In the Han Dynasty, the ethnic minorities in Yunnan, Guizhou and southwest Sichuan were called "Southwest Yi". "Historical records. "Biography of Southwest Yi" contains: "How long is the monarch of Southwest Yi, and Yelang is the biggest; Its western number is the largest in Yunnan; From northern Yunnan, what is the length of the monarch, Du Qiong is the largest: it is all a knot, farming, and gathering in the city. It starts from the same division in the west and reaches the elm tree in the north. It is called Luo and Kunming, all of which are compiled and distributed. With the migration of livestock, it is not common or long-lasting, and it can be thousands of miles away. From the northeast, there are the largest number of monarchs, the largest migration and wealth; From the northeast, what is the length of the monarch, and it is the largest. Its customs, scholars and immigrants are all in the west of Shu. From the northeast to the northeast, how long the monarch is, and the white horse is the biggest, which is similar. " At that time, there were several big tribes or countries in the southwest Yi area, such as Yelang, Yunnan, Du Qiong, Yi, Kun, Zuodu, Migration, Nian and Baima. Their civilization is not high, except Yelang, Yunan and Du Qiong, they can farm fields. The first attempt by the mainland to control southwest China originated in the Warring States period. At this time, some areas of Southwest Yi were briefly controlled by Chu State. Chu Weiwang arise, general zhuang he sent his troops along the river, slightly to the west of qianzhong, reach the dianchi lake, three hundred miles away, fat rao thousands of miles, to determine the relieving to chu (historical records. "Biography of Southwest China"). From then on, the "Southwest Yi" area began to accept the most advanced civilization and production technology in the Central Plains. Of course, Chu did not really govern Dianchi Lake at this time. Shortly after Zhuang Ti conquered Dianchi Lake, the State of Qin seized the central areas of Ba and Qian of Chu, so with the occupation of the central areas of Ba and Qian, which are connected with the "Southwest Yi" area of Chu, the control of Chu over Dianchi Lake was naturally cut off. However, because the road back to Chu was cut off, Zhuang Tiao decided to be king in Dianchi Lake area and establish Dian State. Since then, the mainland's first attempt to control the southwest Yi region failed (historical records. "Biography of Southwest China" contains: If you want to repay, you will attack Chuba and Qianzhong County, and the road will be blocked. Because of the return, you have to rely on its king to come to Yunnan. In the southwest, and then in the period of King Hui of Qin, the State of Qin established Sheba, Shu and Hanzhong counties in the southwest, and its influence began to radiate to the "Southwest". In the first 256 years, Li Bing was appointed as the magistrate of Shu county, which opened the prelude to the first large-scale development of southwest Yi area in the mainland. Li Bing's last appointment opened two roads to the southwest Yi area, one is the "Bolu Road" from Chengdu to Yibin today, and the other is the "Bolu Road" from Chengdu to Qionglai today. In this way, relying on these roads, Qin began to slowly control the southwest countries, either explicitly or implicitly. But at that time, when the seven countries were fighting for hegemony, Qin did not put too much energy into the "barbarians in the southwest". Until the first emperor period, "Qin often passed through Wuchi Road, and this country was quite unknown" (Historical Records. "Biography of Southwest China"). At this time, because Qin had unified the whole country, the first emperor began to focus on the "Southwest Yi" area that was not completely controlled by Qin. First, on the basis of the original "extensive knowledge", Qin expanded a road connecting the Central Plains. Of course, Wuchilu, like Chu State, also experienced great changes when the Qin Dynasty began to completely control the "Southwest Yi" area. At this time, a large-scale peasant uprising took place in the Qin Dynasty, so at this time, the State of Qin had neglected the "Southwest Yi" area, and the "Southwest Yi" area began to slowly break away from the control of the State of Qin. At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, due to years of war, the emerging Han Dynasty was short of money because of drama. Obviously, the Han dynasty at this time had no energy, or frankly, no strength to explore or even control the southwest region. As a result, under the command of Liu Bangjiu, it was a pity that the Han Dynasty simply abandoned the country and destroyed Shu. South-west Guangdong, Guangxi and North Korea). Since then, with the Han Dynasty voluntarily giving up its control over the southwest, and even closing the road between the central plains and the southwest, the southwest began to be completely away from the central plains. Since then, during the period of Hui Di, although Emperor Hui Di once built a city on the roadside and opened Tsing Yi (Huayang National Records), it seems to have the meaning of "Southwest Yi". However, since Hui Di, Wendi and Du Jing have never carried out large-scale activities in the "Southwest Yi" area. Until the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, with the prosperity of the Han Dynasty for more than 70 years, the country had nothing to do ... The people gave their families enough money, and they were all rich ... The capital was too tired to stand education. Chen Xiangyin, a millet in Taicang, overflowed and accumulated, corrupt and inedible (Historical Records. Level book). Supported by strong economic strength and strong military strength, the Western Han Dynasty once again launched a large-scale development action in the "Southwest Yi" area. After Taoism, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty carried out five large-scale pioneering actions in the "Southwest Yi" area in 26 years: the first time. 135 years ago, at the suggestion of Fan Yang, "Be sincere with the strength of Han, forgive Ba and Shu, learn from Yelang, and establish an official" (The Biography of Han, Southwest, Guangdong, Guangxi and North Korea), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent in a letter "Paimon" from Ba, and I'll see Yelang Houduo later. Subsequently, with the help of Yelang Wang, Wuchi Road was expanded and Nanyi Road was opened. The expanded Wuchi Road starts from Yibin in the north and Qujing in the south, passing through Yanjin, Daguan, Zhaotong, Weining, Ludian, Xuanwei, Chuxiong and Yuxi, and the newly-built Nanyi Road starts from Bo. Nanyi road for the second time. 132 years ago, Sima Xiangru wrote to Liang Wudi that "Xiqiong County and Dike County" (Han Shu. "The Biography of Southwest China, Guangdong, Guangxi and North Korea"), Liang Wudi wrote that "Xiang Xiang is like a doctor, and all are like Nanyi, so as to establish a surname, and more than ten counties belong to Shu." At that time, the kings of Joan and Yan were jealous of the rich treasures that Yelang got from the Han Dynasty, so they also asked the Han Dynasty to surrender and begged the reward of the Han Dynasty court from Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. So Emperor Wudi issued a letter and set up more than ten counties in Qiong and Yan, which belonged to Shu County. Later, and the same, "in addition to the edge, the solution, west to Zhi, Ruoshui, south to, road closure to zero, Sun Shui and its bridge" ("Historical Records. Biography of Sima Xiangru) opened up the road from Shu County to Du Qiong. The third time. 122 years ago, Zhang Qian, who returned from his mission to the western regions, wrote to Emperor Wudi, hoping that "being sincere with Shu and being close to the poisonous national road will be beneficial and harmless" (Historical Records. "The Biography of Southwest China") and the poisoning road of Shu will be opened. Liang Wudi wrote to Wang Ranzi, Bai Shichang and Lu for more than ten generations, referring to "seeking the country with poison". Drug country for the fourth time. 1 12 ago, South Vietnam rebelled, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered eight captains to break it, so South Vietnam died, and the Han Dynasty set up "Zhangke County" here. Later, Duke Yelang began to rely on Nanyue, which was destroyed, and he also punished those who rebelled. Yelang entered the court and thought Yelang was king (Han Shu. South-west Guangdong, Guangxi and North Korea). Seeing that Yelang's backer, South Vietnam, was destroyed, he dared to be powerless on the edge of the Han army and surrendered to the whole country. From then on, Yelang area was owned by the Han Dynasty. Soon, with the collapse of South Vietnam and Yelang, the surrounding small countries Du Qiong, Zuodu, Suixi and Baima all surrendered, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also set up four counties (Yuegu, Li Shen, Wenshan and Wudu) here. Therefore, Du Qiong is Yue County, Du Ruo is Shenli County, Yi Zhe is Wenshan County, and Guanghan Xibaima is Wudu County. ")。 The fifth time, 109 years ago, at this time, only Yunnan and the small countries attached to it were not controlled by the Han Dynasty in the "Southwest Yi" area, so soon, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Ba and Shu soldiers to destroy the old Shen and Mo, and soldiers came to Yunnan "(Han Shu. Biography of Southwest Yi, Guangdong and Korea). Seeing that it was impossible to resist, the king of Dian surrendered to the whole country. In the same year, the Han Dynasty dug a "Bonanshan Road" from Shu County to Yongping, Yunnan Province, and set up two counties in Bonanshan (Huayang National Records). "Nanzhongzhi" contains: "When I was filial, I crossed Bonanshan, crossed the Lancang River, Tunxi, and set up Bonanshan County). Bonanshan Road, accompanied by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty's five visits to the southwest, successively dug three inland roads leading to the southwest, including Nanyi Road, Yi Xi Road and Bonanshan Road, and set up Qianwei County and Zhang Ke County. Of course, what we are going to talk about today is not the process of Emperor Wu controlling the southwest, but what policies Emperor Wu used to help the Western Han Dynasty completely control the southwest. To put it simply, Yizhou County and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty mainly adopted the following six policies to govern "Southwest Yi": First, "generosity". When Tang Meng entered Yelang Kingdom, he lured Yelang King into agreeing to submit to the Han Dynasty with rich gold, silver and jewels, and made his son an official of the Han Dynasty. Then the Han dynasty adopted a "generous" policy towards the "southwest yi" countries that voluntarily surrendered to the Han dynasty. At that time, as long as they promised to submit to the Han Dynasty, they would get rich rewards. So at that time, King Qionglai and King You heard that Nanyi had ties with Han, and they wanted to be ministers and invited officials, more than Nanyi (Historical Records. It can be said that the "leniency" policy implemented by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty in the area of "Southwest Yi" was very successful, which almost made the Western Han Dynasty control some areas of "Southwest Yi" without bloodshed. Second, "treat each other with foreign countries. "Although Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty set up officials in areas controlled by the Han Dynasty, he forbade them to interfere too much in the internal affairs of local ethnic minorities. Because Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty knew that respecting the customs of ethnic minorities in this area was crucial to maintaining the rule of the Han Dynasty here, he advocated "controlling foreigners with foreigners". For those ethnic minority leaders who voluntarily surrender, Liang Wudi will not change their status, but will let them continue to "prosper the people", that is, let them manage the people in their own areas, and all they have to do is obey the rule of the Han Dynasty. For example, when Yelang Wang surrendered to the Han Dynasty, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty still appointed him Yelang Wang, who was in charge of minority affairs in Yelang area. Another example is that after the surrender of Dian Wang, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty still "gave Wang Yin, the king of Dian, to repay his people" (Historical Records. "Biography of Southwest China"). Yelang is an ancient country, but for those who are unwilling to surrender and attack the Han Dynasty many times, Liang Wudi will order them to be killed, but then a tribal leader will be chosen to continue to manage the minority affairs in this area. As the saying goes, "the chief will rule his people, and the chief will be an official, and he will not seize each other" (Yunnan Tongzhi). It was under the relatively loose rule of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty that the southwest Yi area was gradually controlled by the Western Han Dynasty. After all, at that time, the leaders of the southwest Yi region only promised to set up officials here in the Western Han Dynasty, and then they could not only continue to have supreme power, but also enjoy the rich rewards given by the Han Dynasty. Who doesn't want such benefits? That is, everyone is willing to accept the rule of the Western Han Dynasty, and "Southwest Yi" was firmly controlled by the Han Dynasty. Third, "no tax". At that time, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty not only used his power and wealth to appease the upper ruling class of "Southwest Yi", but also bought off the lower class by "not paying taxes" (Zi Tongzhi Jian). "Volume 21" contains: "The Han Dynasty destroyed the two mountains, leveled the southwest and set up the seventeenth county, and governed the southwest with the old customs without paying taxes"). In other words, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty did this in order to stop the people at the bottom from resisting the rule of the Han Dynasty. On the contrary, he welcomed the arrival of the Han Dynasty. Hanwu is the fourth, and it is "both good and powerful." Liang Wudi knew that we should not blindly treat the "southwest barbarian" areas with "benevolence and righteousness", but "combine rigidity with softness", and those monarchs who dared to resist the big fellow must be brutally suppressed. For example, in BC 1 19, when the Han army went to suppress the rebellion in South Vietnam, King Galand, who had surrendered to the Han Dynasty, took the opportunity to rebel and killed the messenger of the Han Dynasty and the county magistrate Qianwei. So Emperor Wudi was furious. After pacifying South Vietnam, he ordered the army to turn around and killed King Galand (Historical Records). "Biography of Southwest Yi" states: "Kill the emissary, take the place of the satrap ..... A captain of the eighth grade in the early Han Dynasty did not stop, that is, he led the troops back and executed the first orchid"), and then after destroying the first orchid, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty simply wiped out Qionglai and Ruo, two monarchs who rebelled against the Han Dynasty several times (Biography of Southwest Yi in Historical Records: "After the break of South Vietnam, Of course, Liang Wudi was kind to countries that had always surrendered to the Western Han Dynasty, such as Yelang and Yunnan. Although they opposed the Han Dynasty from time to time, they obeyed it most of the time. So after they completely surrendered to the Han Dynasty, only the monarchs of their two countries were crowned as "kings" (Historical Records. "Biography of Southwest Yi": "The monarch of Southwest Yi is more than a hundred years long, and Yelang is alone. "It was under the clear-cut treatment of Emperor Wudi that the monarchs of Southwest China clearly knew how to choose. The fifth kind and the "immigrants" in the southwest Yi area. The safest way to completely control an area is to move its own residents here. When there are more local residents than aborigines in this area, it basically means that this site is completely controlled by that country. Liang Wudi knew this well, so after he finished the initial control of the southwest, he recruited landlords, big businessmen, refugees, bankrupt farmers and criminals to settle in the southwest. The immigration policy at that time was very successful according to the later data. For example, in the Western Han Dynasty, according to Hanshu National History, the population of Zhang Ke County was originally "242 19, with a population of 153360", but in the Eastern Han Dynasty, according to the County Records National History, the population of Zhang Ke County has increased to "."That is to say, in the Eastern Han Dynasty. It can be said that with the influx of Han people into the southwest Yi area, Han people's control over the southwest Yi is becoming more and more stable. Sixth, "dig the road." During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, it took 26 years to dig out Nanyi Road, Yi Xi Road and Bonanshan Road. With the opening of these three roads, the road between the mainland and the southwest Yi area has been completely opened. At this time, the manpower and material resources of the Han dynasty began to flood into the southwest, and then the Han dynasty began to firmly control the southwest with its strong economic and military strength. It can be said that it is based on the above six-point policy that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty completed the first complete control of the southwest Yi area by the Central Plains Dynasty since the Warring States Period. It is also based on these policies that Wang Chaocai, the Central Plains of the Han Dynasty and even later generations, was able to firmly control the southwest Yi area and never let it leave the Central Plains again.