In linguistics, a word is the smallest language unit that can be used freely.

Ci, as a kind of poetry, is a new style that emerged in the Tang Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, after a long and sustained development, it entered its heyday.

Ci, also known as Quzi, long and short sentences and poems, is a kind of songs and poems filled with feasts. Poetry and words belong to the category of verse, but poetry is only used for chanting and words are used for singing.

Ci is a unique form of poetry, which was originally sung with music. Words are characterized by long and short sentences, and epigrams are the tone names of words. Different aphorisms have regulations on the total number of sentences, the number of sentences, the number of words in each sentence and the level of words.

The form of words has the following characteristics:

1. Every word has a musical tone (epigraph). Generally speaking, the tone of a word is not the theme of the word, but only a score. In the Song Dynasty, some poets often added topics or wrote prefaces to express the meaning of words.

2. Words are generally divided into two paragraphs (called upper and lower paragraphs or upper and lower paragraphs), and few words are not segmented or not segmented.

Generally speaking, the number of words in tones and the length of sentences are fixed and have a certain format.

4. The sentence patterns of words are uneven, and they are basically long and short sentences.

5. The rules of phonology in words are particularly strict, and words should be hierarchical. The tone of each word has its own rules, which are different.

translate freely

① The smallest unit that can be used independently in a language: dictionary | noun | improper use of words. 2 statement; Words: lines | lyrics | words can't convey meaning. (3) An ancient form of poetry with different sentences: Ci Qu | Song Ci.

Ci originated in the Tang Dynasty in the Five Dynasties and was popular in the Song Dynasty.

Style name is a verse form of poetry, which is developed from five-character poems, seven-character poems or folk songs.

It began in the Tang Dynasty and flourished in the Song Dynasty. Originally, it was a poetic style sung by music, and the length of sentences varied with the tune.

So it is also called long and short sentences. Poetry and slow words are generally divided into two parts. Some words are limited, but some words can rhyme. Gu Congjing, an Amin poet, carved the poems of Caotang, changing the old version arranged by classification into a new version arranged by tone, and re-dividing the words into three categories: long tone, middle tone and short tone: short tone is within 58 words, middle tone is between 59 and 90 words, and long tone is above 9 1 word. [Edit this paragraph] Origin is a kind of ancient poems of China. It began in Liang Dynasty, formed in Tang Dynasty and flourished in Song Dynasty. According to Old Tang Book; "Since Kaiyuan (the year of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty), singers have mixed the songs of Okoyi Lane." At that time, there were many talented musicians in the city who made a living by singing. According to the need to coordinate the lyrics with the music beat, they created or adapted some long and short sentence lyrics, which are the earliest words. It can also be seen from Dunhuang Quzi Ci that the words produced by the people are decades earlier than those created by the literati.

Folk words in the Tang Dynasty mostly reflect themes such as love and acacia, so they are not elegant in the eyes of literati. It is considered a poetic path. Only those who pay attention to absorbing the artistic advantages of folk songs, such as Bai Juyi and Liu Yuxi, write some words with simple and natural style and full of rich life flavor. Wen Tingyun and the "Huajian School" in the Five Dynasties, which are famous for their rich ci works, have a certain position in the history of ci. However, Li Houzhu's poems after his capture in the Southern Tang Dynasty opened up a new and profound artistic realm, which strongly infected later poets.

Ci originated from the folk, but it was difficult to see folk works in the study before 1900 Dunhuang stone room was opened. It was not until the lyrics and songs of Dunhuang manuscripts came out that these defects were made up. There are a lot of Dunhuang lyrics and songs. There are five poems by Wen, () and Ouyang Jiong, and the rest are anonymous. The author has a wide range of subordinates, and his writing time began from the last years of Wu Zetian to the Five Dynasties. Among them, the most important one is "Yun Yao Ji Za Ge", with 30 words. The copying time was not later than the first year of Hou Liang Ganhua (9 1 1), and it was nearly 30 years earlier than the compilation of Huajianji (940 in the third year of Zheng Guang, Shu Dynasty). Except Neijiajiao, all the other 12 songs are included in Jiao Fangji's List of Songs. Among them are slow characters and couplets.

The early creation of Dunhuang Ci and the folk origin of the author's creation make the works show transitional characteristics in content, system and language style, and initially break away from the general cultural system of poetry and begin to become independent adults. The postscript of Zhu Zumou's "Yunyao Zaqu" said: "It is a simple and gratifying poem, and it is a big song that relies on the sound of the vertebral wheel." It can be used to evaluate the whole Dunhuang ci. [Edit this paragraph] Text type

There are long words and short sentences, but the number of words in the whole article is certain. The level of each sentence is also certain

Characters can be roughly divided into three categories: (1) poem; (2) alto; (3) Long tune. Some people think that words below 58 are minor, words between 59 and 90 are middle key, and words below 9 1 are long key. Although this division is too absolute, the general situation is still the same.

There are already some medium-long tunes in Dunhuang Quzi Ci. Liu Yong wrote some long tunes in the early Song Dynasty. Su Shi, Qin Guan, Huang Tingjian and others followed closely, and long tunes became popular. The characteristics of long tunes, in addition to the large number of words, are that the rhyme is generally sparse.

Longer words can also be divided into two, three and four tones.

Ci title

Topics added before words when predecessors wrote words. When the literary genre of Ci first appeared, the tone and theme of Ci were basically integrated. Later, the content of the word was gradually separated from the tone of the word, and the tone of the word was not enough to express the content of the word, which led to the addition of the word title, which began in the Song Dynasty. For example, Su Dongpo's "More Leak" (the name of the word), plus "Send Sun Juyuan", explains why this word was written, and this is the title of this word. [Edit this paragraph] plaque

About the origin of epigraph, there are about the following three situations:

It was originally the name of music. For example, Bodhisattva Man is said to be due to the tribute paid by the female country in the early years of the Tang Dynasty. They wear a high bun, a golden crown and garlands (garlands are jewelry worn on their bodies), like bodhisattvas. At that time, the teaching workshop was also divided into "Bodhisattva Manqu". It is said that Tang Yizong loved to sing the word "Bodhisattva Crossing the River", which was a popular song at that time. "Xijiang Moon", "Pine Wind" and "Recent Flowers" all belong to this category. These are folk tunes.

(2) Choose a few words from a word as an inscription. For example, Qin Yi E, because the first two sentences of the first word written in this format are "Xiao Shengyan, dreams are broken", so the epigraph is called E, also called E. Memorizing Jiangnan was originally named Wang Jiangnan, also known as Xie Qiuniang. But Bai Juyi has a poem praising "Jiangnan is good", and the last sentence is "Can you forget Jiangnan", so the epigraph is also called memorizing Jiangnan. Dream as a Dream was originally named Yi Xian Zi and later renamed Dream as a Dream, which was written by Zhuang Zong in the late Tang Dynasty. Niannujiao is also called no return to the river, because Su Shi has a poem "Niannujiao", and the first sentence is "No return to the river". It is also called "the moon on the Yangtze River" because the last three words of Su Shi are "the moon on the Yangtze River".

(3) It is the topic of words. The lyrics of "On a Horse" are about dancing, the lyrics of "Dancing on a Horse" are about dancing on a horse, the songs of swimming are about boating, the songs of fishermen are about fishing, the sand of waves is about the sand of waves, the music of throwing balls is about throwing hydrangeas, and the lost son is about the night. This situation is the most common. Where the epigraph is marked with "original intention", that is to say, the epigraph is also a topic, and there are no other topics.

But most words don't use the original meaning, so there are prefixes besides epigrams. Generally, the topic is marked with smaller words under the inscription. In this case, the inscription has nothing to do with the inscription. A "Waves on the Beach" is not about waves or sand at all; A poem "Recalling Jiangnan" can also not talk about Jiangnan at all. In this way, the epigraph is the word spectrum. [Edit this paragraph] [Example] There are differences between two monosyllabic words, disyllabic words, trisyllabic words and tetrasyllabic words.

A monotonous word is often a poem. It's like a poem, but only a long and short sentence. For example:

Word style

Generally speaking, there are two schools: bold and graceful.

Niannujiao Chibi Nostalgia

(Song) Su Shi

The surging river flows eastward, and those heroes of the past are gone forever.

Old camp west, people say it's the war of the Three Kingdoms, Battle of Red Cliffs.

Rock clouds break, waves beat the shore, and thousands of piles of snow are rolled up.

The majestic rivers and mountains are picturesque, and many heroes emerge at once.

Looking back on Zhou Yu's spring breeze era, young and beautiful Joe just married him, and he was full of heroic spirit.

A white figure with a feather fan came face to face, and while talking and laughing, the enemy warships burned to ashes.

I am wandering in the battlefield today. I feel a feeling heart and give birth to white hair prematurely.

Life is like a dream, sprinkle a glass of wine to pay tribute to the bright moon on the river.

Yugezi

Zhang

Egrets fly in front of mount cisse,

Peach blossom and flowing water mandarin fish fertilizer.

Green bamboo hat,

Green hemp fiber,

There is no need to return to the oblique wind and drizzle.

well

[Song] Li Qingzhao

Last night, it was raining and suddenly the wind blew.

Deep sleep won't leave a hangover.

Ask the shutter man,

However, Haitang remains the same.

Do you know that?/You know what? Do you know that?/You know what?

It should be green, fat and thin!

Some disyllabic words are minor, others are alto or long. Disyllabic is to divide a word into two parts. The number of words in the two lines is equal or almost equal, and so is the level tone. In this way, an equal number of words is like a music score with two lyrics. Unequal, usually the first two or three sentences are different in number or level, which is the most common form of the so-called "head change" disyllabic words. For example:

Tashahang Chenzhou Hotel

[Song] Qin Guan

Mist lost the balcony,

The maze of the moon,

Taoyuan is nowhere to be found.

Can be lonely as a cold spring;

The sun sets in the cuckoo's song.

Bottoms,

Fishbone,

Build by laying bricks or stones into this disgusting appearance!

Fortunately, Chen Qiang bypassed Chen Shan.

Who gave up Xiaoxiang for?

The partridge can't see the plum.

[Song] Xin Qiji

Thousands of feet ice flows at a hundred paces.

Chai Men is open to water.

Clouds are shrouded in smoke,

The wild water is idle and the sun is coming.

Dress gently and gracefully,

After Cui Wei,

When was Lindong planted?

Although there are many bamboos swaying,

The romance of decoration owes plum blossoms.

He Xinlang sent Hu Bangheng to NSW.

[Song] Zhang

Dream around shenzhou road.

The autumn wind draws corners,

The Forbidden City is far from Xiaomi.

The bottom layer is mainly Kunlun.

Nine rehmannia flow disorderly injection?

Thousand villages gather foxes and rabbits.

God's will is never easy to ask,

It is easy to be sad when you are old, but difficult to sue.

More Nanpu,

Send you away.

The cold willows on the shore urge the waste heat.

Sparse stars and pale moon,

The cloud broke.

Does Wan know where it is?

Looking back at the night talk.

Before the geese arrived,

Whose book is it?

Look up at the sky, cherish the present,

Ken had a grudge against Cao.

Raise the white flag,

Listen to the golden thread

("Who can't be a goose without books?" According to the law of words, one sentence should be read. )

Like "Step on Shakespeare" and "The Fisherman's Pride", the words before and after are exactly the same. Other words, before and after, before and after are basically the same.

30% off is three shovels, 40% off is 40% off. Triple and quadruple words are rare, so I won't give examples here. [Edit this paragraph] Interpreter of words and nouns: a literary genre that originated in the Five Dynasties Tang Dynasty and was popular in the Song Dynasty.

Quzi Ci: The words in Tang and Five Dynasties are called Quzi Ci.

Elegant Ci: After the Song Dynasty, the tone of Ci changed from vulgarity to elegance, which was called elegant Ci.

Gorgeous words: as opposed to elegant words.

Side color words: namely color words.

Near-body Yuefu: "Near-body Yuefu" is the name of Ci in the Northern Song Dynasty.

Music Yuefu: Create your own new songs and combine their sounds with the old ones.

Big words: Song people used slow songs as big words.

Small words: Song people take order, quotation and proximity as small words.

Nanci: Northerners call this word Nanci to distinguish it from (Qu).

Nanle: Yuan people also called Nanle.

Long and short sentences: after the Song Dynasty, it can be said that long and short sentences are aliases of words, but in the Northern Song Dynasty, long and short sentences are the original names of words; In the Tang Dynasty, long and short sentences were still a poetic noun.

Yu Shi: At the beginning of the Southern Song Dynasty, someone compiled a collection of poems, added words and added a category called Yu Shi.

Qin Qu: Later generations used "Qin Qu" as another name for this word.

Ye: Anyone who notes the word "Ye" in Zipu has the same rhyme as the previous sentence, and does not change other rhymes (please check the rhyme).

Rhyme: where there are rhyming words in the spectrum, that is, the first rhyme of each word.

Sentence: where there is a word in the vocabulary, it is a sentence that does not rhyme.

Bean: Where the word bean is noted in the word spectrum, that is, where a word is a sentence, it is usually also called the word bean. Also known as "reading" (still pronounced "beans").

Change: If the word spectrum changes, all sentences must rhyme, and then change the rhyme. Or the last sentence is all flat and even rhyme, and another flat and even rhyme, also called flat and even rhyme. Anyone who notices the change of rhyme in the word spectrum must put all the above sentences in the flat rhyme, and then make the rhyme change. Or the last sentence is all flat, and then another flat, also known as rhyme change, means rhyme change and then rhyme change. Those who are different from the rhyme are called "three changes" and "Ye Xun". The same is true of people who change rhymes after they change rhymes.

Overlap: Overlap means repetition. Therefore, poets usually stack the next paragraph of a word.

There are four differences between people who note overlapping words in the word spectrum: first, overlapping sentences are like dreams, like dreams. The second is overlapping words, such as recalling Qin E. The first three words of the third sentence overlap with the last three words of the second sentence. Third, word inversion, such as a joke, the last word of the last film is superimposed on the next film, and the word is inverted. Fourth, the rhyme, such as Sauvignon Blanc, the first two sentences, you are full of tears, I am full of tears, and the two rhymes are the same.

Que: A word called que is a unique unit noun.

Change: Play each song from beginning to end, and then play another song. This is called change.

Time: the word "change" was used in the Tang Dynasty, which was simplified. The word "change" was borrowed or used as the word "time". The upper and lower parts of a word can be called the next time, the upper and lower parts, and the upper and lower parts.

I: That's all.

Film: In the Southern Song Dynasty, the word "pan" was saved as the word "pan". Characters are generally divided into two parts: the upper part is called the upper part, and the lower part is called the lower part.

Paragraph: synonymous with film and time.

Pat: Han Yu defined the beat and called it a phrase.

Yao: Next time.

Beat: The end of a word is called beat. But a well is not a sentence.

Stop shooting: Stop shooting immediately.

Change the head: a word develops from once to twice. If the sentence pattern at the beginning of the next time is different from that at the beginning of the last time, it is called a head change.

Over the cavity: that is, changing the head.

Guo: Just change your head.

Passing the film: that is, changing the head.

Excessive change: that is, changing the head.

Pass: that is, change the head.

Overtaking: that is, changing the head.

Repetition: A law with identical syntax is called repetition, and repetition only exists in Xiao Ling.

Double trailer: For words with more than three stacks, the second stack is exactly the same as the first stack in sentence structure, flat and disgusting, and looks like the double trailer of the third stack in form, so it is called double trailer.

Tone sandhi: A tune originally belonging to a palace tune. When a musician turned it into another palace tune, the rhythm changed and the lyrics changed, so a key signature with the word "tone sandhi" appeared.

Disyllabic: Since Yuan and Ming Dynasties, most people often refer to two overlapping words as "disyllabic".

Promoting the beat: the so-called "promoting the beat" means the change of the music rhythm, but it can't be seen between the lines of the lyrics.

Stealing voice: although the tune of a word is fixed, the rhyme of the syllable can be slightly increased or decreased when singing. This is called stealing voice, which is related to the transfer of palace tune.

Subtraction: stealing sound.

Addition: Although the tune of a word is fixed, the rhyme of syllables can be slightly increased or decreased when singing. This is called addition, which is related to the transfer of Gongdiao.

Spread out: add words immediately.

Big beat: Song people took tunes with many sounds and characters as big beats.

Close-up: Turn an old tune into a new tune, which can also be called close-up.

Close: that is, close-up.

Ling: The Tang Dynasty called Xiao Qu Xiao Ling.

Slow: the singing is long and slow.

Quotations: Song people took poems from the Tang and Five Dynasties, spread the sound, and made them a new tune, so they were called quotations.

Crime: The original meaning of tone crime is tone crime.

Daqu: Daqu is played continuously, and there are many songs, ranging from a dozen times to dozens of times.

Pick-up: Pick-up a composition from a Daqu, which is called pick-up.

Pass: pick it all at once.

The first part of Daqu is the overture. Overture is composed of scattered sequence and middle sequence, also known as beat sequence.

Title: Daqu is called the title when it is sung for the first time.

Arranging: After the preface of Daqu (that is, arranging), break.

Middle cavity: The so-called "middle cavity" may be the repetition of the middle sequence.

Lyrics: there is music first, and then according to the tone of this music, with lyrics. Since the Song and Yuan Dynasties, people have generally called it "Ci".

By song: that is, lyrics.

Eternal voice: that is, lyrics.

Filling cavity: Song people compose music for lyrics, which is called "filling cavity".

Self-tuning: Poets who are familiar with melody can write their own lyrics and new songs. This is called self-tuning.

Homemade music: that is, homemade music.

Self-tuning cavity: that is, self-tuning

Self-tuning: The so-called "overshoot" refers to the change from one tone to another. The so-called "overshoot" is only the change of melody and does not affect the sentence pattern of lyrics.

Leading words: words that combine the upper and lower sentences at the turning point of meaning and play an excessive or connecting role.

Inscription: After the Song Dynasty, the content, artistic conception and theme of ci became complicated. I have time to read words and sentences, but I don't know why I write them. So it is necessary for the author to add a topic.

Word order: "Word order" is actually a word topic. If a long paragraph is used to explain the origin of lyrics and the meaning of words, it is called word order.

Xiao Ling: Ming people use less than 58 words as Xiao Ling.

Alto: In the Ming Dynasty, 59 to 90 words were used as alto.

Long tune: In the Ming Dynasty, 90 words or more were long tunes. [Edit this paragraph] Style and representative figures Song Ci is another literary school after Tang poetry, which is basically divided into two categories: graceful and unrestrained.

The representative of graceful and restrained school: Li Yu, queen of Southern Tang Dynasty; Poets in Song Dynasty: Li Qingzhao and Li Chongguang, followed by Nalan Xingde, Liu Yong, Qin Guan, Zhou Bangyan and Yan Shu.

Representatives of the uninhibited school: Xin Qiji, Su Shi, Yue Fei, Chen Liang, Lu You, etc.

In the Ming Dynasty, Xu Shi summed up the form of ci as follows: "The sound has a fixed frame, the sentence has a fixed number, and the word has a fixed tone."

The style characteristics of graceful and restrained school: graceful, tactful and implicit. Graceful ci school is mainly characterized by its love for children. The structure is profound and meticulous, paying attention to the harmony of melody, the language is round, fresh and beautiful, with a gentle beauty and narrow content.

The style of the bold school is characterized by boldness of spirit and unrestrained interest. The bold school is characterized by a wide range of disciplines. It not only describes the love between men and women under the moon, but also tends to integrate major themes such as military affairs and state affairs into ci, so that ci can reflect life like poetry. It is grand, magnificent, informal and straightforward, but not subtle and graceful.

Poetry appreciation

Understand the artistic conception of ancient poetry. Artistic conception is the artistic realm of the work and the harmonious unity of the author's thoughts, feelings and life pictures. Understanding the artistic conception of ancient poetry is the highest state of appreciation, which can make the appreciator enjoy beauty, cultivate emotion and purify the soul, thus actively and consciously creating and broadening the artistic realm of ancient poetry. Understanding artistic conception should pay attention to comparison, innovation and association. For example, Lu You's "Buzuwang" and Fan Chengda's "first frost Small Horn Plum" are all based on imaginary writing, taking plum as a metaphor to express people's feelings, but their artistic conception is different. From the environmental point of view, Lu Ci chose the stormy dusk, which highlighted the bitterness of the environment and laid the "lonely" image of plum blossom. The mode words choose a moonlit environment after snow for plum blossom, which sets off the lonely image of plum blossom. Judging from the author's emotional sustenance, Lu Ci, after writing the lonely image of plum blossom, deepened the subjective spirit of plum blossom, which was not invited to spoil, flattering, bearing the wind and rain alone and bearing the fox's sorrow alone with two meanings of "loneliness" and "as always". "If you don't want to fight for spring, everyone is jealous." According to the characteristics of plum blossom, the author gave birth to the spiritual realm of plum blossom. She doesn't pursue the opening in spring, in order not to compete with flowers, flowers, flowers, and flowers, giving plum a noble sentiment of not seeking glory. "As always" further praised the noble and strong character of Meihua, and always kept moral integrity. "Dispersed", "turned into mud" and "ground into dust" gradually assumed the tragic fate of plum blossoms, and fell out of the preciousness of "only fragrance remains". The author uses Yongmei to express his ambition, and the individuality of flower products is integrated. Plum blossoms in typical ci do not have the multi-level features of plum blossoms in Lu ci. The poet expresses the charm of plum blossom with "winning without arrogance, losing with grace": the beauty is extreme, and the sadness is extreme, and the image of the person leaning on the painting floor is in harmony with plum blossom, rendering melancholy. The image of plum blossom is both sad and touching. Once compared, the artistic conception of the two words is full of depth.