Afanggongshang
Don Dumu
After the completion of the six kings, the four seas are one, Shushan is upright, and Afang is out. Overpressure exceeds 300 miles, isolated from the sun. Mount Li is built in the north and folded in the west, leading directly to Xianyang. Erchuan dissolves and flows into the palace wall. Five steps to the first floor, ten steps to a pavilion; Corridor waist back, eaves high; Hold the terrain, intrigue. There are thousands of waves in the hive. What is a cloudless dragon lying on a long bridge? After the road is empty, don't blame Eric? High and low, I don't know the west and the east. Singing warm, spring is harmonious; Ballroom cold sleeves, wind and rain sad. Within a day, the climate is uneven between palaces.
The concubine, the prince and the grandson resigned from the downstairs hall and came to Qin. Singing at night, for Qin citizens. The stars are shining and the cosmetic mirror is on; Lv Yun came forward and combed Xiao Huan; Nutrient flow is greasy, and fat water is abandoned; The smoke is foggy and the pepper orchids are also burning. The thunder shook and the palace car passed; I don't know what I was doing when I was listening in the distance. A muscle, a capacity, extremely beautiful, looks forward-looking, but looks lucky. Those that have disappeared, 36 years. Zhao Yanzhi's harvest, the rule of Han and Wei Dynasties, the elite of Qi and Chu, and the plunder of several generations, took advantage of the mountain. Once you can't get it, you lose it. Tinkling jade, gold nuggets and pebbles are thrown away and smashed, and Qin people regard them as the standard and do not cherish them.
Ha ha! One person's heart, ten thousand people's heart. Qin loves luxury and people are homesick. How can we use it like sand? Make the columns of negative buildings more than the farmers of nanmu; There are more rafters on the beam than working women on the plane; The phosphorus in onion is more than that in millet. The joints of ceramic tiles are uneven, more than the whole body silk; There are more vertical columns and cross sills than nine battlements; The orchestra's strings are hoarse, and they talk more than the city people. Let people all over the world dare not speak or get angry. The single husband's heart is getting more and more arrogant. The defenders shouted, the valley of letters closed, the Chu people burned, and the poor were scorched!
Oh! Those who destroy the six countries are also six countries, not Qin; Qin is also a Qin family, not the world. Ha ha! Make the six countries love each other, enough to refuse Qin; Let the state of Qin love the six countries again, and give it to three generations to be king forever. Who wins and who dies? Qin people feel sorry for themselves, and later people mourn for them; Later generations grieved, failed to learn from it, and let future generations mourn for future generations.
translate
The six countries perish and the four seas are unified; The mountains in Shu became bare and Epang Palace was built. From Weinan to Xianyang for more than 300 miles, the Palace Que is towering, covering the sky. It starts from the north of Lishan Mountain, turns west and goes all the way to Xianyang. Weishui, Fan Chuan mighty, flows into the palace wall. Five steps to the first floor, ten steps to a pavilion, the corridor is long and tortuous, and the protruding eaves are pursed up like bird's mouths. According to different topography, they converge in four directions and compete with each other. Pavilions, winding, such as dense beehives, whirling water vortex, stand tall. I don't know. Tens of millions. There are waves lying on the long bridge, and there are no clouds in the sky. Where did the black dragon fly? After flying through the sky, it is not just a sunny day after rain. How did the rainbow appear? The houses are strewn at random, so deep and blurred that people can't tell things apart. The stage is full of warmth because of the loud singing, just like the harmony of spring; The ballroom is full of chill because of the fluttering sleeves, just like the bleak wind and rain. Within a day, within a palace, the climate is different.
The concubines of the six countries waited on the concubines and grandchildren, left the palace and came to Qin by car. They sang in the morning and played music in the evening, becoming the concubines of Qin. The bright stars are crystal clear, that is, the ladies-in-waiting opened the mirror of dressing; One cloud after another in Qing Wu is disturbing. This is the maid-in-waiting combing the bun of morning makeup; A layer of greasy water rose from the Weihe River, which was rouge water abandoned by ladies-in-waiting; The fog rises obliquely and the clouds cross the sky. It is the maid-in-waiting who ignites the pepper orchid; Thunder suddenly sounded, this is the palace car passing by; The rumble of cars is getting farther and farther away, without a trace, and I don't know where I went. Every skin and appearance of them is incredibly beautiful and charming. The ladies-in-waiting stood for a long time and came from afar, expecting the arrival of the emperor. Some ladies-in-waiting have not seen the emperor for 36 years. The gold and jade treasures collected by Zhao Yan and Han Wei, as well as the treasures selected by Qi and Chu, have been plundered by the rulers from their people for generations, piling up like mountains. Once the country dies, these can no longer be owned, and they are all transported to Epang Palace. Baoding is regarded as an iron pot, beautiful jade as a stubborn stone, gold as clods, and pearls as gravel, which are discarded everywhere. Qin people don't feel sorry when they see this.
Alas, one person's will is the will of ten thousand people in Qian Qian. Qin Huang likes prosperity and luxury, and people care about their homes. Why do you have to search for a penny when plundering treasures, and the treasures are consumed like sand? As a result, there are more people carrying pillars than farmers in the fields; There are more rafters on the beam than women workers on the loom; The nails on the beams and columns are dazzling, more than the millet in the granary; Ripples vary in length, exceeding the whole body silk thread; There are more railings, straight or horizontal, than battlements in Kyushu. The sound of orchestral music is noisy and exceeds the words of citizens. So that people all over the world dare not speak, but dare to get angry in their hearts. Qin Shihuang's idea of losing people's hearts is getting more proud and stubborn every day. As a result, Chen Sheng and Guangwu, who were guarding the border, rallied, Liu Bang captured Hangu Pass in one fell swoop, and Chu Bing set fire to it. It's a pity that Epang Palace has become a scorched earth.
Alas! It was the six countries themselves that destroyed the six countries, not the State of Qin. It was the Qin dynasty itself that destroyed the Qin dynasty, not the people of the world. Alas! If the six countries care about their people, they can rely on the people to resist Qin. If the Qin dynasty takes care of the people of the six countries, then the throne can be passed on to the third generation and become the emperor for generations. Who can destroy it? Qin people have no time to mourn for themselves, and later people mourn for them; If future generations mourn him but don't take him as a lesson, it will only make future generations mourn this future generation again.
To annotate ...
(1) Afang Palace: a palace built by Qin Shihuang. The site is in Afang Village, Xi City.
(2) Six Kings finish: Six Kingdoms perish. The kings of Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao and Wei refer to the six countries. End, end, refers to the demise of Qin.
(3) One: unification.
(4) Shu Shan Wu, Afangchu: The mountains in Sichuan are bare, and Afanggong appears. Stand upright, the mountain is high and flat. It is described here that the trees on the mountain have been completely cut down. Going out, going out, means building. Shu, Sichuan.
(5) Overpressure is more than 300 Li: (Weinan to Xianyang) covers more than 300 Li (Li is an area unit, not a length unit. In ancient times, five households were neighbors, and five neighbors were a mile. This is to describe the continuous palaces and pavilions, covering an extremely wide area. Cover, cover.
(6) Isolation from the sun: Shading the sun. This describes the height of palaces and castles.
(7) Lishan Mountain is built in the north and folded in the west, leading directly to Xianyang: (Epang Palace) starts from Lishan Mountain in the north, folds in the west and reaches Xianyang (ancient Xianyang is in the northwest of Lishan Mountain). Go ahead, Tide.
(8) Erchuan dissolution: Erchuan refers to Weishui and Fan Chuan. Dissolved, the river widened and flowed.
(9) The corridor is long and tortuous. The waist of the corridor, the corridor connecting high-rise buildings, is like a person's waist, so. I am wandering. Back, twists and turns.
(10) Eaves peck high: Eaves (protruding) protrude upward (like a bird's beak). Cornice teeth, eaves protruding like teeth.
(1 1) Different terrain: Different terrain. This is the state in which the castle is built back and forth with the height of the terrain.
(12) intrigue: refers to the uneven structure and exquisite workmanship of the palace. A tick indicates that all kinds of buildings gather in the central area. A dogfight means that the angles are all facing each other.
(13) coiled coiled, (qūn) coiled, honeycomb-shaped water vortex: coiled and buckled, like a honeycomb, like a water vortex. The pavilion is built on the mountain, so it looks like a honeycomb and a water vortex. Disk, hovering. It's awkward, winding, full of twists and turns. Yan, equivalent to "ran", means appearance. ...
(14) There are tens of millions of people standing. Sit down and describe how the building stands. The following "I don't know where it is" has the same usage. Fall, equivalent to "seat" or "place".
(15) The long bridge is lying in waves and cloudless. Why is Long Bridge lying on the water without clouds? The Book of Changes says that "clouds follow dragons", so people think that there should be clouds if there are dragons. This is a pretentious word to describe the long bridge as a dragon.
(16) Multi-track: a passage made of wood between pavilions. Because there are channels up and down, it is called multipath. Ji: After the rain, it will clear up.
(17) mystery: I don't know.
(18) Things: One is "West East".
(19) The platform is warm, and the spring is warm: it means that people sing on the platform, and the music sounds like it is full of warmth. Blend like spring. Harmony, harmony.
(20) The cold sleeves in the dance hall are sorrowful: it refers to people dancing in the temple, and the sleeves are fluttering, which seems to be cold, such as wind and rain.
(2 1) Concubine (pín), Concubine (yìng) and Concubine (qiáng): refers to the concubines of the governors of the six countries. They have their own rank (princesses rank higher than concubines). A concubine is a servant girl who marries him, and can also be a concubine or concubine. The following "grandson of the prince" refers to the daughters and granddaughters of the princes of the six countries.
(22) Out of the downstairs, I went to Qin State: I bid farewell to the pavilions (of the six countries) and got on the chariot and went to Qin State.
(23) Stars shine, open the makeup mirror: (Light as) Stars shine, which is the mirror for (Imperial Secretary) to open the toilet. Yingying, bright posture. The following four sentences are the same sentence pattern.
(24) Cumulative rise: A layer of grease ("fat water" contains rouge and powder) has risen.
(25) Pepper orchid: two kinds of spice plants, which are burned to smoke clothes.
(26) Listen far: The more you listen to the sound of a car, the farther it goes. Rolling, the sound of the car dealership.
(27): There is no trace in the distance.
(28) One muscle and one capacity are extremely beautiful: any part of the skin, any appearance, is extremely charming. State refers to the beauty of the body. Yan, beautiful
(29) Ber Ber: Jiuli. Say "slow".
(30) Fortunately, when the emperor went to a certain place in feudal times, it was called "luck". The concubines were favored by the emperor and were called "lucky".
(3 1) Thirty-six years: The reign of Qin Shihuang was thirty-six years. According to the 26th year of Qin Shihuang (22 years before1year), China was unified, and in the 37th year (209 years before), he died, calling himself emperor for 12 years. Thirty-six years here refers to the number of years of his reign, describing Epang Palace as very large, and he has never seen the emperor's maid-in-waiting in thirty-six years.
(32) Collection: refers to the collection of gold and jade treasures. The following "tube" also refers to things like gold and jade treasures. The adjective "elite" is used as a noun and a fine product, and also has the meaning of treasure.
(33) Park (piāo) plunders others: take it from the people. Plagiarism, robbery, plunder. People, people
(34) rely on: accumulation.
(35) Dingdang jade, gold nuggets and pebbles: Baoding is regarded as an iron pot, beautiful jade is a stone, gold is a clod, and pearls are stones. A shallow pan.
(36) (lǐ) (yǐ): continuous. It means "connected" and "everywhere".
(37) A person's heart is the heart of millions of people: heart, mind and mind.
Why, why. (zρ) baht (zhū): In ancient times, one baht was equal to six baht, and one baht was about a quarter of the last one or two. The combination of "Zha" and "Zhu" is extremely subtle.
(39) negative building pillar: the pillar that bears the pillar.
(40) Phosphorus (lín) Phosphorus: It describes that an object is angular and prominent. It also refers to the way stones protrude in the water. The protruding nail head is described here.
(4 1) Yu (y incarnation): open-air barn.
(42) Nine pictures: Kyushu.
(43) Du Fu: a ruler who lost popular support and was extremely isolated. This refers to Qin Shihuang.
(44) Arrogant but firm: arrogant and stubborn.
(45) Defender's call: refers to Chen Sheng in Guangwu Uprising.
(46) Hanguguan: In 206 BC, Liu Bang led the troops into Xianyang, overthrew the rule of the Qin Dynasty, and sent troops to guard Hanguguan. Lift it up. I got it.
(47) Chu people were burned: Xiang Yu (the descendant of Chu general Xiang Yan) also entered Xianyang in 206 BC and burned Qin Gong. The fire did not go out in March.
(48) Ethnic group: extinction.
(49) make: if.
(50) Chuan: Chuan, here refers to the succession to the throne. Immortality: "Historical Records of Qin Shihuang's Biography" contains: After Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, "I was the first emperor, and the number of people was later. As for the second and third generations, it will be circulated endlessly. " However, the Qin dynasty only passed on II and died.
(5 1) Too busy: too late.
(52) lament: lament.
Introduction of works
"Epang Palace Fu" is a prose of Fu style created by Du Mu, a writer in the Tang Dynasty, which satirizes the present by borrowing ancient times. By describing the construction and destruction of Epang Palace, Du Mu vividly summed up the historical experience of the rulers of Qin dynasty, warned the rulers of Tang dynasty, and showed the feelings of honest literati in a feudal era who were concerned about the country, the people and the world. The full text uses imagination, metaphor, exaggeration, as well as description, arrangement and discussion, and compound sentence is patchy.
works appreciation
"Epanggong Fu" was selected into the seventh volume of "China Ancient Literature". The full text is not only impressive in ideological power, but also of high artistic value. From the content structure, this fu can be divided into four sections.
The first paragraph is about the grandeur of Epang Palace.
The opening begins with four short three-character sentences with compact syllables and extraordinary momentum, achieving the phonetic effect. The word 12 not only describes Qin Shihuang's heroic spirit of unifying the whole country, but also describes the extraordinary architecture of Epang Palace. The language is so concise that it cannot be abridged. Next, from panorama to ontology construction, write the grandeur of Epang Palace. "Covering an area of more than 300 miles, isolated from the sky of the sun and the moon" outlines the magnificent Epang Palace, which covers a vast area and is hidden by Lingyun, giving people an overall impression. The four sentences of "Li Mountain is built in the north and folded in the west" describe that Epang Palace was built according to the mountain trend and went down the river, which still highlights its style of taking from nature and being longer than nature. The following description of Wei Shui and Fan Chuan's "flowing into the palace wall" naturally transits to the architectural features of Epang Palace. Then, through exaggeration and contrast, by writing about the warmth and coldness of songs and dances, it describes the strange phenomenon of Epang Palace "in one day, between palaces, but the climate is uneven", which sets off its grandeur and broadness.
The second paragraph describes the beauties and treasures in Epang Palace, exposing the luxurious life of the rulers of the Qin Dynasty, laying the groundwork for the following discussion.
Write the origin of "concubines" first, and explain that it is the result of "the six kings are perfect and the four seas are one", taking care of the first one. The author uses six sets of parallelism sentences, such as "the stars shine and the makeup mirror is open", to write about the miserable life of the imperial secretary dressed up as "seeing far away, but seeing fortunately". The mirror is like a star. It is like Lv Yun. "Abandoning fertilizer" will increase Wei water and burn pepper into smoke. These vivid descriptions not only show the tragic fate of ladies-in-waiting, but also reveal the arrogance and extravagance of Qin Shihuang's life. Under Zhao Yan Ji, the author was bullied and his works were trampled on. Here, the jade jinding, originally collected by the six countries, was piled up and abandoned like clods and iron pots. "Qin people regard it and don't cherish it."
The third paragraph, from description to discussion, explains the original intention of writing this essay.
First, sigh with "harmony and Hu", and point out that "Qin loves luxury and people also miss home", and then ask: "How can it be regarded as sediment?" Then, six sets of figurative sentences "make ... more than ..." are all used to fully reveal the profound disasters brought by the extravagance of the Qin Dynasty to the people. After a lot of preparation, the style of writing changed, and the "people in the world" who dared not speak but dared to get angry competed with the "increasingly arrogant and impregnable" rulers. As a result, Epang Palace became a scorched earth.
The fourth paragraph summarizes the historical lessons of the Six Kingdoms and the demise of Qin, and warns the contemporary rulers.
"Ah! One person's heart, ten thousand people's hearts are also ",which means" people are connected ",but then" Qin loves luxury, and people also miss home. " Why take as much as you can and treat it as sediment? However, it dealt a powerful blow to the remnants of the Qin rulers who pocketed their own money. The following sentence is particularly wonderful: "Make the pillars of negative buildings more than the farmers of nanmu;" There are more workers and women on the rafters than on the plane; The phosphorus in onion is more than that in millet. The joints of ceramic tiles are uneven, more than the whole body silk; There are more vertical columns and cross sills than nine battlements; The orchestra's strings are hoarse, and they talk more than the city people. Let people all over the world dare not speak or get angry. The single husband's heart is getting more and more arrogant. When the guards shouted, the valley was lifted and the Chu people were burned, poor scorched earth! This is closely related to the following sentence "He Hu". "Qin loves luxury, and people miss home", "Qin" and "people" are mentioned together. Then, with the indignant words of "how can we do everything we can, and use it like sand", we can sum up the profound disasters brought by Qin's extravagance to the people. Then pick it up with the word "yes" and present a series of criminal evidence. The evidence of exploitation and oppression of the people by the rulers of Qin dynasty is endless. The characteristic of literary creation is to express the ordinary through personal expression, so there is no need to list all kinds of evidence in a work. That is, from Epang Palace, I made a logical deduction of the narrative writing in the first half. A series of sentences composed of accurate metaphors vividly show the duality of "Qin" and "man", and there are good and bad relations between exploiters and exploited people. A few words gushed and advanced layer by layer, to the point of "making everyone dare not speak and be angry", which has already revealed the trend that the volcano is about to erupt. Once again, from the opposite side, "wholeheartedly, more and more arrogant and solid" was forced out, and the situation of "guarding the pawn and calling the valley" was forced out. The raging fire of the peasant uprising finally buried the ruler. Epang Palace, which was enjoyed by the rulers, was also reduced to ashes.
Next, he refused to tell the truth directly, but revealed with infinite emotion the reasons for the demise of the Six Kingdoms and the State of Qin: "Alas! Those who destroy the six countries are also six countries, not Qin; Qin is also a Qin family, not the world. Ha ha! Make the six countries love each other, enough to refuse Qin; Let Qin love the six countries again, and give it to three generations to be king forever. Who will win, the family will be ruined? " It not only points out the demise of the six countries and Qin, but also points out that if they can "love each other", they will not perish. Only then did the pen turn to "future generations"-mainly the rulers at that time: "Qin people have no time to mourn for themselves, and future generations mourn for themselves; Later generations mourn without learning lessons, and let future generations mourn for future generations. " At this point, the author has successfully expressed his creative intention with passionate pen and ink, and every sentence is endless.
In a relatively short period of time, this poem shows the grandeur of palace architecture, the fullness and beauty of harem, and the preciousness and luxury of treasures with typical artistic techniques and clear and concrete images, thus drawing the conclusion that the reason why Qin Shihuang ruled for a long time was that the mob used materials for no mercy, which provided a profound lesson and warning for the supreme ruler at that time.
Creation background
"Epang Palace Fu" was written in 825 AD (the year of Bao Liyuan in Tang Jingzong), and Du Mu was twenty-three years old. Du Mu lived in an era of political corruption and sharp class contradictions. He hoped that the rulers at that time would try to enrich Qiang Bing, but the fact was just the opposite. Tang Muzong Hengli died of debauchery. Tang Jingzong Li Zhan, who succeeded him, was even more dissolute, saying that "the game is excessive, the circle of friends is small" and "ministers rarely see the moon". It is also "good governance of the palace, wanting to camp other temples, and making a wide range." He also ordered Du Zhi's Foreign Minister Lu Zhen to "repair the Que Palace and Daozhong Palace" for travel (Zi Zhi Tong Jian, Volume 243). For all this, Du Mu was indignant and saddened. He clearly said in "Introduction to a bosom friend": "Bao Li is a big palace with many melodies, and it calls itself" Epang Palace Fu ". "It can be seen that the critical edge of Epang Palace Fu not only points to Qin Shihuang, Chen Houzhu and Yang Di, but also points to the supreme ruler at that time.
Brief introduction of the author
Du Mu (803-852), born in Fanchuan, Han nationality, Jingzhao Wannian (now Xi 'an, Shaanxi Province), is the grandson of Du You, an outstanding poet and essayist in the Tang Dynasty, and the Collected Works of Fan Chuan was written by him. His poems are famous for their seven-character quatrains, and he is good at singing history and expressing emotion.
Du Mu is straightforward, informal and disdainful. Conceited and resourceful, poetry is famous. The most famous work in this article is "A Fang Gong Fu", whose poems are lively and meaningful, and the quatrains are especially praised, which is known as the world's small Du. Just like Li Shangyin, they are collectively called "Little Du Li". His representative works include Bo Qinhuai, Spring in the South of the Yangtze River, Red Cliff, and Understanding Jiangting Pavilion, which are well known to everyone. When I was young, I was very good at reading the Art of War. I once noticed thirteen articles on Sun Tzu's Art of War. He also wrote the theories of contemporary military literature, such as The Evolution of Evil, On War, Defending, and The Sixteen Guards. In the third year of Huichang (843), Zhao Yijun was in chaos, and Li Deyu wrote a letter on the method of fighting, which was adopted by Deyu. Author of Fan Chuan's collected works. 1978 Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House published Notes on Fan Chuan's Poems and Collected Works of Fan Chuan.