First, Bi Xing. "Bi Xing" is a concept with rich meanings and many ambiguities. Mao Heng's so-called "Xing" in the Western Han Dynasty includes two situations. One means "initial" role. The Exegetical Biography of Mao Poetry says, "Xing, Qi also." It's an emotional effect caused by objects. Objects and emotions are not necessarily linked by content, but sometimes only by phonemes. "Xing" in Mao Zhuan has another meaning, which refers to a complicated and obscure metaphor. In Biography of Poetry, Zhu said, "If you are interested, you should compare with other things" and "If you are interested, you should first say other things to arouse the words you are reciting." Explain the meaning of Bi Xing simply and accurately. "Bi" refers to the introduction of figurative objects through analogy association or anyway association, and "writing something adds meaning"; "Xing" means "passion for touching things", and "other things" is the scenery described in the poem, and this kind of scenery must contain the poet's feelings when touching things. "Xing" is a more subtle and euphemistic expression than "Bi".

The Book of Songs is the oldest collection of poems in China, and most of its works began with Bi Xing's writing. Among them, the poem Nan Zhou Guanju successfully uses metaphor. This is a love poem. If you want to write what you think of as "women", let's start with the pheasant dove. The phrase "Guan Guan pheasant dove, in Hezhou" is both fun and comparative. The pheasant pigeon is docile by nature, which can be compared with the demure of a lady. The pheasant dove is a common bird in "Hezhou", which can remind people of the daughter who often comes to the river to collect pheasants; "Guan Guan" is the voice of men and women singing harmoniously, which can arouse the "gentleman" to think about "autumn". It can be seen that poetry itself has the functions of association, implication and symbol, which in itself brings a lot of space for the understanding of poetry.

Second, taboo. "The Origin of Rhetoric" explains: "When speaking, when you encounter taboo things, you don't say them directly, but use other words to avoid covering up or modifying them. This is called taboo rhetoric." There are usually two taboos. One is a figure of speech in a general sense, also called "taboo". That is to say, when you speak, when you have bad joint meaning, or when you have something to hide, you don't say it directly, but express it indirectly in other words. For example, "death" has been indirectly expressed by many synonyms since ancient times, instead of directly saying "death". For example, in the article "Touching the Dragon and Telling the Queen of Zhao", touching the dragon in front of the Queen of Zhao called his own death "filling the ravine" and calling the death of the Queen of Zhao "collapsing the mountain".

Another taboo, that is, the taboo of characters' names. The so-called "avoidance" here refers to avoidance and avoidance; The so-called "taboo" means taboo and concealment. Specifically, it refers to avoiding the names of highly respected people such as emperors, officers, parents and grandparents. When people speak or write articles, they must try their best to avoid names that should be taboo, and replace them with words with homonyms or close sounds, or change words and rewrite them in other ways. There are two main ways to avoid names. One is the name of the emperor, and all subjects in the country should avoid it. It is called "national taboo" or "public taboo". The other is that the descendants of the whole family should avoid the names of their parents or grandparents, which is called "family taboo" or "private taboo".

Third, confrontation. Dualism is now called duality, but the duality in ancient poetry and fu is much stricter. Not only do sentences and dialogues have the same number of words and the same structure, but also the words in the same position must have the same part of speech, similar meanings, opposite or related, and we should also pay attention to leveling (that is, the words in a sentence alternate with each other, and the words in the upper and lower sentences are flat and relative).

There are many kinds of duality. It mainly includes: (1) job matching. Workers are required to be neat and rigorous. Not only are similar words relative, but the smaller the category of relative words, the closer the relationship, and the more symmetrical the words, the more difficult it is to fight. Nouns are divided into several subcategories, and the words in the same subcategory are relative (such as astronomy, geography, plants, palaces, etc.). ), so they are naturally right. Some special subcategories, such as color words, numerals and proper nouns, are relative and particularly neat. Although some nouns have different subcategories, they are often juxtaposed in language, such as heaven and earth, poetry and wine, flowers and birds, etc. , also think it is right. Some words with special pronunciation (such as reduplication and conjunction) belong to workers' pairs. Such as "Preface to Wang Teng Pavilion": "Lanting has gone, Zize Xu Qiu." On the surface, there is no duality between "memory" and "Xu Qiu", but in fact, they are two-tone opposites. "Jiyi" is disyllabic, and "Xu Qiu" in ancient Chinese is both the mother of "Xi" and disyllabic, so it is paired. The antonym is also right. For example, Li Bai's Song of Xia Sai said, "Fight the golden drum at dawn and hold the jade saddle at night", which is a pair of works. Self-rightness in one sentence and two opposite sentences is considered right. Just like Du Fu's poem "Although the country is broken, the mountains and rivers remain forever, and the vegetation turns green in spring", the mountains and rivers are geography, and the vegetation is a plant, all of which are right, so geography is right for plants.

(2) wide and right. The same part of speech, but different parts of speech are relative and tolerant. There is an adjacent pair between the wide pair and the working pair, that is, the adjacent things are relative. For example, astronomy is in season, geography is in the house, colors are in the opposite position, and so on. Wang Wei sent an envoy to the Great Wall: "To collect Peng from the Great Wall of Han Dynasty and return geese to the lake field", and to take "heaven" as "the Great Wall" is astronomical and geographical; Chen Ziang's "Farewell to Friends in Spring Night" said that "thinking about the piano from the hall, walking around the mountains and rivers from the road" and taking "road" as the "hall" is the geographical right to the palace.

(3) Sorry. A word has two meanings. The poet uses the first meaning in his poems, but at the same time borrows its second meaning to oppose another word. This is called borrowing power. Also called fake. Yes For example, Du Fu's "On Meeting with the Downstream": "It is common in Qi Wang's family, and Cui Qianwen heard it several times." In ancient times, there were eight feet for search and two for constancy, so the quantifier "several degrees" was borrowed. Mao Zedong's "Seven Laws". To Shaoshan: "I dare to teach the sun and the moon to change the sky for sacrifice." It seems that "sacrifice" and "sun and moon" cannot be relative. The former is a verb and the latter is a noun. But "sacrifice" has another meaning-in ancient times, livestock as sacrifices were called "sacrifices". In this way, as a noun, "sacrifice" can be used in "sun and moon". Sometimes not through meaning, but through sound. Borrowing sounds are common in color pairs, such as borrowing basket as blue, emperor as yellow, pale as pale, and Zhu as clear. Li Shangyin's "Jinse": "Men shed pearl-like tears in the moon-green sea, and the blue fields breathe their jade to the sun." Use "pale" to "blue".

4 flowing pairs, also called serial pairs. The antithesis is generally two parallel sentences, which are in a parallel structure in form. However, there is also a kind of antithesis in which one sentence is divided into two sentences. The two sentences are a whole, and the structure is juxtaposed, but grammatically related to inheritance, turning, causality, hypothesis and so on. , or just a sentence. This is called running water. Yes For example, Du Fu's "Lantian Village Cui Shi Nine Days": "I am ashamed to blow my hair back and ask others for the crown." This is a causal relationship. Bai Juyi's Ancient Grass: "Wildfire didn't completely burn them down, but they grew taller again in the spring breeze." This is a commitment relationship. Lu Youshu was angry: "It's empty talk beyond the Great Wall, and the temples in the mirror have faded." This is a turning point. Luo's "A Political Prisoner Listening to Cicada": "I can't bear the shadow of dark sideburns to break the heart of a white-haired prisoner." This is a simple sentence.

(5) face to face. The antithesis of two sentences is called Fan Lian, which is also called every other sentence pair. The first four sentences in Bai Juyi's "Xiaoxiang Divine Comedy" are "I feel old when I heard that Zheng was shot at night": "The ethereal Wushan girl returned in 1978. Yin Qin sings water songs and stays in the thirteen strings. " This is actually a couplet with the same upper and lower horizontal lines. Fan is not common in poetry, but it is common in ci, especially in long tunes such as Qinyuanchun and Wang Haichao. For example, Mao Zedong's poem Qinyuanchun. Changsha ":"You see the mountains and plains, and the forests are all dyed; Full of rivers and blue heads, winning every battle. " "Just classmates and teenagers, in their prime; The scholar was furious and cursed Fang Qiu. " A famous fan. Yeah.

(6) When a sentence is correct, the words in the same sentence are self-contained and paired with another sentence. For example, Mao Zedong's "The People's Liberation Army Occupy Nanjing" couplets "Tiger Dragon wins the past and is generous." Among them, "tiger sitting" and "dragon plate", "sky turning" and "ground cover" constitute a pair of work respectively, and at the same time, the two sentences constitute antithesis. In Du Fu's "The Story of Climbing Yueyang Tower", the couplet "There is Wu in the east and Chu in the south, and you can see the endless drifting of heaven and earth", in which "Wu" and "Chu", "East" and "South", "Gan" and "Kun", "Day" and "Night" constitute the same pair respectively, and at the same time, the two sentences constitute antithesis.

(7) Remove word pairs. Is to use the same word in the same sentence against a group of the same words in another sentence. There are many missing words in Du Fu's Seven Laws, which are skillfully used. For example, Qujiang's couplet in the wine "Peach blossoms fall, yellow birds fly with Bai Niao". The two flowers in the sentence are opposite to the two birds in the dialogue.

(8) Complicated. That is, the symmetrical words or words in a couplet are in the wrong position. For example, Mao Zedong's "Hanging Comrade Luo Ronghuan" neck couplet: "Every batch of big birds, Kunming chickens laugh at eagles." The "big bird" and "eagle" in this couplet are symmetrical, but their positions are wrong. Some antitheses are misplaced by more than one word, such as: "The skirt drags six pieces of Xiangjiang River water, and the temples shrug a piece of Wushan Cloud." (Li Qunyu's Beauty in Prime Minister Du's Banquet) In this couplet, the "six pictures" are misaligned with the "one paragraph" and the "Xiangjiang River" with the "Wushan Mountain". Poets use intricate pairs, first, rhyme, such as the first case; The second is for sentence order, such as the second case; The third is the accommodation level, such as the third case.

Fourth, separation. The so-called separation is to separate a sentence or a phrase from an ancient book and replace another part with one part. In fact, separation is also a kind of metonymy, just a special metonymy. What people are most familiar with is a passage in The Analects of Confucius: "I am determined to learn five out of ten, stand at thirty, not be confused at forty, know my destiny at fifty, listen to my ears at sixty, and do what I want at seventy, without overstepping the bounds." Later generations used "standing" to mean 30 years old, "not confused" to mean 40 years old, "know life" to mean 50 years old, and "obedient" to mean 60 years old. In fact, the original meaning of these words has nothing to do with people's age. The Origin of Rhetoric is called "Tibetan Ci". The example is as follows: In Shangshu, there is a saying that "filial piety is only for brothers", so "loyalty" is used instead of "brothers". Qiu Chi, a Southern Liang writer, wrote "The Book of Harmony": "Zhu Chu is a friend and his son is a blade." "Friends here refer to Ada, the younger brother of Liu Xiu, Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty.

Because of arbitrary division, arbitrary combination, patchwork and out of context, the purity and integrity of language are seriously damaged. Therefore, separation cannot be regarded as a positive rhetorical device, and it is not enough for today's training. However, our understanding of this rhetorical method is still conducive to reading ancient books.

Fifth, cut. Chen Wangdao's "The Origin of Rhetoric" has a "festival contraction", which is defined as: "Festival is a phrase, named festival; Condensing language and words is called abbreviation. Abbreviation is a convenient means of sound and shape, and its meaning has not increased or decreased. " It has also been pointed out that austerity has the effect of combining disyllables or forming intricacies. The abbreviation mentioned by Mr. Chen is a broad abbreviation, including phonetic consonants, such as "can't" reduced to "appropriate", "why not" reduced to "rice" and "Yu" reduced to "Zhu". This condensation phenomenon is usually considered as a lexical phenomenon today, which is called "double word". As a special rhetoric in ancient Chinese, there are generally two kinds of abbreviations, one is the abbreviation of a person's name. Sima Qian's letter to Ren An: "Zuo Qiu is blind, but he can speak Mandarin".

The second is the abbreviation of idioms. For example, Pu Songling's Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio: "Go to the bedside, but think about yourself." "Rollover" is the abbreviation of "tossing and turning". "I got my body into the well, so I turned anger into sorrow and rushed to my heart." "Grab the shout" is the abbreviation of "Call for Heaven and Grab the Land". Husband and wife are opposite, and the hut is smokeless. "Go to the corner" is the abbreviation of "Cry in the corner". Text note: "Face the corner (cry)." Shuo Yuan:' Today, a room full of drinkers is crying alone in the corner ...' Later generations used' Xiang Yu', which means crying. "So," husband and wife against the corner "is not that they are leaning against the wall, but that they are crying.

The main feature of contraction is that the length of sound shape decreases but the meaning does not decrease. Its rhetorical function is mainly for the unity of rhythm and the neatness of duality. Abbreviation, as a rhetorical method, does not include syllable consonants or general abbreviations (it has no writer's personality and special rhetorical effect). Modern Chinese also retains the phenomenon of idiom abridgement. There are "crowns" in Lu Xun's Fetishism and "deception" in Zhu Ziqing's Venice in middle school textbooks. There are also well-known abbreviations for "vicissitudes of life", namely "Golden Soup" or "Jincheng Tang Chi", and "Guali", namely "Gua Tian Lixia" and "Taishan Beidou". The function of shortening idioms is to make the language more refined; Secondly, after shortening, these idioms can be recombined with other words to form new four-character idioms or phrases to meet the needs of new ideological content or make the language rich in changes. Such as "vicissitudes", "impregnable", "melon seeds" and "academic leaders".

Sixth, use code. Liu Xie's interpretation of "allusions" in Wen Xin Diao Long is "based on facts, based on ancient evidence". Using allusions means comparing the past with the present, proving the present with the past, and expressing one's feelings through the past. The so-called allusions refer to "real cases", including historical myths and legends, historical stories, folklore anecdotes, fables and sentences handed down from ancient books. Generally speaking, allusions have clear sources. If the allusions are used well, the works will be concise, implicit and memorable. If it is not used well, the work will be unremarkable. Chen Qingbiao: "Life is the head, and death is the grass." The allusion of "knot grass" comes from Zuo Zhuan's Fifteen Years of Gong Xuan. It is said that Wei Ke of the State of Jin, after his father died, married his father's favorite concubine according to his father's instructions when he was sober, without martyrdom. Wei Ke fought with Qin, and Qin Jun was defeated. In order to repay Wei Ke, the late father of Ai Fei tripped the general Du Hui of Qin. Later, he used "knot grass" to express his gratitude. The idiom "knot grass and rank ring" ("rank ring" is another allusion) is often used to express gratitude to each other. At the end of Cao Cao's poem "Short Songs", he said: "The Duke of Zhou vomited food, and the world returned to his heart." Cited the allusions of "Duke of Zhou" in Historical Records. Lu Gongjia. The original text is: "However, I am afraid of losing the sages of the world." It is said that in order to recruit talented people, the Duke of Zhou had to pull his hair three times in the shower and spit out rice grains from his mouth three times when eating. He was worried that he had lost his talent because he didn't accept the wise man in time. The poet used this allusion to encourage himself with the gift of the Duke of Zhou. Su Shi's Red Cliff Fu: "A reed is like a reed, and a thousand miles are at a loss." "One reed" comes from The Book of Songs, Feng Wei and He Guang: "Who is He Guang, and one reed is Hang (Hang)?" Who says the Yellow River is wide? Reed can cross. The idiom "a reed can sail" means that the two places are not far apart. Xu Chi's Tale of Huangshan Mountain: "A reed can sail, and I have reached Feilai Peak in the heart of the sea.

The use methods of allusions include explicit use, implicit use, positive use, reverse use and borrowing. No matter what sentence is used, it is obvious that the reader can tell it literally at a glance. Literally, it is integrated with contextual sentences. Without careful investigation, you won't know that this is an allusion, but it is a metaphor. The meaning of allusions is consistent with what the author wants to express; Anti-use is to explain the meaning of allusions from the opposite side, that is, to use them against their meaning; Borrowing is to express something that has nothing to do with the reality of allusions through the literal meaning of allusions. For example, in Preface to Wang Teng-ting, "Feng Tang is easy to get old, but Li Guang is hard to seal" is openly used, "greed is refreshing, and work is pleasant", secretly used "Meng Gao is interested in serving the country, and leisurely used" Ruan Ji is rampant, crying at the end of the road is ineffective ",and borrowed" meeting Meng Lin "(not to say that Mao Zedong's" water tune ". Swim ""Erect the stone wall of Xijiang River, block Wushan Yunyu, and the high gorge comes out of Pinghu. " The allusion to "Wushan Yu Yun" in Mao Zedong's works refers to the flood in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, not the erotic love between men and women, and looks forward to the prospect of water conservancy construction in the motherland, which is a model of making the past serve the present and turning decay into magic.

Seven, intertextuality. Intertextuality is a special rhetorical device in ancient Chinese. Sometimes, due to the limitation of words and rules or the need of expression art, it is necessary to express rich content with concise words and implicit and concise sentences, so we put two things in the context and omit the other one, which is the so-called "draw inferences from one example and save the text" to achieve the effect of simplifying the complex. In understanding this intertextuality, we must combine the words preserved in the context to make them complement each other to show the original intention, so it is customarily called intertextuality. For example, "The morning glory is in the distance, and the girl on the river is a woman from China" (nineteen ancient poems), the former sentence omits "Jiao Jiao" and the latter sentence omits "Article". That is, "jumping" refers to both Altair and Hehan female; "Jiao Jiao" not only refers to Hehan girl, but also refers to Altair. "Jumping" and "Jiao Jiao" complement each other. Together, these two sentences mean: "The distant and bright Altair and Vega!" Only by mastering its structural model can we fully understand its original intention. The characteristics of intertextuality are: you have me and I have you. "Singing at night" in Epanggong Fu is translated as "singing at night in the morning" in the tool book, but it is actually "singing from morning till night". "Mulan Poetry": "The male rabbit's feet are complicated, and the female rabbit's eyes are blurred." Among them, "confusion" and "confusion" are complementary, that is, both male rabbits and female rabbits have the habit of "confusing feet" and "confusing eyes", so it is difficult to distinguish male rabbits from female rabbits. It's not like some teachers say that "the confused person is male and the confused person is female". If so, the idiom "confused" is completely different, not complicated.

In addition, there are some intertextual examples of ancient poetry in middle school textbooks: Tang Wang Changling's poem "Going beyond the Great Wall": "The moon is bright in Qin, and the customs are closed in Han". Bai Juyi's Pipa Tour: The master dismounted and the guests boarded. Du Mu's Bo Qinhuai: "The smoke cage is full of sand in the cold moon". Song Fan Zhongyan's "Yueyang Tower": "Don't be happy with things, don't be sad for yourself."

Eight, avoid replying. Yang Shuda, a modern scholar, put forward "avoiding repetition". He established a chapter on "change" and a section on "avoiding repetition" in China's Rhetoric. In fact, "change" is also to avoid duplication. Examples in ancient books show that "avoiding repetition" is intentional, and avoiding repetition itself is a pursuit of language.

Zhuangzi Qiushui: "If you don't hear much about Zhong Ni, you will believe those who despise the righteousness of Bo Yi." Text notes interpret "less" as "look down" and "light" as "contempt". In fact, there is no difference between the two. To look down on them is to look down on them and avoid them.

"Biography of Qu Yuan": "It is called Di Ku in the upper part and Qi Huan in the lower part, and it is said that Tang Wu stabbed the world." "Wei", "Tao" and "Shu" may be different if they are interpreted separately, but they all mean "mention" and "praise" in the text, and there is no difference in essence.

Ten thoughts on admonishing Taizong: "Worry and slack off, start with caution, respect and end with respect." "Respect" means "caution". Here is the meaning of serious concentration; There is still a saying of "dedication" today. I don't say "caution from beginning to end" here, obviously to avoid redemption. Also: "the wise try their best, the brave try their best", "exhausted" and "exhausted" are the same meaning. "If you add grace, you will think that joy has no reward; The penalty has been imposed, and it is not angry. " "Anger" means "anger". Using "reason" and "to" in the context is an avoidance of function words.

As can be seen from the above examples, the rhetoric of avoiding the important is mostly used in the corresponding position of the contextual structure, thus resulting in the saying that "the upper and lower can see the meaning of the text". The so-called "different views on the text" means that words in corresponding positions can explain each other in phrases or sentences with the same or basically the same structure. Mastering it, sometimes we can infer another unknown meaning from a known meaning. At this time, some synonyms and similar words temporarily realize the function of synonyms. When reading, readers don't have to care about their differences, just know their similarities. If the characteristic of intertextuality is "you have me and I have you", then the characteristic of "understanding the meaning of the text" is: "you are me and I am you." Shi Mi's Chen Qingbiao: "No uncle, just a fresh brother." "Fresh" originally meant "less", but influenced by the above-mentioned "nothing", it temporarily acquired the meaning of "nothing". "Epang Palace Fu": "The collection of Yan and Zhao, the rule of Han and Wei, the elite of Qi and Chu, several generations, plundered their people and stood on the mountain." In this paper, "collection", "management" and "elite" are not synonyms or synonyms, but have the same meaning under the influence of context and according to the principle of different meanings. So the note said: "(collection) refers to the collection of gold, jade, jewelry and other things." The following' management' and' elite' also refer to jade jewelry and other things. "

Nine, even sum. In ancient Chinese, sometimes when describing one thing, another thing will be mentioned jointly, and the things mentioned jointly have no effect in the sentence. This figure of speech is called conjunction. It is common to connect proper nouns. The Story of China takes Zuo Gong's three years as an example: "I used to be the overlord, so I didn't bother the princes, so I hired the princes at the age of three, and I was in trouble at the age of five." Jun Qiu, doctor hanging beam, Qing * * * burial; Ma 'am, stone carving, doctor's funeral. "("Employment ",the ancient governors asked each other." Inconsistent ",disunity, contradiction. ) Confucius said, "Xiang is the son of Wen and can take over his career, so his words are also true. The number of people appointed to the court and the envoys who were hanged and buried were all public orders, not public orders. " "Wen" in the original text means that "Xiang" means Duke Xiang of Jin. In fact, only Jin Wengong is dominant. Mencius said: "You and Han, except Huai and Si, are more important than the river. "You, han, huai, see four water, only the han river flows into the Yangtze river, forget the other three water. The annotation of the sentence "Never judge Confucianism and Chinese" in the fifth volume of "Chinese Reader for Senior High School" (People's Education Publishing House, 200 1) is: "Dig the river of Confucianism and Chinese. Rushui is in present-day Henan Province, and Hanshui originates in present-day ningqiang county, Shaanxi Province and flows into the Yangtze River in Hubei Province. "The annotation of this sentence is:" Paihuaisi. Huaishui, the Huaihe River, originated in Henan and entered Jiangsu via Anhui. Surabaya originates in Shandong and flows into Huaihe River in Jiangsu. "The note is not clear about whether your water is injected into the Yangtze River, nor does it explain why there is such a writing.

X. Syria. The so-called combined narrative is to combine two or more related things before and after to express two or more different meanings, with the aim of making sentences compact and words concise. In narration, the first two things correspond to the last two things respectively, and the sentences that could have been described in two sentences were merged into one sentence. This rhetorical method is called combined narrative. Also called parallel mention. "Everything is done by everything done. "Wu Zhu": "There was a rebellion recently and Tang Wu fell." It could have been said that "(Xia) rebellion and (Shang) Tang conquest, (Shang) Zhou rebellion and (Zhou) Wu conquest" are two parallel things, the author said together. These two things correspond to each other and are related respectively. Notes on Water Classics and Rivers (The Three Gorges): "Since midnight, there has been no sunrise or moon." Its actual meaning is: you can't see the sunrise (sun) from noon, and you can't see the moon from night. The text also includes: "Blue waves and green pools return to the clear reflection", and the notes in the textbook and the Teacher's Teaching Book are translated as: "Snow-white rapids, green pools and whirling clear waves reflect the shadows of various scenery." Literally, there seems nothing wrong with adopting literal translation here. However, after a little scrutiny, we will find the problem: according to this translation, it is easy to think that "snow-white torrent" and "green pool water" are "dancing clear waves, reflecting the shadows of various scenery", but in fact, "snow-white torrent" is surging, it can "spin clear waves", but it is difficult to "reflect the shadows of various scenery"; Only when the pool is calm can it show its "green" and reflect the "shadows of various scenery" on the shore. Therefore, the original sentence adopts the method of "combined narrative". The original text should be understood as: "the plain rushes back to the Qing Dynasty, and the green pool reflects", and the translation should be: the white torrent whirls the clear waves; The green pool reflects the shadows of all kinds of scenery.

Generally speaking, the first two things come first and the last two things come last. It can be written as a simple formula: ABAB. However, when some writers deal with the combined narrative, the front and back structures have been modified, and complicated changes have taken place, showing such a pattern: ABBA. For example, Mencius. "Gong Sunchou" (text "More help when you gain the Tao, less help when you lose the Tao"): "Military reform will be beneficial." "Soldier" is related to "profit" and "leather" is related to "firmness". In fact, it means: "Soldiers don't suffer, leather is not dull." The author does not mean that "military reform will not suffer", but that "military reform will not suffer, but will be profitable". Understanding should be fragmented, and the order has changed intricately, which undoubtedly increases the difficulty of reading comprehension. For another example, "giving beauty to the dead" in the epitaph of Wuyue is also a "combined narrative" and a separate "giving beauty to the dead". "Li" is the pursuit of the title of the deceased, which is naturally very prominent; Posthumous title is for the deceased posthumous title, which is naturally beautiful. Chongzhen once named Zhou Shunchang Tai Changqing and posthumous title as the "Bell Festival". The text notes that "the gift of beauty" is: "refers to the title and loyalty ceremony given to Zhou Shunchang by Emperor Chongzhen. Beautiful, beautiful, glorious. " The translation of the reference book is: "posthumous title presented to him is beautiful and glorious". Due to the failure to master the sentence structure of their common narrative, the translation of faculty members conflicts with the annotations of the text. The faculty and staff did not implement the meaning of "gift" and regarded the original two things as one thing.

XI。 Jin Lie. Jin Lie is a special rhetorical device in China's classical poems. This name was put forward by Tan Yongxiang, a contemporary rhetorician. His interpretation of Jin Lie is: a unique sentence pattern in classical poetry works, that is, the whole sentence is composed of nouns or noun phrases, without verbs or adjective predicates, but it can also play a lyric and narrative role. (New Style of Rhetoric, Fujian Education Press) The ancients in China have long noticed this phenomenon. For example, Li Dongyang in the Ming Dynasty said in "Poems of Huailutang": "The chickens crow in Maodian, and people are covered with frost." However, people know that they can express their worries in words and meanings. I don't know if it is necessary to use one or two idle words in two sentences, but the words "finding a tight pass" are rarely mentioned. The voice is sonorous and full of meaning. Interpreted in prose, it can be understood as: before dawn, the rooster crows, the waning moon covers Maodian, and the people who are on their way are already on their way. He walked across the frosty wooden bridge, leaving footprints. In just ten words, there are not only scenery and feelings, but also dynamic narration. The beauty is that there are no verbs. If you write "a crow crows on a thatched shop and frost flowers on a footbridge", the meaning may be complete, but it will not be passed down to this day.

Using "Jin Lie" can get a good expression effect. As people have analyzed, Jin Lie has the beauty of simplicity, simplicity, implication, ethereal beauty and artistic conception. Take today's artworks as an example. Jin Lie has obtained the effect of some clever editing (montage) of film and television scenes, which can stimulate readers' rich imagination and association.

Young people