biography
Tolstoy was born into a noble family, entered Kazan University in 1840, dropped out of school in 1847 and returned to his hometown, trying to reform serfdom in his own territory. 185 1 ~ 1854 served in the Caucasian army and began to write. 1854 ~ 1855 participated in the Crimean war. 1855165438+10 entered the literary world of Petersburg. When Tolstoy went abroad from 65438 to 0857, he saw many contradictions in capitalist society, but he couldn't find a way to eliminate social ugliness, so he had to appeal to people to live according to "eternal religious truth". 1860 ~ 186 1 year, Tolstoy went abroad again, met herzen, listened to Dickens' speech and met proudhon. Tolstoy wrote the historical novel War and Peace from 1863 to 1869. From 1873 to 1877, he completed his second landmark masterpiece Anna karenin with 12 revisions. At the end of 1970s, Tolstoy's world outlook changed greatly and he wrote Confessions (1879- 1882). Creation in 1980s: drama The Power of Darkness (1886), Fruit of Education (189 1), novella The Devil (191). The short story after the dance (1903), especially the novel Resurrection written in 1889 ~ 1899, is the summary of his long-term thinking and artistic exploration. Tolstoy tried to live a simple civilian life in his later years. 19 10 ran away from home in June, 165438 10 died at the station on October 7, at the age of 82.
Creative characteristics
Theme of the work
Tolstoy thinks a lot about human nature in his novels, from which we can see the truest side of Tolstoy's spiritual world. Tolstoy's thinking on human nature was mainly inspired by the history and reality of Russia at that time: on the one hand, traditional Russia was a patriarchal society, and the Orthodox Church determined people's way of thinking and feeling, and Tolstoy was also deeply influenced by the Orthodox Church, whether his attitude was acceptance or reservation; On the other hand, the enlightenment spirit in Europe has also deeply influenced Russia, shaking the foundation of Russian traditional beliefs to a great extent, and the enlightenment spirit has also had a significant impact on Tolstoy, which makes Tolstoy doubt the basic teaching system of the Orthodox Church, and he will not think about faith like ordinary Christians. But Tolstoy didn't go to Europe for the enlightenment of individualism, so his thinking about human nature often drifted between the two, sometimes like a Christian and sometimes like a humanist.
There are utopian thoughts in Tolstoy's works, which are mainly manifested as anti-slavery, anti-land private ownership, anti-advocating capitalist material civilization and "evolution theory", demanding the pursuit of legal life obligations and reasonable living rules, returning to a healthy farming life, and establishing a "paradise" on earth full of brotherhood, equality, harmony and friendship through everyone's labor and moral practice.
Artistic feature
Tolstoy wrote a historical poetic novel. Historical facts are mixed with artistic fiction, bold brushwork and delicate description; Personal appearance is revealed in the huge group image, and the epic solemnity is interspersed with lyrical monologues, which are varied and spectacular. He is good at controlling multi-clue, complex and seamless structure; It can also break through the "closed" form of the novel, which is magnificent and has no beginning or end like life.
Tolstoy's artistic charm lies not only in reappearing the macro world, but also in depicting the micro world. Grasp the dialectical development of the mind in world literature as never before, and describe in detail the evolution process of the mind under the influence of the outside world; And go deep into people's subconscious and show it in a harmonious relationship with consciousness. Tolstoy's artistic power is real, which is manifested in characterization. Truthfully describing the inner versatility, richness and complexity of a character is not only about its outstanding side or a dominant mental state. Don't hide the shortcomings of your beloved characters, and don't stifle a glimmer of light in the hearts of the revealed characters. It does not whitewash, exaggerate, idealize or caricature, and always shows its true colors with the help of real and objective descriptions, so as to see greatness in the ordinary, or on the contrary, show its horror in the ordinary phenomenon. Describe the development and change of personality, naturally muddy without revealing axe marks.
The main feature of Tolstoy's style is simplicity. We strive to fully and accurately reflect the truth of life or express our thoughts. Therefore, although we are strict in art, we don't just win by skill, we don't pursue the exquisiteness of form, we don't avoid lengthy compound sentences, and we only seek the greatest expressiveness.
In his later years, he tried to be concise in psychological analysis, not writing the whole process of feelings, but only writing the main links of each stage of psychological process; Sometimes it is expressed in a dramatic way through actions and dialogues. It is better to write about the decisive changes caused by unexpected accidents than to write about the sequential development of personality. Structurally, flashback is often used to show the awakening of characters; In order to concentrate, the novel no longer uses multiple clues, but gradually develops with a single clue. In terms of language, we strive to be concise, easy to understand and close to folk stories.
Reflection on lev tolstoy's Teaching
After finishing lev tolstoy's class in Bayi class, I am very happy and have a sense of accomplishment. This is a lesson that I feel very good since I started school, and it is also a lesson that makes me laugh. Before the arrival of the forgotten savior, I need to sum up the gains and losses of this lesson and give a reference to future teaching.
First, teachers prepare lessons.
Lies is the third lesson of Unit 2 in the first volume of Grade 8. The extensive reading class marked in the textbook is a class that can be finished in one class. This unit mainly studies character description, and the focus of this lesson is to learn the methods of character description and the methods of wanting to promote and suppress. I set the focus of teaching as "the method of restraining before wanting to promote." So in this class, I will focus on breaking through this writing technique. So, I wrote down the idea of class on the lesson plan:
First of all, explain the concept of wanting to be promoted first, and give some examples in combination with the articles and life that students have learned, so as to make the abstract concept concrete and easy for students to understand. Secondly, walk into the text. First, students read the natural paragraph of the text 1-5 by themselves, and underline the sentences that describe lev tolstoy's appearance. After reading aloud, summarize lev tolstoy's appearance characteristics in groups. Teachers will write the tips of facial organs on the blackboard, and students will cooperate to find the answers. After eight minutes of cooperative study, the students spoke freely. Finally, the class collectively read paragraphs 6-8 of the textbook and draw a sentence describing lev tolstoy's eyes. After reading aloud, the students summarized the characteristics of eyes. Thirdly, first learn the writing techniques that want to promote and suppress.
With clear teaching ideas, I will know my teaching arrangement at every step in class. When I was waiting for the class at the door of the classroom, I already had a general idea of the class in my mind, and it felt good to have the answer. Therefore, I deeply understand that teachers must have clear teaching ideas before class, so that our class can be orderly and we can be confident. When preparing lessons, you should prepare the teaching materials, know the important and difficult points of a lesson, and be targeted. Unimportant paragraphs can even be boldly discarded in order to focus on them in a limited time. Students should also be prepared to know their own level and design questions according to their own learning situation, which questions can be solved by themselves, which need cooperation, which questions should be answered in groups and which questions should be asked separately, all of which are related to their own learning situation. Finally, there should be clear teaching ideas in preparing lessons, and the big links in the classroom should be well designed. Teachers should concentrate on preparing lessons. We have to do a lot of work in order to look effortless in class.
Second, student participation.
Students must participate in the classroom and make them move. Chinese class should have reading links, which can be read freely, long articles can be read silently, important paragraphs can be read collectively, and students can also be shown to read alone. In short, we should design various forms of reading according to the characteristics of the text, so that students can be familiar with the text while reading. If there is no reading aloud in Chinese class, I don't think it is like Chinese class. In this lesson, I let the students read the natural paragraphs of 1-5 independently, then read the key paragraphs of 6-8 collectively, and finally call the students to read the last two paragraphs.
Students can cultivate a sense of language in reading aloud and also improve their attention. In the process of reading, ask students to pick up a pen and circle the outline of some words or sentences. Teachers should have clear requirements before reading, and guide students to form the habit of "not reading without moving pen and ink". In the process of sketching, students have their own ideas. When the teacher explains, some simple problems must be solved by the students themselves, either by self-study or cooperative learning. It is necessary to cultivate students' ability to find answers and their learning ability. The students in Class One have a good foundation and can basically find the answers in class. The cooperation link is also very active and the atmosphere is very good. After the cooperation, I let the students answer questions freely. I wrote the question on the blackboard, who knows who can stand up and answer it, which is a bit like rushing to answer it. The students competed with each other and actively demonstrated. At this time, I will ask them which paragraph to say first, and then read the relevant sentences. Pick up the book and read it aloud. I think the habit of answering questions is also very important.
Finally, we studied the paragraphs describing Tolstoy's eyes together, and mastered the figurative sentences, exaggerated sentences and adjectives describing the eyes in paragraphs 6-8. The students can sum up the characteristics of "sharpness", "full of emotion" and "unparalleled power". After the word processing, I began to return to the beginning of the class: I want to promote it first. Because of the previous preparation, students will soon know that the description of appearance in the first half is "suppression" and the description of eyes in the second half is "yang". Moreover, we all know that the advantages of this arrangement are: making the plot of the article changeable, ups and downs, comparing before and after, and leaving a deep impression on readers.
Finally, I asked the students to sum up what they learned in this class. It is very good that several students can organize their classroom thoughts like teachers. I wanted to summarize it myself. On second thought, I think it's better for students to have a try, so that I can know how well they have mastered it. The results show that students pay more attention to lectures and have stronger ability to summarize and refine. By asking questions, I know that most students have a clear concept of this class in their hearts. At least students know what promotion means first, and then I plan to arrange a composition for students to use this skill in writing.
At the end of the lesson, the bell rings. Good. The disadvantage is that at the beginning of the class, I spent a little time explaining the skills of wanting to promote first and then restraining. For fear that students would not understand, I repeated it several times and gave a little more examples. If that part can be refined, the study in the second half of the year will be easy. The problem needs to be changed. The time ratio of each link should be carefully considered. Don't become repetitive, lest students don't understand. Teachers' language needs refinement.
Of course, there are still many shortcomings in this class. Write it for your reference today. I hope I can make more classes that satisfy me in the future. If you can have a few classes that make you happy every semester, then the teacher's sense of value and happiness will be improved a lot.
Education is the work of conscience, and we need to live up to our conscience most. You can't stop growing for the sake of students and yourself.
Appreciation of lev tolstoy's Text
Lev tolstoy's original work.
He was born with a hairy face, with more vegetation than open space, and his thick moustache made it difficult to see his inner world clearly. Beards covered his cheeks, covered his lips, covered his dark face wrinkled like bark, and fluttered in the wind one by one, quite like an elder. A finger-wide eyebrow stands upright like a tangled root. A lock of gray curly hair piled up on his forehead like foam. No matter which angle you look at, you can see the thick hair like a tropical forest. Like Michelangelo's painting of Moses, Tolstoy's unforgettable image comes from his fatherly beard that day.
People are trying to use their imagination to remove the hair that covers his face and trim his crazy beard. Taking the portrait of his shaved beard as a reference, they hope to use magic to create a smooth face. -This is a signpost to the inner world. In this way, we can't help but start to shrink back. Because, undeniably, this man of noble family, with rough appearance, was born with the face of a foreign villager. The soul of genius lives in a low shack, and the workshop of genius soul is not much better than the leather tent built by Kyrgyz. The hut was shoddy, built by a village carpenter, while the small one was built by an ancient Greek craftsman. The beam above the small window-the forehead above the small eyes-looks like a tree cut down at will with a knife. The skin hides evil and practices evil, lacks luster, and is as rough as the outer wall of a hut made of branches. In the middle of the square face, we saw a large lion's nose, with two holes facing the sky, as if it had been smashed by a fist. You can't hide those ugly ears behind your unkempt hair. There are two thick lips in the middle of the sunken cheek. The overall impression is unbalanced, rough, mediocre and even vulgar.
The sad face of this pair of workers is shrouded in a depressed shadow, dull and depressed: there is no aura of striving for progress on his face, no spiritual glory, and the extraordinary instrument that rises slowly like a marble dome is found in Dostoevsky's brow. His face has no luster. Whoever does not admit this is not telling the truth. There is no doubt that this face is plain and full of obstacles that cannot be remedied. It is not a temple to spread wisdom, but a prison to imprison ideas. This face is dark, gloomy, ugly and disgusting. From his youth, Tolstoy was deeply aware that his public image was unpleasant. He said he hated any illusions about his appearance. "Can a person with a wide nose, thick lips and small gray eyes like me still find happiness?" Because of this, he soon let his beard grow all over his face, and hid his lips in the beard like a sable mask until he got old, thus showing some kindness and respect. It was not until the last decade of his life that the thick cloud on his face was removed;
It was not until the late autumn of life that the beautiful light thawed this sad place.
Immortal souls drifting forever found a humble home in a simple Russia. This man has nothing spiritual. He lacks the temperament of a poet, visionary and creator. From teenagers to young adults, even to old age, Tolstoy has always been plain and can't be found in the crowd. For him. There is nothing wrong with wearing this coat, that coat, this hat or that hat. With such a face that can be seen everywhere in Russia, a person may preside over a ministerial meeting on the stage or fool around with a group of drunkards in a hotel; It is possible to sell bread in the market, or to wear the vestments of the archbishop and raise the cross on the heads of kneeling Christians. With such a face, no matter what occupation you are engaged in, no matter what clothes you wear, no matter where you are in Russia, there is no possibility of standing out and attracting attention. When Tolstoy was a student, he might belong to a mixture of his peers; When you are an officer, you can't tell him from his comrades; After returning to rural life, his appearance is in harmony with the squire role that usually appears on the stage. If you see a picture of him driving out in a carriage with a white beard attendant sitting side by side, it may take you a long time to judge that the coachman is holding the reins and the count is sitting by. Look at another photo. He is talking with some farmers. People who don't know the truth can't guess that Lev sitting among the old peasants is a man of status and wealth. His family and identity are very different from those of Gregor, Ivan, Ilya, Peter and others present. His face is completely featureless and belongs to ordinary Russians. Therefore, we have to call him an ordinary person. At this time, there will be a feeling that genius has no special appearance, but is just a general manifestation of ordinary people. Xin Yi said Tolstoy didn't have his own unique face, but he had a face of ordinary people around Russia, because he shared the fate with all Russian people.
So people who met him for the first time were disappointed at first. Some of them traveled long distances by train, and some drove from Tula, waiting for the host's interview in the living room. They have long formed a subjective concept of him, hoping to find something majestic and extraordinary from him, and hope to see a beard that looks like a heavenly father, integrating dignity, grandeur, greatness and genius. Before seeing real people with their own eyes, they looked down at the image of their imaginary literary masters, and their inner expectations swelled to the point of fear. The door finally opened, but a stocky man came in. Because of his brisk pace, even his beard kept shaking. As soon as he entered the door, he almost trotted all the way, then suddenly stopped and looked at a stunned visitor in a friendly way. He said welcome words quickly and casually in a relaxed and pleasant tone, and at the same time extended his hand to the guests. The visitor was deeply puzzled and surprised when he shook hands with him. What? What a dwarf! Is such a small guy really Leo Nick Rajvik Tolstoy? The guest raised his eyelids awkwardly and looked at the host's face.
Suddenly, the guest held his breath in surprise and saw a pair of gray eyes shining like panther under the eyebrows of the little man in front of him. Although everyone who has met Tolstoy has talked about this sharp look, no matter how good the picture is, it can't be reflected. This kind of look is like a steel knife stabbing people, steady and accurate, hitting the key. You can't move or run away. It's like being hypnotized. You have to put up with this kind of eye search. No one can resist it. It penetrates camouflage armor like a bullet and cuts glass like a diamond knife. No one can escape such a split exam. In this regard, Turgenev, Gorky and other hundreds of people have undoubtedly described it.
This penetrating viewer only lasted for a second, and then it was replaced by a gentle look and a kind smile. Although the corners of the mouth are closed, those eyes can be full of smiles, just like magical starlight. Under the influence of beautiful and moving music, they can cry like village women. When they are spiritually satisfied, they can shine, and then in the blink of an eye, they are depressed and eclipsed, overcast, suddenly desolate, seemingly insensitive and mysterious. They can become cold and sharp, they can uncover hidden secrets such as scalpels and X-rays, and soon they will be curious. This is the most emotional eye on the human face. Can express all kinds of feelings. Gorky described them appropriately and expressed our hearts: "Tolstoy has a hundred eyes in his eyes."
With such eyes, Tolstoy's face is full of talent. All the talents of this man are concentrated in his eyes, just like the handsome Dostoevsky's rich thoughts are concentrated between his eyebrows. Other parts of Tolstoy's face, such as beard, eyebrows and hair, are just shells used to wrap and protect this pair of sparkling jewels. They have magic and magnetism, and can suck in worldly substances and then emit electric waves with accurate frequency to our times. Even the smallest thing can be seen clearly with the help of these eyes, just like a falcon descending from the sky and pouncing on a timid mouse. These eyes will not let go of the details that they can't do, but also fully reveal the vast universe. They can shine on the highest place in the spiritual world, or they can successfully shoot searchlights into the darkest depths of the soul. This sparkling crystal is hot and pure enough to gaze at God selflessly. Have enough courage to see the nothingness that destroys everything. This nothingness is like a gorgon, and everyone who sees her will turn to stone. Nothing is impossible for these eyes, except to let them fall into idle daydreams and enjoy silently in elegant and happy dreams. As soon as the eyelids are opened, these eyes are bound to pursue their prey unequivocally, soberly and mercilessly. They can't tolerate fantasy. They should tear off every false disguise and shallow belief. Nothing can escape from these eyes, and the naked truth must be revealed. When this pair of cold light daggers turned to aim at their rich people, it was terrible, because the blade was ruthless and hit the key, hitting him right in the heart.
With such a keen eye, people who can see the truth can control the whole world and its intellectual wealth at will. As a person who is always good at observing and seeing through the essence of things, he must lack one thing, and that is his own happiness.
Appreciation of lev tolstoy's Text
1 Tolstoy has one hundred eyes in his eyes.
The author's quotation from Gorky is somewhat exaggerated in rhetoric, but it just shows Tolstoy's all-round observation at a glance. In fact, Tolstoy is a great writer as famous as Balzac and Shakespeare, and his works reflect all levels of social life. There is a sentence in the article that can be annotated: "Even the smallest thing can be seen clearly with this lens ... These eyes will not let go of even the most trivial details, and it can fully reveal the vast universe."
2 ..... This is the magic and magnetism of jewelry, which can suck in the substances in the world and then radiate accurate frequency waves to our times.
This sentence describes Tolstoy's literary creation as a thinker and artist. It not only comes from the observation and study of social life and the human world, but also accurately shows it with his artistic giant pen, showing the essence and requirements of the times.
When these cold light daggers turned to aim at their master, it was terrible, because the blade was ruthless and hit the key, just hitting his heart.
This sentence shows that Tolstoy, as a "sober realist" writer, criticized reality profoundly and accurately. As the representative of the peak of Russian realism in the19th century, Tolstoy's brushwork points to almost all aspects of society, especially revealing the reasons of czar's autocracy, legal hypocrisy, aristocratic decay and farmers' poverty, which is particularly fully demonstrated in his later years' masterpiece Resurrection. His works aroused the fear of the czar government and tried to imprison or exile him, but he was stopped because of his popularity and public opinion.
The story of lev tolstoy.
Leo Tolstoy: tracing children's books with quill pens.
Russian writer lev tolstoy paid great attention to cultivating children's interest in learning. Although his writing time is very precious, he often gives children some time to tell them stories, draw pictures for them and answer their questions.
However, Tolstoy never forced knowledge on children, but served them according to their hobbies and interests. Once, children were very interested in jules verne's works, and Tolstoy told them one book after another.
Later, he found that the book Around the World in 80 Days had no illustrations. In order to help the children understand the story, he even illustrated his paintings and calligraphy with a quill every night. Tolstoy's time is precious, but he thinks it is worthwhile to spend it on improving children's interest in learning and stimulating their thirst for knowledge.
The famous words of writer lev tolstoy
1. Ideal refers to street lamps. Without ideal, there is no secure direction, and without direction, there is no life.
Life is not a game, and we have no right to give it up just by our own will.
A person must devote all his strength to improving himself, and can't waste his strength on other things.
Life is not a pleasure, but a very heavy job.
The life of people without faith is nothing more than the life of animals.
A mind without wisdom is like a lantern without a candle.
7. The establishment of civilization is not a machine but an idea.
8. Remember: Only one time is important, and that is now! This is very important, because it is time for us to make a difference.
9. Gone are the days when you put it away without making the most effective use of it.
10, there is a life goal, a life goal, a period goal, a stage goal, a year goal, a month goal, a week goal, a day goal, an hour goal and a minute goal.
When it comes to Qingdao, the first word that comes to people's minds should be beer, and then seafood. Drinking beer and eating seafood are the main past