns, with the knight in front and the pommel horse in the back.

As you can see, this is a complex array. Ancient military strategists in China emphasized that the composition of the military array should be "only miscellaneous", which meant that the arms of an army should be diversified. Like this Terracotta Warriors pit, it can be said that all the arms at that time were combined in one formation to form an independent formation. The front infantry square array is on the left front of the whole array, forming a "corner" in the deployment of ancient arms. Once in combat, you can use the flexibility of infantry to form an impact force.

In the middle of many chariots, you can immediately organize into a large row of defense or impact formations to carry out the main battlefield. The cavalry is in the rear of the side, which is also its rapid advantage, forming flanks and guards. This war combination can be said to be seamless.

The third pit is in the west of the second pit, with the smallest area and a concave shape. There is a chariot in the middle, followed by four chariots, and two rows of warriors stand face to face on the south side of the car. This produces two rows of warriors standing face to face in the north and south, then four rows of warriors standing face to face on both sides, and finally becomes two rows of warriors standing face to face.

In the north, there are two rows of warriors facing north and south in the hall. At the easternmost end, there is a leader. The battle of the whole pit shows that this is the headquarters of the Terracotta Warriors pit, also known as the military curtain or command center.

In ancient times, soldiers and dispatchers used tiger symbols as tokens. The tiger symbol is divided into two parts, half in the middle and half in the hands of generals. The country wanted to send troops, and the emperor gave the tiger symbol to the appointed general department. Only when the two symbols are in harmony can he send troops.

The commander-in-chief of the whole army was not found in the third pit of Terracotta Warriors, indicating that the commander-in-chief has not been appointed, and the tiger symbol is in the hands of Qin Shihuang in the underground palace. The first emperor was in power all his life, but after his death, he had to hold the power tightly and command thousands of troops, which was regrettable and ironic.

Of course, the above is just a guess about the use of terracotta warriors and horses. The actual situation is about terracotta warriors and horses, and no words have ever been collected. Sima Qian's Shi Hui discussed in detail the scale, architecture and burial richness of the first imperial mausoleum, but made no mention of the Terracotta Warriors. Because the Terracotta Warriors and Horses are located at a distance of 1.5 km from the wall of the first imperial mausoleum, some people suspect that the Terracotta Warriors and Horses are part of the Qin emperor's mausoleum.

Historically, when Qin Huiwen was king, the state of Qin became increasingly powerful, forcing Chu Huaiwang to take his daughter to marry King Huiwen. Later, King Huiwen acceded to the throne, that is, Qin Wuwang.

Qin Wuwang was good at foreign conquests and sent troops into Luoyi, with the aim of moving Jiuding into Qinchuan. Zhou greeted him and accompanied him to the ancestral temple to watch Jiuding. Jiuding was made from a tribute from Kyushu when Dayu received it, and its feet were engraved with dragon patterns, also known as the "Kowloon Divine Ding". After Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, Jiuding has always been regarded as a national treasure, each weighing thousands of pounds. Wang Wujing praised Sheng with a tripod on the spot, and the result was that Sheng Gu was crushed to death in Luoyi. His younger brother ascended the throne, and this is Zhao Xiang, king of Qin.

The king is very young, and the state of Qin is governed by his daughter Princess Wu. Princess Wu prized Anhou, Hua Yangjun, Gao and Jingyang, worshipped Anhou and became the prime minister. At that time, the Qin court was afraid to get too close to him. Later, Fan Sui of Wei fled to Qin under the pseudonym of Zhang Lu and became Zhao Xiang's confidant.

One day, Fan Sui said to Zhao Xiang: "When I lived in Shandong, I heard that there was Meng Changjun in Qi, but I didn't hear about the King of Qi;" But I heard that there were Empress Dowager, Anhou, Huayang, Gaoling and Jingyang in Qin, but I didn't hear about the King of Qin. The husband is the king of a country, killing people and grabbing food, and others dare not do it well. " Today's Empress Dowager Cixi has been unscrupulous for more than 40 years with respect for her motherland. When Hou was alone in the country, Huayang assisted him, and through Yang and Gaoling, he set up his own portal, killing freely, and the wealth of private people was ten times that of the public. "He asked King Zhao Xiang to root out these recent ministers. However, King Xiang of Zhao was a generous and kind monarch, and he didn't kill them. But let Hou and close contact, expel Gaoling, Huayang, Jingyang and other places from the customs, imprison the queen mother in the deep palace, and start to take charge of the power alone.

Later, when the imperial concubine was depressed and dying, she asked Zhao Xiangguo to let Wei Ran, Anghou, Huayang, Gaoling and Jingyang make sacrifices for her. In the end, King Xiang of Zhao didn't agree. He just made a few recent officials to simulate the terracotta warriors and horses, and together with the elite troops of Qin State, he was buried with the Queen Mother and sent her soul back to Chu State.

There is also a saying that the Terracotta Warriors are not part of the Qin Mausoleum. But it was not built before the first emperor, it was built by the first emperor himself.

It was used by the first emperor to honor his mother, Dong Taihou.

Dong Taihou is also a legend. She used to be the darling of Lv Buwei, a big businessman in Handan. She was born beautiful and good at singing and dancing. She became famous in Handan. When Qin Shihuang's father was taken hostage in Zhao, she met him. Lu believes that Qin will be the monarch in the future, and Qin is a powerful country, which may unify the world. So he took Zi Chu as a "strange commodity" with the mentality of a businessman, and gave him all Ji Dong's homes so that he could "live in a strange commodity" one day.

Later, Dong Shi gave birth to a child named Zhao in Handan. This is Qin Shihuang. At this point, Lv Buwei landed the goods successfully. Jiang Chu invited him to Qin king Palace and entrusted him with an important post. Dong Shi became the Empress Dowager Qin.

When Qin Shihuang was a child, he had a very good relationship with Lv Buwei. He was often regarded as the "father". Until he was made king of Qin in 13th year, he still did so and promoted Lv Buwei as the prime minister of Qin. However, Lv Buwei didn't respect himself, thinking that Qin Shihuang was still young, and he had a long relationship with Dong Taihou. This matter was finally discovered by the growing Qin Shihuang.

Although Qin Shihuang "lived a mighty life and was famous for his cruelty and tyranny, he was a great dutiful son in personal feelings." He always obeys his mother, Dong Taihou, and gives him everything he wants. After Qin Shihuang knew that he was having an affair with Lv Buwei, he kept it a secret and only planned to get rid of Lv Buwei in the dark.

When Lv Buwei got wind of it, he immediately restrained himself and sent a man named rehab to Dong Taihou instead of himself, trying to verify his innocence.

In 238 AD, after Qin Shihuang personally presided over the state affairs, he finally started the planned action. He first killed the poison, then he went to Lv Buwei as the prime minister and moved him to Sichuan, a fief. After Lv Buwei arrived in Sichuan, he still had ulterior motives, fearing that Qin Shihuang would kill him and continue to persecute him. So I was restless day and night and finally committed suicide.

After Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, he was greatly relaxed. One day, he asked his mother what she thought, and he could satisfy it to the greatest extent. Dong Taihou is old, but he still misses his old lover Lv Buwei. He is not good or afraid to say it in front of his son. So he said that he lived a rich life and was very satisfied. Seeing that Qin unified the world and was happier, I had no other wishes in my life. He just wants to live in his old place, Handan, and hopes that the first emperor will let her go back to the old place.

Originally, it was a piece of cake for the first emperor, but Dong Taihou was too old and weak to stand the long journey, so the first emperor had to give up with a sigh. Shortly thereafter, Dong Taihou died.

Qin Shihuang felt very sad that his mother's wish for a phoenix had not been realized, so he chose the east slope of Mount Li after Dong Taihou's death, built a large-scale terracotta warriors and horses array, and escorted the empress dowager to her hometown of Handan. This is the Terracotta Warriors and Horses that we saw today.

It is said that when the general was selected to escort the elf army of Empress Dowager Cixi, the late emperor had some problems. He wanted Meng Tian to be buried for this position, but he made great contributions when he was reading Meng Tian's unification of the six countries, and asked him to lead troops to safeguard the unification of the empire in the future. Later, he thought of a very bad plan, and prepared to wait until Meng Tian died before taking office. However, shortly thereafter, the first emperor died of illness on his way out. Although Meng Tian was forced to commit suicide after II usurped the throne, he was buried on the edge of the first emperor's tomb, not in the terracotta warriors and horses escorting the empress dowager. Therefore, the third pit of the Terracotta Warriors and Horses in the Qin Mausoleum we saw today is a command organ, but there is no general commander.

Of course, the above statements are speculations of future generations. The terracotta warriors and horses are covered with riddles, and these countless riddles have left people with infinite imagination and melancholy.

9. Zhang Liangxing stabbed Qin Shihuang and missed the vice car.

1980 65438+In February, two large painted bronze chariots and horses were unearthed 20 meters west of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum. Horses and chariots are all made of bronze, which is half the size of dry things.

Among them, the No.1 copper car is pulled by four horses and has an umbrella cover on it, so it is also called "vertical car". The carriage of No.2 copper car is divided into two rooms, and the front room can only accommodate one person, which is the seat of the imperial hand. The back room is large, so you can sit and lie down, hence the name "ride". Because it is safe to sit and lie down, it is also called "safety car". This car has a roof with a vault, which is also drawn by four horses.

When the bronze car came out, the world was amazed. When the Terracotta Warriors Museum was still cleaning and restoring them, friends from all over the world came here. 1982165438+1October, the representative of UNICEF office in China wrote: "These bronze chariots and horses are outstanding examples of art and civilization in China. I sincerely hope that these antiquities will continue to be well preserved so that people all over the world can be inspired here. " 1938, King Hussein of Jordan said during his visit: "This is the wealth belonging to mankind."

Indeed, the casting art and style of these two groups of bronze chariots and horses are different. They are the earliest and only complete large bronze chariots and horses found in the world.

Among the two groups of bronze chariots and horses, the No.2 bronze chariot has a total weight of 124 1 kg, and consists of more than 3,400 parts. Among them, there are more than 700 gold pieces, more than 900 silver pieces, and the total amount of gold and silver is more than 7,000 grams. These bronze statues are 5 1 cm high and weigh more than 50 kilograms. Four bronze horses are more than 90 centimeters high and weigh 170 to 200 kilograms. Such a large bronze ware is a miracle in ancient metallurgical casting.

The car cover is an oval fishbone copper cover with a length of 178 cm. For such a big car cover, the casting process was extremely difficult at that time.

The manufacturing technology of bronze chariots and horses adopts the methods of casting, casting and welding, inlaying, pin joint, splicing and live dumpling joint. , the production is fine and the technology level is extremely high. For example, the horse's neck decoration is the alternating welding of gold and silver tubes, and the joints can't be seen with the naked eye, even under a magnifying glass of 24 times, only some welds can be seen. The guide rope of the carriage is connected by pin connection, so far it is free to move. The mane and tassel on the horse's head are made of 0.5 mm copper wire. How were some technologies completed more than two thousand years ago? It is still a mystery. For example, the oval car cover, the modern painting method is to draw a rectangle first, then change it into a diamond, and then draw it with compasses. How did the ancients make it? I don't know.

What's more, what are these two luxurious bronze chariots and horses for? Who is its owner?

It is said that five or six thousand years ago, the Yellow Emperor was inspired by rolling on the ground at the slightest sign of trouble and invented the automobile. So people call him Xuanyuan Huangdi. One of his bannermen named Knee first pulled a cart with an ox. In Xia Shiyu, a man named Xi Zhong and his son Ji Guang improved the car at that time, and Xiangtu tamed the horse and used it to pull the car. By that week, the carriage had become a prominent symbol of the king.

Qin Shihuang's ancestors had a father who was good at driving cars. He once used Zhou Muwang as a guard to roam the Pamirs. After the first emperor unified the world, he especially loved carriages, and he did not hesitate to buy fine horses and decorate them with jewels. He traveled around the world five times, and the motorcade was magnificent, beautifully decorated and unique. The car he was riding was a four-horse royal car.

The luxury of this kind of car is unimaginable to ordinary people. According to legend, Liu Bang, who later became the first emperor of the Han Dynasty, once met Qin Shihuang in Xianyang, sitting in a luxurious carriage and surrounded by crowds. Liu Bang was filled with emotion and said enviously, "What a gentleman!"

Coincidentally, Xiang Yu, another hero who fought against Qin with Liu Bang at the same time, also saw such a scene in Zhejiang, and now he said heroically: "He can take his place!" A word scared his uncle Xiang Liang to cover his mouth and said to him, "Don't talk nonsense, or you will get into a lot of trouble!"

From the sigh and admiration of Liu Hexiang, we can imagine the magnificent scene of Qin Shihuang driving. These two groups of bronze chariots and horses unearthed from the Qin Mausoleum are imitations of Qin Shihuang's patrol in those days, and the second car is the main car that Qin Shihuang personally took, which is also a safety car; Car number one is the leader car, also known as the etiquette car, which is the longitudinal car.

It is conceivable that in Xianyang city more than 2000 years ago, whenever the first emperor left the palace, there was always a ceremonial car walking slowly in front, and the dazzling car behind him rolled forward under the traction of four horses. The scene is very spectacular.

There is a story about Qin Shihuang's two-car tour of the mountains. It was a late autumn in 2 18 BC. Qin Shihuang arrived in Wu Yang, Henan Province. One day, he drove to a valley, only to see that the leaves on both sides of the mountain were golden yellow and swaying with the wind. Just between the lines, a big man suddenly appeared from the autumn grass on the roadside, holding a huge hammer and slamming Qin Shihuang's carriage.

The first emperor's guards rushed around, but the big man had fled like smoke. As a result, Qin Shihuang was safe and sound, but the driver on the first car was killed by a hammer. The man who assassinated Qin Shihuang was Sean. It turned out that in desperation, he mistook the leading car for the first emperor's safety car, thus making the assassination attempt unsuccessful.

This kind of two-wheeled carriage that Qin Shihuang rode was also called Liang Qingche. The origin of this name is said to be that there is a ventilation window in the car, which can be ventilated in summer and kept warm in winter, so it is warm in winter and cool in summer, and the temperature can be controlled at any time.

However, in 2 10 BC, when the first emperor died in a sand dune in Hebei Province, Li Si and others kept their mouths shut, and people sent meals to the emperor as usual and played things for him as usual. Because it was too hot at that time, the cooling car finally cooled enough, and the rotting body of Qin Shihuang soon smelled bad. Reese and others were afraid that their followers would smell the corpse and reveal the secret, so they got a car full of smelly fish to follow Qin Shihuang's cool car. Its disgusting and funny shape can be imagined.

Later, in Xianyang Palace, Zhao Gao sentenced Fu to death and made Hu Hai the second.

10. Today, it is difficult for the most advanced technology to copy the original Qin figurines, which is an unsolved mystery.

There is an old saying in China that it is easier to draw a ghost than a horse. This is from Han Fei, a thinker in the Warring States Period.

Why is it easier to draw ghosts than horses? Because ghosts have no shape, no one has ever seen them, and they can draw as they please. Dogs, horses and the like are all alive and ordinary, and there is no mistake in drawing well.

Perhaps because of this, there were few realistic works of art in ancient China. Terracotta Warriors and Horses of the First Qin Dynasty are the earliest works that directly express social and political life and military organizations in China.

Looking at the Terracotta Warriors and Horses in the Qin Mausoleum, there are two characteristics:

First of all, on the whole, it gives people a great impression. It is said that up to now, as many as seven or eight thousand pottery figurines have been unearthed, which is rare in the history of world sculpture. The meat figurines in Qin tombs are all very big, as tall as real people and horses. Before and after this, no more advanced group carvings were found.

Secondly, from every clay figurine's point of view, it gives people a precise and beautiful feeling. Its essence lies in meticulous carving; Its beauty lies in shaping rich characters and showing the inner activities and ideological character of many soldiers in Qin Dynasty. It can be described as an out-and-out realistic work of art.

Qin people have always loved horses, because they started from raising horses, so they observed horses in detail, and the carved pottery horses were particularly vivid. The terracotta warriors and horses unearthed from the Qin Mausoleum are about 1.5 meters high and about 2 meters long. Four terracotta warriors and horses are in a group, dragging a 4 1 wooden horse, with their mouths open, ears pricked up, foreheads maned, eyes wide open, magnificent and healthy.

The terracotta figures in Qinling Mountains each weigh more than 300 kilograms and are about 1. 1 1 meter high. According to their clothes, they can be divided into two categories: one is wearing a short brown collar, a tie and a bunch of hair. The mane is biased to the upper right of the head, the legs are tied to the knees, and the feet are square. These soldiers and terracotta warriors make different gestures with their arms. According to the weapons of the soldiers around them, it can be judged that some of them hold crossbows, bows and arrows, and carry quiver full of bronze arrows; Some hold spears; Some wear crossbow knives around their waists, and so on.

The second type is short, wearing mirror armor and short boots or square feet. Infantry have leggings, hair tied to their heads or round soft hats. The armor of the car is still tied to the crotch and a small crown is tied to the head.

Soldiers and figures in the Qin Mausoleum have different looks, from which their age, arms, positions and mental outlook can be distinguished. Riding figurines with clear eyes and exquisite shapes are in their forties. Bend over and bend your hands "If you go through the board, your head will stir your eggs, your left limb will rub, your right foot will be horizontal, your left hand will attach branches, your right hand will hold your arms, and you will look at the enemy with a crossbow, choking your heart and panting." Some soldiers are sophisticated and calm, some are simple and lively, some stare at the front, and some bow their heads in meditation. The generals are deep, as if they have been through many battles, and the victory is in hand; Or severe, such as fledgling, ready to fight. ...

Such exquisite, lifelike and large-scale terracotta warriors and horses are displayed in front of the world in the form of troops, giving people an extraordinary feeling.

It is said that when the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang were first exhibited, some extroverted foreign audiences would scream with excitement as soon as they entered the exhibition hall, and some even danced on the spot.

Indeed, even if you are an emotional person, you can't help being shocked and shaken when you see this magnificent scene. You seem to feel a lot of horses, wheels rolling and thousands of horses fighting. This situation naturally reminds people of the magnificent scene of the war between Qin and the six countries: the king of Qin has a mighty army, neat military capacity and invincible ... as described in Li Bai's poem:

The king of Qin swept Liuhe, eyeing, He Xiongzai!

Swords make clouds, and princes come to the West.

So, how are so many earliest and largest terracotta figures in the world made and produced today? It is said that this problem is a difficult problem for modern researchers at first. Because after the discovery of Qin figurines, some people who specialize in sculpture and kiln burning tried to imitate a pottery figurine, but many experiments failed. Finally, it took several months to burn one, but Taoma never did.

Later, in the process of restoring pottery figurines and horses, cultural relics restorers gradually explored their production methods through careful observation and research.

Generally speaking, this method is a combination of plastic and mold, made in parts, assembled in sets and fired in a kiln. That is to say, in the production process, clay sculpture is combined with molding, and clay sculpture is the main one.

The limbs and bones of the Terracotta Warriors are equal. First, they are sunk in the mud with the best Lishan Mountain. Like other pottery, they are rolled up with clay strips and molded into large samples. The head is made of clay into a ladle shape, and two scoops are glued together to form the head shape. After the details are formed, they are further finely processed and finally formed by scraping, cutting, stacking, digging, engraving, pasting and painting.

After each piece of pottery figurine is carved, it is dried first, then the head is put on the body, the ponytail is put on the horse nest, and it is fired in the kiln. The measured temperature is above 900 degrees Celsius to 1200 degrees Celsius.

At present, the kiln pool for firing Qin figurines has not been found, so it is hard to say whether the above speculation is correct. In short, it is still a mystery how the terracotta warriors and horses in Qin Shihuang's mausoleum were made.

1 1. Xiang Yu, Huang Chao and Zhu Wen are all grave robbers.

There are many jewels in Qin Shihuang's mausoleum, which cannot but attract the attention of the world. For more than 2,000 years, the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor has been severely damaged and excavated many times, and the ground buildings of the Mausoleum have been completely destroyed. There are mainly two recorded large-scale destruction.

On one occasion, Xiang Yu set fire to the cemetery from east to west after he entered the customs in 206 AD. At that time, Fan Zeng advised Xiang Yu not to destroy the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor, but Xiang Yu turned a deaf ear and sent Ying Bu to surround the Mausoleum, killing all the grave keepers of Qin State and some migrant workers under construction.

It is said that after Ying Bu led his troops to the cemetery, he walked around the ruins of the cemetery for three days and three nights, and he didn't know where the door of the underground palace was. One day at noon, Ying Bu was drinking when he suddenly saw a crane flying from the south and flying to the mountain behind Lishan Mountain.

Three days later, Ying Bu ordered the soldiers to dig ditches around to find the entrance to the underground palace. Suddenly, an old man came and told the secret of the first emperor's mausoleum in Ying Bu in detail. After his guidance, Ying Bu really found the gate of the underground imperial city.

When the door was opened, countless arrows suddenly shot out from the inside, killing and injuring countless soldiers on the spot, and then countless strange birds flew out and sang everywhere, and countless monsters rushed out, biting many soldiers and fleeing everywhere. Ying Bu did not dare to enter the house, so he invited Xiang Yu to watch. Or Xiang Yu's generosity. He gave the order and rushed into the grave. However, Xiang Yu was shocked to see the bright lights in the tomb, the bright stars, the rolling mountains and the trees in front of him. Standing in the canyon is Hangu Pass. Xiang Yu was about to rush forward when suddenly a burst of disorderly arrows came from Guanzhong. Xiang Yu had to lead the people to the south and entered a side door, only to find jade and gold pebbles in the tripod and throw them away.

Xiang Yu moved for a month with 300 thousand people, but he didn't finish moving. Because of the military emergency, he had to give up, seal the tomb door as it is and retreat. So far, there is a deep ditch in the north and south of the mausoleum. In those days, people called it "Bawanggou", which was actually done by Ying Bu.

Another great destruction was that after the rebels from Huang Sang entered the customs in the late Tang Dynasty, Huang Chao sent Zhu Wengan for lack of salary.

At that time, Zhu Wen led more than 10,000 soldiers to the tomb, but when he saw a heaped-up mountain in front of him, the cypress trees under the mountain and around it were lush and the scenery was very charming, and Wen Song was at a loss. While hesitating, an old man walked out of the forest in front and asked Zhu Wen to dig 1000m from the southeast.

After Zhu Wen dug a city gate, naturally many soldiers were shot after opening the door. Zhu Wen entered the underground palace. At that time, the underground palace was dark, but the internal structure was still clearly visible. Zhu Wen was startled and thought it was in Fuzhou. Wen Song read widely since he was a child, and he also knew a little about the internal structure of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum, knowing that this was the geographical layout of the underground palace.

Zhu Wen opened a city gate and took away many jewels. However, due to the increasing death toll, Zhu Wen thought that the first emperor was angry and had to seal the mausoleum and give his life to Huang Chao.

Later, when Zhu Wen became the Emperor of the Liang Dynasty, he sent people to dig the mausoleum privately, but he never knew where the population of the underground palace was, and even the place he had dug was uninvited, which made him confused.

In the Republic of China, the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang was also unlucky. From the bottom of the mausoleum to the top of the mausoleum, it was covered with trenches.

Long years, long rivers. In the long river of history, the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor has been covered with layers of veils, and the world has experienced vicissitudes. At that time, Qin Shihuang had been dead underground for two thousand years. The majestic momentum of the kingdom of heaven before his death and the dignity of the son of heaven far away from the world left many mysterious longings and even sighs to the world. After his death, he made every effort to build the first mausoleum in the ages, which was unprecedented and never came again.

Later generations laughed less.

As the saying goes, if there is love in the sky, people will be old, and the right way in the world is vicissitudes. The veil put on the Qin Mausoleum in history will be slowly uncovered layer by layer in time. By then, the mysterious Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor will definitely give the world a surprise!

12. When Qin Shiwang had a premonition that he would die soon, he didn't want to give up the palace, the army and the Shanglin Garden, which left many good memories.

As early as 1977, archaeologists discovered a group of grave pits in the southwest of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum. They are 80 meters from north to south and 25 meters from east to west; In an area of about 2000 square meters, there are three rows of rectangular pits. In the pits on both sides, there are sitting pottery figurines. They face the east, their faces and hands are painted pink, their robes are painted green or red, and some of them have beards painted on their lips, indicating that they are men.

There are pots and kettles in front of the terracotta figures. The pit in the middle is a big tile coffin with a pile of animal bones in it. On the head of the tile coffin, there is also a pottery bowl and a bronze ring. People are confused about who or what this group of funerary objects is. Later, historians and others finally solved the mystery after some textual research.

It turns out that the emperors in ancient China had a traditional habit of building gardens in the city or near the capital to raise rare birds and animals. This traditional habit originated when there were no exams, but historical records recorded that there were coffins, deer breeding and Bai Niao in Zhou Wenwang.

In the Qin Dynasty, there was a famous garden called Shanglinyuan, which was later inherited by the Han Dynasty. In addition, there are full-time officials in the park who are responsible for managing the animals and temples in the park. All animals need to be registered, and different animals are fed by different people, so the division of labor is very fine. Yang Xiong, a scholar in the Han Dynasty, wrote a famous poem "On the Forest", which recorded the situation of the royal gardens in the Han Dynasty. The article says that geese, egrets, unicorns, camels and lions are kept in the garden.

Shanglinyuan is the imperial garden of Qin Shihuang. He was busy with the great cause of reunification in his early years and was brilliant for a while; However, in his later years, he was greedy for happiness, extravagant and corrupt. He built palaces and castles in Shanglinyuan and collected rare birds and animals from all over the world. He plays here with imperial secretary every day, which was once a "landscape".

When the first emperor had a premonition that he was going to die, he was reluctant to give up the palace, the army and the Shanglin Garden, which left many good memories, so the mausoleum was planned without planning. Shanglinyuan was originally separated from Weihe River. Qin Dou lived in the south of Xianyang, and the first emperor put it in the southwest of the mausoleum. It can be seen that Ying Zheng really wanted to bring everything he had before his death to the underworld.

There are landscape trees in Shanglinyuan. It seems that no one can be admitted to a scholar, or is not very important to the first emperor, so only rare birds and animals are buried with him. The burial pits mentioned above are also called rare animal pits.

In the tile coffin in the pit of rare animals, rare animals are buried, and copper rings are decorations for rare animals. Those sitting clay statues