Zi Yang Shen's word was modified and his name was promoted to buddhist nun. Wu Zongzheng was virtuous for six years (15 1 1), and Xin Weike also won the grand ceremony and was dismissed for life.
After decades of operation, the Ming Dynasty reached its peak during the flood and propaganda period. By this time, however, the Ming Dynasty had begun to decline. During the more than one hundred years in the middle of the Ming Dynasty, social crises appeared constantly, but they did not reach an unmanageable level. The reason is that the reform of people of insight within the ruling class really played a very important role. On the occasion of Zheng De and Jiajing, Yang Tinghe's reform was one of the famous reforms. Ming history. "Biography of Filial Piety": "There is a world in Ming Dynasty, which has been passed down from generation to generation for 16 years. It can be called Renzong and Xiaozong. " However, it is this Emperor Xiaozong, who is known as "diligent and thrifty, diligent and loving the people", who has cultivated an unscrupulous son-Mingwuzong, who is "charitable and small in family". Since Wu Zongjun proclaimed himself emperor of the world, Liu Jin was reused in the East Palace. Due to the laziness of Wu Zong, Liu Jin was able to seize the opportunity to take power. At that time, it was necessary to play the inner and outer chapters first, which was called "establishing the emperor". The handprint eunuchs in the East Factory and the West Factory are all private parties; There is also the inner factory, "the bow leads it, and the big handle of the army returns its hand." (1) Some shameless bureaucrats, such as Jiao Fang and Cecilia Cheung, attached themselves to inciting the trend and sold themselves for refuge. Ming History established Yan Dang Zhuan, which was strictly named after the Party. Most ministers of civil and military affairs dare not resist. "Eight out of ten people kneel at the sight of Liu Jin" [2], and its power is blazing. In five years, Liu attacked Zhu. Since also partial to Jiang Bin, Qian Ning, Xu Tai and other unfortunate villain, given the country's surname, and accept it as an adopted son. He went in and out of the leopard room, lying together, and had no time to hunt. "Wu Zongzhi is crazy and ignorant, Gu Fang is dazzled by Dong Qi, and Emperor Yang Di can't stop" (3). Under his rule, internal and external troubles were frequent, and social contradictions were very sharp. Liu Liu and Liu Qi started in Hebei, Lan Tingrui and Yan Benshu started in Sichuan, and peasant uprisings continued. Wang Yi of Anhua rebelled against Ningxia, Wang Ning rebelled against Jiangxi, and Wu Zong lost his virtue, which made the contradictions within the ruling class more acute. Mongolian nobles also took the opportunity to harass for many years. Daming world is very restless.
In this chaotic situation, as Zaifu, Yang Tinghe is "quite calm and prudent, which makes Chinese and foreign countries sit up and take notice". According to historical records, Liang Chu was the first record during his worrying about the country, and he was "afraid of not taking office" and "invited repeatedly". He also looked back. "Save and release." It can be seen that he has a high position in the minds of cabinet ministers.
Since Wu Zong lost his virtue, Yang Tinghe has remonstrated many times, but he didn't listen. Although he is not complacent, he is still diligent in political affairs and loyal to his duties. King Anhua rebelled, and he "pardoned the imperial edict and asked him to take revenge to stay away from the thieves." The fruit of the lottery is "[6]. Liu Liu and Liu Qi revolted. He advised and dispatched troops, and finally suppressed the uprising. When Liu Jin was in power, shameless bureaucrats flocked to him. After the defeat of Liu Jin, "Guan Zhong, Gu Dayong, Wei Bin, Zhang Xiong, Qian Ning and Jiang Bin, their adopted sons are all very arrogant. "Yang Tinghe is an official and will never associate with him. But Wu Zongtong was stupid, and Yang Tinghe, as Zaifu, refused to listen to his words and plans. The situation is very difficult, and it is difficult to display his ambition. He can only "make mistakes during this period and make amends with a little medicine." For this, he was criticized by some people. In history, Yang Tinghe has been in the cabinet for a long time, and he has nothing to build, so people are changeable. "Huang Wu southern China, the world is aggressive, fortunately, I stole the handle of the country. Some crazy students made mistakes in writing books, and Gong Yanli cried,' It's a bad idea to stay for a long time' ". At that time, he was very depressed.
Since Wu Zong was in office for 16 years, it is impossible to defeat this plan. Yang Tinghe presided over the government affairs under extremely difficult circumstances, being "calm and prudent", "better late than never", "disaster relief loans are like stories, and all departments abide by the law", so that the state machine can run as usual. Feudal historians hold it in high esteem. Ming history. Biography of Yang Tinghe. Praise said: "In the season of Wuzong, the monarch is in a shortage of morality, but fortunately, it is around." Although the imperial court and Taiping are the same, they can't change their morality, but they are in danger of being destroyed without soil. Patients who are rebellious but do not disintegrate rely on temples to have far-reaching economic benefits. Chen Zilong, a scholar in the late Ming Dynasty, also pointed out: "Huang Wu and Mu Jun are eager to learn from the West, and the natural people in the world can get people by hook or by crook. "Sejong acceded to the throne, and Yang Tinghe has high hopes for him." Self-confidence can help peace "(37) revived the Ming Dynasty. Yang Tinghe is brave and responsible, and dares to stick to his own opinions. "Everything has its own opinion" (38). On many occasions, he advised Sejong to say ... to serve the people, be diligent in learning, be cautious in giving orders, have clear rewards and punishments, be full-time, coachable, be kind to others and be economical. "Multi-word deletion" (39). However, an argument that seems meaningless today ruined his political life, and his grand ambition was dashed.
Since Wuzong had no children, all the princes except Sejong joined the heir system. According to feudal ethics, filial piety should be respected as the imperial examination. However, Sejong respected personal relationships and brought complications. At first, he insisted on honoring his parents as emperors. Later, he wanted to change his name to Emperor Bocao. Yang Tinghe and other cabinet ministers are consistent in quoting classics. "The monarch advocates filial piety, while the minister pursues ethics" (40), which opened the debate on "big gifts" that lasted for several years. "When it's true, the imperial court has successively sealed back four royal people, insisting on beating every 30", "persisting in making profits without scratching, and dying for the emperor's will", "The emperor often suddenly hates something" (4 1). Yang Tinghe was forced to "beg for a rest" and became an official in February of Jiajing three years, ending his decades-long career. In the future, the dispute over big etiquette intensified. In the seventh year of Jiajing, the Grand Ceremony of Minglun was completed, and all the ministers condemned it "(42). Yang Tinghe, who retired from the nymphs, was not spared and was removed from his post for the people. The next year, I died in loneliness.
The big etiquette dispute seems meaningless today. However, Yang Tinghe and others insisted on their opinions, dared to confront the emperor, dismissed court officials at all costs, and put their lives in danger. This shows the high morale of the Ming Dynasty.
Yang Tinghe's fall from favor with Sejong is the main reason, but there is another factor worthy of attention, namely Sejong's suspicion. The history books say: "The emperor is very concerned about fasting, and the imperial court and Taiping can't be said ... Jiang Zuo is older than him, and the Chinese officials asked him to send officials to supervise weaving." Sejong was "interested in the cabinet writing." "Ting and so on, because people are tired, please don't send. The more anxious the emperor is, the more stubborn he is. Work hard, ... can't stop. " As a feudal emperor, I certainly don't want to say anything. What's more, Yang Tinghe advocates big gifts and respects Sejong's mind. "No one is polite" (44), so Sejong's mind moves inward. After the middle of the Ming Dynasty, emperors were mostly incompetent, but the autocratic imperial power was inviolable. In the seventh year of Jiajing, after the Ming Lun ceremony, Sejong said that Yang Tinghe "pretends to be an old man, and his protege, the son of heaven, despises me" (45). As a minister, I'm afraid Yang Tinghe was demoted and killed behind his back. Yang Tinghe may have noticed this when he lived in the temple. According to historical records, "Yang Shizhai is the National Day, his first brother is Jing Qing, and his second brother is in some way. There are many surnames of various schools at home and abroad. Zi Shen raised the champion again and congratulated them all. The public frowned and said,' Do you know you are a puppet? When you play geisha, you will do your best at the end of the song. This is the end of my song, too. Why not? ""(46) accompany you like a tiger, full of confidence!
Throughout Yang Tinghe's life, I think he is an outstanding figure among feudal bureaucrats. Wu Zongtong was at a loss, and his official was arrogant and arrogant. As a Zaifu, he was "calm and cautious" and "better late than never" under difficult circumstances, and worked hard to survive the crisis. At the prosperous time, he was determined to reform and tried to get rid of the political disadvantages of Wuzong. Although the reform was not continued because he was forced to be an official, it still had a far-reaching impact and set a precedent for several subsequent reforms. He is an honest official. Although he is "one person and one minister, he lives in the same place as Han Su" (47); He cared about the sufferings of the people and did many good things for his hometown, such as "building water conservancy", "repairing county towns" and "buying farmland", which was praised by people at that time (48). As a famous reformer in the middle of Ming Dynasty, Yang Tinghe is a historical figure worthy of recognition.
Yang Tinghe is not very clever and studies hard. /kloc-promoted to hometown at the age of 0/2, and 19 was a scholar. In the second year of Hongzhi in the Ming Dynasty (489), he learned to write and participated in the Records of Xian Zong Hui Dian. At the beginning of the second year of Jian 'an (1507), Zhan was appointed as the ambassador of Dongge, specializing in imperial edicts and pardons. Because he resisted the official party, he offended Liu Jin, the eunuch of Sili Prison, and his official position was changed to the minister of Nanjing Household Department. Soon after, due to the success of the book, it was recalled, and the Wenyuange University was awarded to participate in the maintenance and moved to the official department. When Liu Jin was put to death, she had attended a university in Zhengde for seven years (15 12). Following Li Dongyang as the records. He has told Emperor Wu Zongdi many times that he wants to get rid of traitors, which is the outline plan. It is eunuchs and evil forces like plague that induce the emperor's daily affairs to be extravagant. Since I have no intention of cheering up, I will not take it seriously. However, Yang Tinghe set a goal, calmly waited for development, and showed the bearing of a politician. Sixteen years (152 1), Wu Hou collapsed, childless. Yang Tinghe quoted Ming Taizu's Legacy as the basis, demanding that Wu Zong follow his younger brother and offer Zhu Houzong, the eldest son of the king, to inherit the system. In January, before the new emperor arrived in Beijing, Yang Tinghe acted according to the testamentary edict, encouraged the New Deal and abolished the abuses left by Wu Zongchao. We cracked down on the evil forces of eunuchs, leaving behind the vast camp rebuilt by Lu Bo and Jiang Bin, the border guards and their beauties randomly deployed by the Royal Guards, and canceling the "Huangzhuang" and "Huangdian" and nine redundant projects. Collect the gold, silver and jewels of the palace in Yifu (Yihua County, Hebei Province), put them into the inner warehouse, and release the unjust prisoners in Nanjing Prison. Finally, he persuaded Empress Dowager Cixi to capture Jiang Bin, a traitor general who wanted to recruit soldiers to rebel, and publicly put him to death after Sejong ascended the throne, making it known to the world. At the same time, he arrested his best friend and punished them separately. On the 37th day of Yang Tinghe's reign, the reform has far-reaching significance. The evil forces have been hit, the decent forces have grown, the people's hearts have grown, and the country has changed from being in danger to the early days of governance. It has been said in history that "China and foreign countries depend on each other". When Sejong Zhu Houzong ascended the throne, Yang Tinghe promulgated the proposed New Deal program to simplify administration, reduce taxes, rectify salt administration and grain transportation. , cautious punishment trial method, open the way, recommend talents, so that "the world will be ruled", everyone in the ruling and opposition parties is happy, and they all praise the achievements of the new emperor and Yang Tinghe. Therefore, he became the president and director of Zuo and Wu Zongshi Records Company. The so-called "big gift" is to discuss the worship and respect for Sejong Zhu Houzong's father. Emperor Sejong wanted to give up the original patriarchal clan system and respect his parents as emperors. Yang Tinghe advocated "inheriting the system and succeeding the descendants" from the standpoint of Huiji, and respected Xiaozong, the father of Wuzong, as the emperor, which did not conform to Sejong's exposition. The emperor finally determined the new imperial clan by force according to his intention, re-cultivated his cronies, and then attacked the cabinet ministers. Yang Tinghe was heartbroken and fought with all his might. He wrote about 30 memorials, but Sejong ignored them. In February of the third year of Jiajing (1524), they were sent back to their hometown Xindu. After Yang Tinghe came to him, Sejong suppressed more than 200 courtiers with violence such as Dayu, Tingting and ousting, and made a "big gift" with great pain. In the seventh year (1528), Sejong's "Ming Lun Da Dian" was completed, which severely condemned the ministers. Yang Tinghe was identified as the culprit and a citizen. In the eighth year of Sejong (1529), Yang Tinghe died of illness in Xindu County, Sichuan at the age of 7 1 year. He was reinstated in the early years of Qin Long, Mu Zong, and gave Taibao a big gift, giving him a literary loyalty. His works "Yang Wenzhong Gong San Lu" and "Shi Zhai Ji" have been handed down from generation to generation. He is also good at writing and his brushwork is neat. Wei Qingkun's Yi Qingge Miscellaneous Notes said: ".
Yang Tinghe was knowledgeable and resolute all his life, aboveboard, and actively advocated the "New Deal", which played a certain role in curing the decline of the Ming Dynasty and was worthy of being a courageous and insightful political reformer. As Li Dongyang said, "I spent a day in Korean. If I participate in economic affairs, I must go back to my husband. "