(a plate of "Hatu Soul"
In order to facilitate readers' reading and not waste precious time, aeiouo and others specially presented a disc of "The Soul of Hatu". The so-called "ha tu hun su su su" refers to a cold dish made of various colorful vegetables, which is the favorite dish of Manchu people in Qing Dynasty. Maybe Manchu people in history like it, because its practice conforms to the living environment of Manchu people, and its color and taste conform to the vision and taste buds of Manchu people. )
First, about the pronunciation and use of Manchu.
People whose mother tongue is Chinese learn Manchu pronunciation, that is, from one phonetic system to another. Even some people with language talent can't overcome the obstacles caused by the lack of demonstration phonetic materials. Admittedly, no amount of explanation is worth the tape. However, there is always a process to realize standardized teaching, and the warm-up before this is still conducive to learning.
(A) Manchu compared with Chinese, the first is the phonological differences. The so-called phoneme is the smallest phonetic unit divided from the perspective of sound quality. For example, an e. I. o. u is a phoneme that exists in many languages. Every language has vowels and consonants, but they are not uniform. Compared with Chinese, Manchu has more or less differences in vowels and consonants, such as vibrato R and vowels. Secondly, the phonemes are completely different. Compared with Chinese, in Manchu, no matter how many vowels or consonants seem to overlap, the pronunciation positions are completely different, such as E E I O U and K G H N M L. When a person pronounces Manchu in Chinese, as long as the phonemes are correct, Manchu can be understood, because phonemes can distinguish the phonetic forms of words. For example, Nimaha (fish), even if you pronounce "Nimaha" in Chinese, others will only think that your pronunciation is not authentic, but they know what you are talking about and will not cause confusion. But each language has its own specific pronunciation and unique phonetic harmony (not vowel harmony) formed in history. When it is attacked by foreign sounds, its internal laws will be resisted to varying degrees, which will make the speaker and listener feel inexplicable, just like the "foreign-diameter gang" English in old Shanghai. This is mentioned in every excellent or not excellent Manchu textbook, such as "A in Manchu is similar to Ah in Chinese, I in Manchu is similar to Yi in Chinese, O in Manchu is similar to Wo in Chinese, and so on. Careful people generally don't ignore this description, even if it is difficult to imitate because of conditions.
(2) Any language has the difference between written language and spoken language, and Manchu is no exception. There are two aspects to this difference: one is the expression, that is, different expressions of the same or similar meaning, such as "I want to buy a catty of peaches", the written expression is "Bieru Geng Gintoro be udaki Sembi" (I want to buy a catty of peaches), while the oral expression can be said to be "bi ere toro be emu genggin gaiki" (I want to buy a catty of peaches in this way), and the former is normal. If readers compare carefully, they will find that every language is like this. In fact, no matter what kind of statement it is, it is a different aspect of things, and the difference is only angle and context. Unfortunately, this "difference" is regarded by some people as the standard for dividing written language and spoken language, but I don't know that for those who have received mother tongue education, any boundary never exists. Just like the above example, the former can also "say" and the latter can also "write". So is there a difference between the two? If there is, we must consider the context when using it and the genre of the finished text (such as novels and papers), otherwise it can only be taken out of context. Second, there are some differences in pronunciation, that is, the pronunciation of written language and spoken language. Because Manchu is a phonetic symbol, its spelling must be based on the pronunciation when it was founded. Any natural language will change with the passage of time, but the relatively changeable spoken and written language is always quite conservative and always "sticks to" the standardized spelling rules, so the differences in pronunciation will inevitably arise. However, this does not prevent Manchu speakers from communicating and creating.
(3) The comparison between Manchu written pronunciation and spoken pronunciation. Generally speaking, the stress of Manchu verbs falls on the penultimate syllable, but some changes will occur when the words enter the sentence (for example, the ending mbi falls off or mutates into' Ye Mi' and' Mi'). The situation of nouns and other words is a little more complicated, sometimes the stress comes first, sometimes the stress comes last, and sometimes the stress falls on the middle syllable, which leads to the vowel falling off or variation in the later syllable, such as: (Zao), when used as "Zao", the stress is "De", when used as "Very Early", the stress is "Er"; Nimaha (fish), because of the stress on ma, the vowel "a" after the syllable "ha" either falls off or mutates, which can be read as "nimaga" (note that the "ga" here is similar to the "‘ra'" of Uvulatrill in German instead of the "ga" in ka ga ha, and can also be read as "nimeh"; Mahala (hat), when reading, the stress is either "ha" or "evenly distributed". If you speed up your speech, the stress falls on "ha", the "a" after the syllable "la" falls off or suddenly becomes "e", and so on. However, it should be noted that the pronunciation of this variant vowel can never be the same as that when it is pronounced alone, that is, the "he" in "nimahe" (similar to the "‘re'" in German Uvulatrill) cannot be pronounced as "he" when reading aloud. As for the pronunciation of other function words, such as "Shi", "De" and "Ci", it also changes with different contexts and different moods. For example, when used as the noun "we" or the modal particle "genebe", the pronunciation is more real, and when used as an auxiliary verb, the pronunciation is lighter, similar to "b" or "be". "De" can be pronounced as "T" or "De" in different situations; The pronunciation of "word" is generally unchanged, and so on. From the above example, it seems that it is difficult for people whose mother tongue is Chinese to master it completely, but it is not an obstacle for people whose mother tongue is Manchu. In addition, when learning Manchu, you must read it according to the standard pronunciation, just like the word "zhe" in Mandarin. Although the pronunciation of Beijing dialect is "zhe", you should also conform to the standard pronunciation when reading, otherwise there will be no standard language, let alone any development. What's more, when learners firmly master the standard pronunciation of written language, word input and sound change are no longer barriers to use, because this so-called "difference" itself is never insurmountable.
(D) The same meaning is expressed differently in different contexts. Here are four scenarios to illustrate:
Suppose a person goes shopping somewhere. When the receptionist asked him about his purpose, Surehan could say "Miniere Jiheng ge ociaha Beudaki Serejalin" (I came here to buy slaves);
B suppose one day the weather is fine, and Su Ruihan plans to go shopping. He can say "bigiya de gene me ilhauda me gaikise me guounimahabi" to his family (I want to go shopping);
C suppose Sulkhan walks into the street and sees a busy stall, so he goes to the stall owner and says, "Mingde Juwe Geng Ginfili Feise Gingle Me Buki" (call me two Jin of gold bricks). Hearing this, the stall owner almost fainted and knew that a big customer had come. He was overjoyed, but the goods were not ready yet. I had to say to Su Ruihan, "Erengel Aguiyamjis' hun Jai Mini Uba de Uda Me Jimbi" (I hope Mr. Wang will come to my place to buy it in the evening);
D suppose surehan wants to prepare a birthday present for his wife and go to the biggest shopping center in the city to choose the right goods. When he went to the jewelry counter, he found a dazzling array of jewelry in the glass window, so he said solemnly to the waiter: "biilan shoroni cuke jaidui in cifeleku Paltari beudaki sembi" (I want to buy three baskets of pearls and four barrels of diamonds). After that, the audience had a heart attack.
In the last four groups of example sentences, the protagonist Sulkhan expresses the meaning of "thinking, hoping, planning and wanting" in different scenes, but each sentence uses different grammar. "-ki sere jaln" in the first sentence emphasizes "why come"; In the second sentence, "-ki seme guunimahabi" means "thoughts or ideas in the present continuous tense"; "-me -ki" in the third sentence is a very casual statement, similar to "I want 2 Jin of eggs" in Chinese (shopping in small markets is the same, the difference is nothing more than the hero's boldness), and what the stall owner wants to express is "My wish is that you can come again"; "-ki sembi" in the fourth sentence is a very formal usage, which shows the clear attitude of the protagonist to buy, but also knows that the merchant is out of stock at present (too expensive) and the delivery time must be some time in the future, so "-ki sembi" is used.
For beginners, it is certainly useful to know the truth of swimming, but more practice is needed to master swimming skills skillfully. For Manchu whose mother tongue is Chinese, we must break away from the tenacious Chinese pronunciation habit, overcome obstacles, master Manchu phonemes, be familiar with Manchu stress and get used to Manchu expression, otherwise we will never get rid of the shadow of Chinese.
Second, the word formation and innovation of Manchu.
Any mature language has two most remarkable characteristics, namely, strict regularity in language structure so that people can master and use it quickly, which is one of them; Secondly, we should have strong regenerative ability and unique word-formation methods in language vocabulary, so as to constantly supplement new words and enrich vocabulary in the development and changes of society. Only in this way can it be full of vigor and vitality. Otherwise, the language will gradually degenerate and eventually die out. Manchu is a highly developed and mature language. In the process of historical development, Manchu users strictly abide by their internal rules, create and absorb new words and terms according to their own vocabulary, and inject new vitality into Manchu, thus constantly adapting to the development and changes of society.
Judging from the development process of Manchu, when creating and absorbing the words they need, they usually innovate according to the law of harmonious phonetic combination or abbreviation. They can use the method of attaching various additional components to Manchu roots to become new words, the method of shortening two or more words into new words, and the method of combining two or more words into new words (compound words, that is, phrases) according to certain grammatical rules, such as
A.Bithe (book) and affix si form a new term bithesi (writer); The new term usisi (farmer) is formed by adding the affix si after usin (field). Add the affix si after Sejen (car) to form a new term sejesi (driver, driver); A new term albasi (civil servant, government official) is formed by attaching si to alban (official); Ara (do) is added with the affix si to form a new term arasi (author, author); Ucule (singing) and affix si form a new term uculesi (singer); When mafa (ancestor) attached the affix ri, a new term mafari (ancestor) was formed. Honin (sheep) is added with the affix ci to form a new term honici (sheepskin); Yali (meat) is added with affixes to form a new term Yali rabbit (fat); Tonio (chess) adds the affix kuu to form a new term tonikuu (chessboard); Efin (game) and suffix ku form a new term efiku (joke); Jasi (mail) and gan form a new term jasigan (letter); Guuni (thinking) adds the affix gan to form a new term guunigan (opinion); Taka (cognition) and affix su form a new term takasu (cognitive level); Eje (remember) and affix su form a new term ejesu (memory); Fali (making friends) adds affixes to form a new term falicun (unity), and so on.
B.aga (rain) and affix mbi form a new verb agambi (rain); The new verb edumbi is formed when the affix mbi is attached to edun (wind); When the affix mbi is attached to tolon, a new verb tolombi is formed. When yasa (eye) is added with lambi, a new verb yasalambi (fancy) is formed; With the affix lembi attached to edun (wind), a new verb edulembi (stroke) is formed; Okto (medicine) and the affix lombi form a new verb oktolombi (poison); Ilha (flower) and the affix nambi form a new verb ilhanambi (flower); When the word "hergen" is added with the affix nembi, a new verb "hergenmbi" is formed. With the affix shambi attached to ahuun (elder brother), a new verb ahuushambi (regarded as elder brother) is formed. When the affix "Danbi" is added to "Li Ji", a new verb "Geely Danbi" is formed. Ceku (swing) and the affix dembi form a new verb, cekudembi(swing)；); Haha (man) and the affix rdambi form a new verb hahardambi (boy is mature); Hehe (woman) adds the affix rdembi to form a new verb heherdembi (girl matures); When amba (big) is added with the affix rambi, a new verb ambarambi(big)；) is formed. When He E is added with the affix rembi, a new verb, eherembi (bad), is formed, and so on.
C.Gidambi (pressure) and the affix shambi form a new verb gidashambi (oppression); Algimbi (famous) affixes shambi to form a new verb algishambi (propaganda); When the word icembi (new) is added with the affix lembi, a new verb icelembi (update) is formed. Omimbi (beverage) is added with the affix cambi to form a new verb omicambi(*** beverage); Efimbi (playing) is accompanied by the affix cembi, forming a new verb eficembi (joking); Bayambi (making a fortune) is added with the affix dambi to form a new verb bayambi (making a fortune); Anambi (push) and the affix tambi form a new verb anambi (push); Sorombi (yellow) adds the affix combi to form a new verb Sorombi (shame); Jafatambi and the affix tambi form a new verb jafatambi; Tuksimbi and the affix tembi form a new verb tuksitembi; Fehumbi and the affix tembi form a new verb fehutembi; Ekiyembi (reduction) and the affix ndembi form a new verb ekiyendembi (reduction); Bolgombi (clean) and the affix mimbi form a new verb bolgombi (fast); Hirambi (strabismus) and the affix cambi form a new verb hiracambi (snooping); Wait a minute.
D.Morin (horse) and the suffix ngga form a new adjective moringga (horse); Add the suffix ngga after Baili (En) to form a new adjective Bailingga (en); Adding the suffix ngga after gosin (benevolence) forms a new adjective gosingga (benevolence). Kubunge (cotton) is added with the suffix ngge to form a new adjective Kubunge (cotton); Elden (light) is added with the suffix ngge to form a new adjective eldengge (light); Erdem (German)
Adding the suffix ngge forms a new adjective erdemungge (virtuous); Orho (grass) and the suffix nggo form a new adjective orhonggo (grass); Adding the suffix nggo after doro forms a new adjective doronggo. Adding the suffix nggo after horon forms a new adjective horonggo. Kirimbi (forbearance) and affix ba form a new adjective kiriba (forbearance); After Olhombi, add the affix ba to form a new adjective olhoba; Kicembi (diligence) plus the affix be forms a new adjective kicebe (diligence); Serembi (discovery) is added with the affix be to form a new adjective serebe (vigilance); Ulhimbi (understanding) and affix su form a new adjective ulhisu (ruimin); Jilambi (kindness) affixes cuka to form a new adjective jilacuka (pity); Seyembi and the affix cuke form a new adjective seyecuke, and so on.
Abbreviation is a word-formation method used by Manchu people in Qing dynasty, and it is also a word-formation law that contemporary people continue to use. Abbreviation refers to the principle of abbreviating two or more words into a new word. The rule is: take the root of the first word, or the first syllable of the first word as the main part of the new word, then take the last syllable of the second word, or the last two syllables of the second word as the auxiliary part of the new word, and write them side by side in the main part of the new word to form a new word. As follows:
First, nouns and nouns are abbreviated into new words. Handu Village (Yangko), Manchu, is abbreviated from Handu Village. Among them, the root of the first noun Handu (Mi) is Handu, which is the main part of new words, while the last syllable of the second noun ucun (Song) is Cun, which is the auxiliary part of new words. The combination of the two can form the word Handu Village. The Manchu word mukelu is abbreviated from muke i elu. Among them, the root of the noun muke (water) is muke, which is the main part of the new word, while the last syllable of the noun elu is lu, which is the auxiliary part of the new word. If the two words are connected, they can become the word mukelu (water onion); The word fergetun is abbreviated from ferge i tetun. Among them, the root of the noun ferge (thumb) is ferge, which is the main part of the new word, while the last syllable of the noun tetun (device) is tun, which is the auxiliary part of the new word. If they are connected together, they can be called fergetun (wrench finger). Such new words are shutacin (literature), written by shu (literature) and tacin (learning); (culture) is the combination of Shu (culture) and Wen (culture); Shu Tu Ru (grammar) is the combination of Shu (text) and Tu Ru (theory); "Civilization" is a combination of the noun "Wen" and the adjective "Civilization". Mafagurun (motherland) is a combination of Mafa (ancestor) and Gurun (country); Barunnggi (week) is abbreviated from Barun (week, cycle) and inenggi (day, day); Irgejen (democracy) is the abbreviation of ejen (citizen) I (owner); Urgunggi (Festival) is abbreviated from Urgun (Festival) and inenggi (Day, Sunday); Bodocin (arithmetic) is abbreviated from the formal verb bodoro (calculation) and the noun tacin (learning); Katurebun is the abbreviation of katun (health and strength) and urebun (training). There are also jalamdan (syllable), gebsun (noun), orolosun (pronoun), ilhisu (adverb), aisilasun (auxiliary word), holbosun (conjunction), kemnesun (quantifier) and so on.
Second, verbs and nouns are abbreviated into new words. The Manchu word yarusun (introduction) is abbreviated from yarure gisun. Among them, the root of the morphological verb yarure is yaru, which is the main part of the new word, while the last syllable of the noun gisun (language) is sun, which is the auxiliary part of the new word. If the two are connected, they can become yarusun (introduction); Dekdenggi (oil slick) is the abbreviation of dekdere nimenggi. Among them, the root of the morphological verb dekdere (floating) is dekde, which is the main part of the new word, while the last syllable of the noun nimenggi (oil) and the last consonant of the previous syllable are nggi, which is the auxiliary part of the new word. If two words are connected, a new word called dekdenggi (floating) can be formed. The word "Miao" is abbreviated from "fusure fursun". Among them, the first syllable of the morphological verb fusure is fu, which is the main part of the new word, while the last syllable of the noun arsun and the last consonant of the previous syllable are rsun, which is the auxiliary part of the new word. If they are connected together, they can be called fursun (seedlings). In addition, new words can be abbreviated from adjectives and nouns, such as teksilgan, which is abbreviated from teksin jilgan. Among them, the root of adjective teksin (neat) is teksin, which is the main part of the new word, while the last syllable of the noun jilgan and the consonant at the end of the previous syllable are the auxiliary parts of the new word. If you connect them, you can call them teksilgan. Similarly, Deyeton (airplane) is abbreviated from Deyere (flying) and Tutton (musical instrument); Aramtucibusu (product) is the abbreviation of arame (production), tucibuhe (export) and jakasu (goods); Sukdujen (automobile) is the abbreviation of sukdun i sejen; Ulin i da (capitalist) is the abbreviation of ulinida; Ashshasu (animal) is the abbreviation of ashshara jaka; Kadahiyarasi (manager) is abbreviated from kadalame icihiyara with suffix si; Mujilise (Comrade) is abbreviated from Jin Mu Adali Urse; Banjibusi (editor) is abbreviated from Banjibu (editor), and the suffix is Si; Weilesi (worker) is abbreviated from weilen (work) with suffix si; Tacisi (student) is abbreviated from taci (science) with suffix si, and so on.
To sum up, as a highly mature language, Manchu, no matter how the historical development process is, no matter how big the social changes are, no matter what words need to be absorbed, no matter how difficult the external conditions are, its internal vitality will not be weakened, and its internal laws will not be destroyed to the essence, unless its users give up using it actively or passively, thus slowing down its development. However, once it is re-used one day, this tenacious vitality will regain its vitality and vitality, because all internal regulations were formed in the past and always exist in all stages of its life.
Thirdly, about Manchu translation and Manchu culture.
Some people say that translation is not an easy task, while others say that translation is an art, the art of a language. But what we are talking about here is a fairly good translation, which does not mean that the conversion between two different languages is extremely difficult, because as long as we accurately understand the meaning of specific words, fully grasp the application of specific grammar, and freely carry out standardized and appropriate translation, it is bound to happen overnight. For Manchu learners whose mother tongue is Chinese, it is absolutely necessary to know Manchu grammar and vocabulary thoroughly, otherwise mistakes will be inevitable. For example, when we encounter Manchu words with multiple meanings, if we only understand them in a narrow sense, then the understanding of the whole sentence will definitely be biased. For example, "Sitere Jaka be Ba Hafei inu elerakuu" (you are not satisfied with getting that thing), where "Elerakuu" means "not enough, not satisfied", instead of denying the previous "bahambi". Another example is: "Ama I Gucu I Barueni Ye Hendu Me Mini Eigei Yasa Idolo Tuwaha Semele Akuu Juwe Hehebi" (my mother told my father's friends that there are two women in my husband's eyes, which is not enough). If we understand "Tuwaha Semele Aku" here as "invisible and invisible special negative usage", it would be a big mistake. In addition to analyzing the meaning of words, when encountering some so-called "difficult sentences", we should first start with grammar, find out the main sentence, find out what its subject is, what its predicate is, and what components are modified, and then find the clause. If there are omissions, find out what is missing and the relationship between the subject and the clause. After such disassembly, even "complex" sentences can be easily understood.
In addition, when translating or absorbing foreign phrases, Manchu should first explore its own inherent usage, because only in this way can it conform to the inherent laws of Manchu and better maintain its own language structure characteristics. For example:
Jugu un i da lbade boo Araciilan Aniya Shanggaraku (building a house by the roadside, three years failed) Manchu is used to describe that one's opinions or plans are influenced or interfered by others, and as a result, many people have accomplished nothing. Chinese means "building a house and trying to make plans". Another example is doko juguun deri yabuhai, doko yali wajiha (the meat on the inside of his legs is worn out to take a shortcut), suhe be efulefi suifun arambi (destroying the axe to make a cone), etc. These are "not worth the loss", "losing big because of small" and "robbing Peter to pay Paul". The Chinese meaning of "robbing Peter to pay Paul", such as belgei gese erdemu beye de tusa (tiny skills such as particles are also good for you) and cecikei fiyoo, all tell people that no matter how small the skills, no matter how small the strength, are, they are all useful. Another example is Erihe de inuerdemubi Wakshan de inuwalibi (Siu Chu has virtue and frogs have skills), which warns people not to judge people by their appearances in social life. Another example is aga de usihihe Niyalma Silenggi de Gelerakou, which means that people who have been beaten by weather or wind and waves are generally not afraid of small difficulties and setbacks. Another example is hing sere haha hada de hafumbi, which has the Chinese meaning of "Where there is a will, there is a way" and "Nothing is difficult in the world if there is a will". Another example is Beyei Uncehen Beye Gedumbi, which means "shooting yourself in the foot" in Chinese, and so on. These phrases, proverbs and slang songs come from Manchu culture and life, and reflect the character of Manchu. They are not only popular, vivid and vivid, but also have strong Manchu cultural connotation, and they also rhyme. Their intonation is harmonious and beautiful, which is pleasant to read, full of charm, rich in meaning and memorable.
In a word, Manchu carries the history and culture of Manchu. If you are completely divorced from the nation, then any so-called Manchu spirit, any so-called Manchu culture, any so-called Manchu literature, and any so-called Manchu writer, except the title "Manchu", they and they can't have the slightest Manchu component, and they can't have the minimum Manchu conscience, especially the latter. Those scum who make profits under the banner of Manchu Dynasty will be cast aside when they see through the truth.