There are three water sources: south, middle and north. The north source comes from Tianxin Bridge in the north of Rifing Farm in Nanxiang, Wufeng County, Hubei Province, and flows southeast into Leidayan in Hupingshan Town of this county, which is called Beixi River (also known as Baixi River). Beixi River flows southwest into Yanjia River, a tributary, and then flows into Jiangping River at Ma Jiang Bridge. The discharge of Beixi River is 38. 1km, and the drainage area is 204km2. The whole basin is located in Pinghe Management District, Shanzhen Town, Hu Ping. The Central Plains originated from Gaojia Street in the west of Quanping Village, Pinghe Management District, Zhenjiang, Hu Ping, and was called Gao Qiao River in ancient times. Nanyuan is divided into south branch and north branch. Qianming River, a tributary of the south, originated at the northern foot of Beipai Cliff in Nanbei Town, and successively joined several long-dried streams. Only one outlet section has deep groundwater recharge, which is continuous all the year round, passes through Shiwan and flows into Jinjia River at two estuaries, with a flow of 10 km. The north branch is called Houhe River, with a total flow of 2 1km. Originated from the nostril of Niu Nan in Hefeng, it flows southwest into Hubei at the southern foot of Dingping Mountain in the west of Quanping Village in Pinghe Management District of Zhenjiang, north of Huping Mountain and Zengjiawan, then flows southeast to the southwest of Dongping, enters the sinkhole, and dives underground to become the Yinhe River, forming a "blind valley" with broken heads. The water dived about 2 kilometers underground and then re-entered. Jinjiahe turns north and flows to Shinan Mountain, where it joins Qingjiahe, known as the Lost Wife River. The Lost Wife River continues to flow northward to the vicinity of Tierui 'an Bridge, then joins the Gao Qiao River, the source of Laishui, flows eastward out of Longdong Gorge and flows into Jiangping Valley.
Among the three sources, Longmen and the south source of Houhe River produce the largest amount of water, so they are the main rivers in the water source area.
These three water sources are called Jiangping River after they meet at Majiang Bridge near Longdong.
Jiangpinghe Village on the riverside of Jiangping River is surrounded by high mountains, with a flat middle and a cylindrical terrain. Jiangping River flows from northwest to southeast, formerly known as Gangping River, and later evolved into Jiangping River. Jiangpinghe area produces corn, tea and wood, and there are mud (sand) and big (golden bamboo) highways crossing the border. Ma Jiang Power Station with an installed capacity of 250 kW is built in the northwest valley of the village, and Jiangping River Bridge across Lishui River is built in the valley mouth. The village was originally the resident of Jiangpinghe Commune and later merged into Hupingshan Town. The east of Jiangping River flows to Longchikou and flows into Longchi River, which is called Laishui.
From Longmen Cave to Shibantan, Jinjiahe and Jiangping River, the total length is 22 kilometers, with a total drop of 750 meters and an average river gradient of 3.5%.
The water meanders to the southeast, and along the way, it includes 146 tributaries (including water bodies) such as Shizixi, Furenxi, Huanghugang, Shijiahe, Huangfuxi, Manaxi, Gangou, Zhuxi, Shangxi, Xiaohe, Huangshui, Xianyang and Nanxi. The whole basin is 95 kilometers long and 37 kilometers wide on average.
The county's drinking water flow153.7km, with a drainage area of 2698.07km2, accounting for 68% of the county's total area. The gradient of the main stream is 1.48‰, and the total drop is 1.400 meters. The terrain in the basin is high in the northwest and low in the southeast, and the tributaries are mostly dendritic from northwest to southeast. The density of water system is approximately 0. 17 km/km2 (only the first-class tributaries are counted). There are 12 tributaries with a basin area of more than 50 square kilometers, and their basin area accounts for about 50% of the whole basin area. The larger tributaries are Huanghugang River, Shi Jia River, Zhuxi River, Shangxi River and Xianyang River, among which Xianyang River is the largest tributary of Lishui.
The upstream is from Qinshui River source to Suojie. The upper reaches are covered with mountains and peaks, with beautiful mountains and clear waters, deep valleys and mountains like scales. It is a scenic spot in the north of the city, and Tianping Station was on its south bank in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The heights of the mountains are all between 800 and 2000 meters. Today, from Zhangjiadu to the exit of Longmen Cave in Heyuan, the river is less than 100 meters wide and the canyon is deep, and there are few hills along the way. The top of the mountain is cut, and the rock wall is steep with a slope of 70~80 degrees.
Suojie to Yuangongdu is the middle reaches. The middle reaches are undulating mountains, criss-crossing valleys and criss-crossing basins. From Dongqingshu to Mogangguan, there is a canyon more than 10 kilometers, and the river width is only 150 meters. The terrain below Mogangguan is getting lower and lower, and the height is between 500 ~1000 m.
Yuan Gongdu to Yujiahekou is downstream. From Yuangongdu to the lower reaches of Zaoshi more than 20 kilometers, there are three canyons about 3-5 kilometers long, with a river width of about 150 meters and a relative mountain height of 500-800 meters on both sides. The mountains are undulating with rounded tops, and the canyons are mostly limestone landforms. The river is winding and dangerous, and the beaches are connected, which is called "Shili Long Beach" or "Shili Long Beach". Below Zaoshi tends to be flat, with an altitude of less than 500 meters. All the way is idyllic scenery, orange groves and weeping willows, and intoxicating mountain villages, constantly sending poetry and painting to your eyes.
Qinshui River bends slightly in the upper and lower reaches, and twists and turns from sediment to Yexiang Temple in the middle reaches. The overflow area is the delta near Mogangguan and the whirlpool of Zhangshu Pavilion. During the flood, the overflow width is about 1 km.
Because water crosses mountains and valleys, the river is curved, the slope is steep, the rocks are vertical and horizontal, and the beach is rushing. Along the way, there are more than 30 dangerous beaches 130, such as Qingshitan, Twelve beaches, the first cup of wine, the second cup of wine and the third cup of wine.
The geological structure of Qinshui basin is complex, and the geological strata are distributed from old to new from the source to the estuary, with diverse landforms. The limestone karst landform is very developed, and the river cuts to the source, forming a canyon platform. The denuded materials are transported with the water between the mountains on both sides of the river to form a basin, which is connected like a lotus. From top to bottom, there are valley plains such as Moxiangping, Yanchiping, Dengjiaping, Xianyangping and Nanxiping. With fertile soil and abundant water resources, it is the main agricultural area and the "fertile soil" of Shimen.
Qinshui basin belongs to the subtropical humid climate zone near the lake and the transitional zone of mild subtropical zone with little rain in western Hunan. It has the characteristics of mild climate, water and heat in the same season, low temperature in spring, frequent droughts in summer and autumn, short sunshine, long frost period, large precipitation variability, heavy rain, wide runoff variation and frequent floods. Recently, the flood and drought disasters in the basin have changed from sporadic to frequent, with strong destructive power and wide spread.
Xishui is a perennial river with an average annual flow of 1 12 m3/s and an annual runoff of 31900,000m3. Water flows down from the northwest mountain to the southeast hill, with a huge drop and rich hydraulic resources. At present, cascade development of water and water is being realized. At present, there are 24 small hydropower stations in the whole basin with an installed capacity of 244 1.4 kW. 1 medium hydropower station (Sanjiangkou hydropower station); There are 56 irrigation stations and hydraulic pump stations, which irrigate more than 365,438+0,000 mu of farmland. There are Yang Yu, giant salamander, otter and other specialties in the upper reaches. There are many coastal market towns, active commercial markets and profound cultural heritage. There are many ancient sites in various periods since the Paleolithic Age. Recently, hanging coffins were found on the rock wall near Zhangjiadu in Qinshui.
Xishui is the traffic artery of ancient Shimen, and it was once the main export channel of mountain products native products such as trees and tung oil in the northwest of Shimen. Set sail from Mud (now Hupingshan Town) and enter Lishui via Huanghugang, Shuinandu, Suojie, Mogangguan, Yuangongdu, Zaoshi, Xinguan and Sanjiangkou, with a total voyage of 165km. During the flood, wooden sailboats weighing less than 30 tons can reach the sediment and release it to Shimen, Jinshi and Hankou. 1966 due to the construction of Zhifangtan dam and power station, the upstream channel was interrupted, but the lock was not built. In the same year, we began to develop motorized sailboats and built Shimen Phosphate Fertilizer Plant in Xinjiekou, the county seat. 197 1 year organized a phosphate transport meeting. Qingguandu phosphate was transported from Shimen to Qingguandu highway to Mogang 'ai phosphate wharf, and then transported to the factory by water, with an average annual transportation volume of more than 654.38+10,000 tons, which was the most prosperous period of water transport. 1985, the dam and power station were built in Sanjiangkou, and after the formation of the road network, the Liu Zhi railway was opened to traffic, and a lot of goods were put ashore without water, but the waterway was completely abandoned. At present, there are 8 water highway bridges, namely Xinguan, Moshi, Yanchi, Suojie, Zhangjiadu, Mud, Longchi and Jiangping. It has played an important role in communicating the traffic in the northwest mountainous areas. After Zaoshi Reservoir, a large-scale water control project, was built in the lower reaches of Qinshui River, the water level in the upper reaches of Qinshui River rose, and the area below the elevation from the main stream to Jewelry Street140m in Yanchi Township was submerged. At that time, the Qinshui River was sometimes deep and the lake was sometimes wide, giving people a beautiful view of Gaoxia Lake Bay. Taking a cruise to enjoy it along the way will make you happy.
Laishui has been flowing for thousands of years and has rich cultural heritage. In the past, land was impassable, and water was an important waterway. The boatmen produced and developed water horns in the work of sailing on water. Qinshui Haozi is mainly produced in Shimen and Cili. Because there are many risks in Qinshui in Shimen and Qinshui Beach in Cili, the boatmen need to coordinate their actions, otherwise they will be shipwrecked. There are many songs in the water, such as high-pitched, flat water, love songs and folk songs. Many songs are improvised.
From the late Qing Dynasty to the early liberation, the Dragon Boat Festival and June 6th every year, the well-known Lishui Yangquan section held the Dragon Boat Race, which attracted dozens of people from nearby villages to watch, and the people on both sides of the strait were crowded. The old man who has seen it with his own eyes is still talking!
Qinshui Basin is an old revolutionary base area, and it is a part of the revolutionary base areas in western Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan and Guizhou during the second revolutionary civil war in the 1920s and 1930s. He Long, Ren, Xiao Ke and Zhou Yiqun led the Red Army to fight here, leaving many touching revolutionary stories.