Jewelry and jade specimens are rare and precious. Whether the collection of jewelry and jade specimens is standardized or not will have an important impact on the subsequent gemmological research and the enjoyment of resources. In order to ensure the quality of the collected specimen resources and the authenticity and reliability of the data, the Technical Specification for Collection of Jewelry and Jade Specimen Resources is formulated.

This regulation expounds the methods and requirements for the collection of jewelry and jade specimens, including collection, collection, purchase, exchange and donation.

Appendices A-D of this Regulation are normative appendices, and Appendix E is informative appendices.

This provision was put forward by the National Platform for Basic Conditions of Science and Technology.

Drafting unit of this Regulation: China Geo University (Beijing).

Drafter of this regulation: He.

This regulation is interpreted by the national rock and mineral fossil specimen resource sharing platform.

1 range

This procedure is applicable to the collection of natural jewelry and jade specimens.

This regulation specifies the contents, technical requirements and methods of collecting jewelry and jade specimens.

This procedure is applicable to the collection of jewelry and jade specimen resources for the construction of natural science and technology resource platform.

2 normative reference documents

The terms of the following documents become the terms of this specification by reference. For dated reference documents, all subsequent modifications (excluding errata) or revisions are not applicable to this regulation. However, all parties who have reached an agreement in accordance with these provisions are encouraged to study whether to use the latest versions of these documents. For undated reference documents, the latest edition is applicable to this regulation.

GB/T2260—2007 Administrative Division Code of the People's Republic of China

GB/T9649.9—2009 Classification Code of Geology and Mineral Terms Part 9: Crystallography and Mineralogy

GB/T 16553—20 10 jewelry and jade appraisal

Balabanov. How to collect minerals and rocks? Beijing: Commercial Press, 1953.

Zhang beili Systematic gemmology (second edition). Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 2006.

Brummer J J agate collection around Lake Superior. Geology of world gem deposits. Sam Van Landingham

3 Terms and definitions

The following terms and definitions apply to this procedure:

A Gemstones: refer to natural gemstones (including natural gemstones, natural gemstones and natural organic gemstones) and artificial products (including synthetic gemstones, artificial gem, cut gemstones and recycled gemstones). Natural jewelry and jade refers to minerals, rocks and organic materials that are beautiful, rare and durable in nature and can be polished and carved into jewelry and handicrafts. This procedure is limited to natural jewelry and jade.

B gem collection: according to different uses, the original stones, semi-finished products and finished products of jewels and jade scattered in different places, different units and different people are concentrated in the same place by various means. The common collection methods are purchase, field collection, exchange, donation and collection, and the main collection methods are purchase and collection.

C. Gemstone purchase: the process of purchasing gem and jade specimens from individuals or units that meet the collection purpose.

D. Gemstone collection: the process that professionals collect representative and typical specimens of specific kinds of gems and jade from representative mining areas and mines according to specific purposes.

E. Gemstone exchange: The process of exchanging gems and jade specimens of the same value with other units or individuals on a voluntary basis and on the principle of fairness and voluntariness. Both parties reach an agreement in advance and reach an exchange agreement.

F Gemstone Collection: the process of collecting jewelry and jade specimens that meet the collection purpose together with relevant departments or individuals in the producing area by sending letters, letters, telephone calls, announcements and advertisements.

G. Gemstone donation: the act of individuals and groups donating their jewelry and jade specimens to national resource protection units for free.

4. Main collection methods of jewelry and jade specimens

4. 1 overview

The main collection methods of jewelry and jade specimens are purchase, field collection, exchange, donation and collection. Jewelry and jade specimens are rarer and more precious than ordinary mineral and rock specimens, so the collection of jewelry and jade specimens has its specific technical regulations.

4.2 Operating procedures and methods for purchasing specimens

4.2. 1 Requirements of personnel for purchasing jewelry and jade specimens and regulations on the number of personnel.

1) the purchaser must have a solid theoretical foundation of jewelry and jade, and have considerable practical operation ability, that is, he can preliminarily identify the purchased specimens with the naked eye and 10 times magnifying glass and spotlight flashlight when necessary, and then determine their value.

2) Buyers must be familiar with the market conditions of the purchased jewelry and jade specimens and be able to evaluate the purchase price.

3) In view of the preciousness of jewelry and jade specimens, and there is no uniform and fixed standard price when purchasing, a purchasing team of not less than three people should be arranged for each purchase, so as to increase the transparency of the purchasing process, be objective, fair and just, and prevent the occurrence of undesirable phenomena in purchasing activities.

4.2.2 Review before purchasing

Before buying jewelry and jade specimens, we should consider the positions and conditions of both parties, the reputation of the seller, and whether there are relevant documents or materials to prove the legitimacy of the specimens. According to the purchase motivation, select suitable specimens, especially new gemstone varieties or difficult-to-buy gemstone specimens, collect relevant documents and materials, and then decide whether to buy them after appraisal and evaluation by at least three experts.

Procurement requirements

1) If the purchase scale is large, it is necessary to apply to the superior management department in consideration of various factors, and purchase can only be carried out after obtaining the purchase license.

2) The selection of jewelry and jade specimens must be based on the purpose of the specimens: the characteristics of teaching specimens and the actual needs of teaching should be considered, and few but fine specimens should be selected; Scientific research specimens mainly consider the direction of scientific research, and decide the purchase quantity according to the subject; The collection of specimens mainly considers the representativeness and collection value of their characteristics.

3) Complete purchase procedures: including the purchase invoice or other price documents of the specimen, the certificate of origin of the specimen, filling in the specimen purchase evaluation report (see Appendix A) and asking the seller to sign for approval.

4) Buyers of jewelry and jade can be divided into three categories: original stone of jewelry and jade or original stone of jewelry and jade with surrounding rocks, semi-finished products of jewelry and jade, and finished products of jewelry and jade. Different buyers have their reliable buying places and ways:

-The best way to buy jewelry, jade, rough stones and their surrounding rocks is to buy them in the country of origin or mining areas;

—— The place where buying semi-finished jewelry and jade products is more reliable is its processing place;

-Jewelry and jade products are best purchased directly from the processing factory. Because inlaid jewelry and jade samples are high-grade gems, they can be purchased in various ways, including buying from companies and buying private collections.

4.3 Field Collection of Jewelry and Jade Specimens

4.3. 1 acquisition preparation

A. Collection of road conditions and environmental factors in the field collection area: conduct a thorough investigation of the situation in the collection target area, determine the field route, investigate the hazards and take preventive measures, and obtain information on geography, climate and traffic conditions through various channels as much as possible.

B. Collect relevant documents: Due to the scarcity of precious stones, it is difficult to collect them. Therefore, it is necessary to fully collect relevant literature in the early stage, including the growth conditions and distribution of gems, research papers and reports in relevant collection areas, and widely collect information as a reference, which will help to achieve more ideal results on the basis of previous experience.

C. Handling collection certificates: Handling mountain entry certificates, mineral entry certificates, specimen collection investigation certificates, specimen collection certificates and insurance matters in relevant departments when necessary.

D. Packaging preparation: refers to specific clothing, protective equipment and corresponding tools (including specimen collection tools, numbering tools, packaging materials and on-site handling tools).

Gemstone specimen collection

A general principles of field collection: ① compliance with relevant national laws and regulations; (two) in line with the requirements of environmental protection, will not cause pollution and harm to the surrounding environment; (3) Adopt scientific collection methods, prohibit destructive collection, and protect national jewelry and jade mineral resources; ④ Conforming to the religion and customs of the collection area.

B. Field observation record: when collecting gem specimens, record them while collecting, record every relevant detail in the field work diary as soon as possible, and describe the occurrence of gems, the formation order of minerals and the shape of veins with charts; The picture of the observation route is on the left page of the diary, and the record is written on the right page; If conditions permit, high-tech means can be used to take photos or even video to make the observation records more intuitive and detailed.

C collection method: the principle of specimen collection is to select samples with gemmological or mineralogical characteristics (characteristic inclusions, certain transparency, possible special optical effects, complete crystal form, surrounding rocks or other minerals related to * * *) as far as possible; Or representative fresh samples; It is best to have a backup for specimen collection. According to the nature and collection purpose of jewelry and jade, the collection method of specimens is determined;

—— According to the use: ① Gemstone specimens used for scientific research have a certain number and granularity, and the specimens with the characteristics needed for scientific research are mainly observed and selected; (2) For gem specimens that are used for collection and appreciation, and even have artistic value, attention should be paid to maintaining the beauty and artistry of the specimens during collection, and the appropriate collection method should be selected based on maintaining the original appearance of the specimens.

—— According to the types of jewelry and jade: ① Natural gems are collected by different methods according to different occurrences. For the granular gem mineral crystals growing in the bedrock, they can be hammered with a geological hammer, for the crystal clusters, the bedrock can be chiseled with an electric drill, and for the gem crystals in the crevices of rocks or where the awl can't get in, they can be collected with various chisels. Some gem mineral crystals growing in caves need to enter caves when they are collected. Observe the lithology and hardness of the bedrock where the crystal is located, and then determine the way to collect samples according to the size of the crystal cave, the distribution of the crystal in the cave, the lithology of the bedrock, the development of cracks and the size of the cave; (2) Natural jade, including mineral aggregates, rocks and amorphous gems, can directly obtain the required jade specimens from bedrock deposits, which are generally collected by knocking with tools such as saws or hammer drills, or picked up from riverbeds and terraces; ③ Natural organic gemstones, such as pearls, have their specific collection techniques, while others, such as ivory, coral and shells, are restricted by strict laws and regulations, while coal crystal amber can only be collected in specific areas.

4.3.3 Arrangement and preliminary identification after collection

A. Dressing of field specimens: First, dressing or preliminary treatment (removing eluvial soil and cleaning if possible) should be carried out on the jewelry and jade specimens collected in the field. Generally speaking, the collected specimens should be knocked out in a good parallelepiped shape. The minimum size of jade specimens (or rock specimens) and crystal specimens with surrounding rocks should be not less than 6cm×9cm, and if a large number of accumulated minerals are formed, it should be not less than 9 cm× 12. Of course, there are special circumstances, such as when the beautiful crystal surface is in danger of being destroyed, it is necessary to consider preserving the crystal morphology and appropriately relaxing the sample collection size requirements; If there is no special need, it is not necessary to peel individual jewels and jade from the bedrock; Keeping the specimen as original as possible is of great help to the study of geological information such as the formation conditions of gems and the characteristics of mineral deposits.

B. Preliminary identification: after sorting out the specimens collected in the field, make preliminary identification according to the occurrence, surrounding rock characteristics, naked eyes or with the help of 10 times magnifying glass and spotlight flashlight, so as to determine the names of major categories, describe simple characteristics and possible utilization value.

C. Collating specimens: When collating the collected specimens, the jewelry and jade specimens should be classified and numbered according to the place of origin, mining area and rock pipe, and the serial number can be directly written in an inconspicuous place with an oil pen; It can also be painted (or taped) first, and then numbered with a blue-black pen that is not easy to fade; Put the small specimen into a glass bottle, label the glass bottle with tape number, and then fill in the label; Put the numbered jewelry and jade specimens into the sample bag and make corresponding records in the field record book. Each specimen is required to be labeled and put into a sample bag together. Labeling is an important basis for proving the origin of specimens and also a guarantee for the research value of specimens.

4.3.4 Packaging and transportation of samples

All specimens, regardless of size, must be carefully packaged, and each specimen should be packaged separately. Especially fragile dendrites, it is best to wrap them with paper towels first, and then with soft plastic products such as foam. These packaged specimens are packed in boxes next to each other, which are padded with soft substances, such as cotton paper, toilet paper and sawdust. The sample is filled with filler to protect the crystal. Finally, cover the sample with tissue paper, toilet paper or newspaper, and seal or nail the box. Specimens of brittle crystal clusters and rare and precious specimens should be carried with you after being boxed.

4.3.5 Delivery of samples

When sending specimens, the packing list must be in duplicate, and the contents are the same as those in the catalogue. One copy of the packing list is kept separately, and the other copy is packed with the sample. For long-distance transportation, samples must be packed in wooden cases with wooden boards. Wooden cases must be filled with hay, shavings, etc. Nail firmly, it is best to cross-bind the wooden cases with wire. The specimen box should also be numbered.

4.4 Mining of Jewelry and Jade Specimens in Mining Area

For gem specimens with high economic value, many of them come from mining areas and mines, so the mining of gem minerals has become a special collection method (see Appendix E for details).

4.5 Operating procedures and methods for specimen exchange of jewelry and jade.

The exchange of jewelry and jade specimens is proposed by the specimen collection team, and the required specimens are exchanged with other collection units or individuals according to the principles of material exchange, fairness and equivalence. The exchange method has been evaluated and decided by relevant experts. Generally, specimens exchanged with each other need to have the same economic value or considerable research significance. The specimen collection team is responsible for sending exchange specimens and contacting the exchange unit.

Procedures for sample exchange:

-Fill in the application form for specimen exchange, including the reason, destination and purpose of specimen exchange, the number of specimens, the compensation method of specimen exchange, etc. ;

—— Provide the catalogue of exchange specimens, including specimen name and basic description (color, quality, characteristics, etc.). ), source, handlers, specifications, residues, and attach photos of specimens;

-Exchange letters of intent or agreements (drafts) signed by both parties;

—— Background information of the recipient, including the nature and brief introduction of the individual or unit.

4.6 Donation of jewelry and jade specimens

Donation is also a way to collect gem specimens, and it is also the main way for natural history museums in various countries (especially Europe and America) to increase the number of gem specimens and improve their quality.

When donating specimens, the donor's background materials, the variety, quantity, amount and purpose of the donated specimens shall be provided. Issue honorary certificates of donation to all donors, and indicate the names of donors or units in the exhibition. In addition, they can be rewarded in different ways according to their contributions to encourage them. At the same time, donation, as a public welfare undertaking, should strictly abide by the People's Republic of China (PRC) Public Welfare Donation Law.

First of all, the donor puts forward the donation intention to the recipient organization; Negotiate specific donation matters with donors, sign donation contracts, and handle relevant procedures for donors according to relevant laws and regulations. The specific acceptance procedure of donated specimens is that the person in charge of the collection and storage department applies for the warehousing registration number, fills in the warehousing registration form (in duplicate, indicating the date of donation warehousing), and handles warehousing registration and related documents, such as the minutes of the specimen review meeting and the evaluation report of the products to be collected. The donated specimens should go through the formalities in the warehousing operation and the donated units as soon as possible, depending on the number of donations.

The person in charge of specimen collection is responsible for obtaining the donation contract signed by the donor or the representative of the donor unit (see Appendix B). The donation contract is made in triplicate, and the first copy, the warehousing registration form and the list of donated specimens are filed in the collection storage department; The copy of the second copy and warehousing registration form shall be filed by the person in charge of specimen collection; The third copy is sent to the donor for preservation.

The manager of donation method or the person in charge of specimen collection requires the collection and storage department to issue an honorary certificate to the donor (see Appendix C).

4.7 Collection of Jewelry and Jade Specimens

Collection refers to the collection of specimens from specimen owners or collection units through letters, letters, telephone calls, announcements, advertisements, etc. for scientific research, exhibition, education and other purposes. No matter which method is adopted, the specific collection object, specific requirements and the method used in this collection should be indicated. Usually, the collection method of jewelry and jade can be donated or purchased at a fixed price, and the specific operation depends on the specific situation. If it is a donation, it can be changed to the operating procedures and methods of donation; Organic gems, such as ivory and coral, which are prohibited from stealing and trading by international or national regulations, are only accepted for donation in principle, and are not purchased.

Appendix a

(normative appendix)

Appraisal report on the purchase of jewelry and jade specimens

Table A. 1 report on the purchase and appraisal of jewelry and jade specimens

Appendix b

(normative appendix)

Jewelry and jade specimen donation contract

Table B. 1 Jewelry and Jade Specimen Donation Contract

Appendix c

(normative appendix)

Certificate of Honor for Donating Jewelry and Jade Specimens

Table C. 1 Certificate of Honor for Donation of Jewelry and Jade Specimens

Appendix d

(normative appendix)

Collection records of jewelry and jade specimens

Table D. 1 Collection Records of Jewelry and Jade Specimens

Appendix e

(Information Appendix)

Mining of gem specimens in mining area

For most gem deposits, whether it is bedrock or placer, the output of gems is irregular and unpredictable, so it is difficult to make a reliable evaluation of the possible recovery rate. Most of the deposits are located in remote and inaccessible areas, and it is uneconomical to mine such deposits in a large-scale and highly mechanized way in combination with other factors, so small-scale mining is often chosen, that is, mining by a single miner or several miners with simple methods and equipment.

The common and most easily mined deposits are mostly distributed in dry river beds, sometimes up to 20 meters above the surface. For example, some gems from Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Brazil have been mined by hand for centuries. Gems with a depth of 3 ~ 10 m near the surface can be dug into an open-pit mine, and the buried gem layer can be mined to recover the gems. For deeply buried gems, a vertical shaft is usually built first, and then some horizontal tunnels are dug from the bottom. Although it is relatively easy to mine gem materials from loose gravel layer, the loose gravel layer may be saturated with water and easily collapse during excavation.

Gem deposits in bedrock or consolidated gravel layers can be mined with picks and drills. If the deposit is expected to have more resources, larger equipment can also be used. Collecting gem materials often depends on heavy physical labor. The bedrock can be blasted with explosives, but this may cause cracks or fractures in gem-grade materials, so it should be noted that explosives should not be installed near visible veins or capsules. After the gravel is produced, it is washed with water, then sorted according to its size and density, and finally the gem-grade materials are selected from the concentrate by hand.

In the large-scale mining of gem deposits, the above mining work has been replaced by systematic and highly mechanized means.

Large-scale open-pit mining is mainly used for gem mines, such as gravel layers and loose gravel layers from rivers. First, drilling is carried out to determine the scope of the deposit and possible recovery rate, and then the topsoil is stripped by bulldozers with modern technology and piled up elsewhere. Collect gem gravel with large equipment, manually select and classify gem materials from concentrate, and backfill excavated topsoil to restore landform. Most mines are equipped with water tanks for operation, which are washed by operators with screens. The less dense substances are washed away by running water, while the denser substances remain in the sieve.

For gem deposits in bedrock or consolidated gravel layer, mining work has high technical content, and usually specific plans are made. Generally, the method of combining manpower and light power equipment is adopted, and some specific tools (air hammer and hand tools) are used to describe the crystal pulse. Under the supervision of reliable personnel, the collected gem minerals will be immediately packed into boxes with locks, and the waste stones will be transported to the stacking place by large trolleys.