As for the value of the treasures of Cixi underground palace, it is also explained in the notes of Aiyue Xuan that the price of gold silk cotton mattress is 84 thousand silver; Embroidered beaded thin mattress 22,000 yuan; Emerald lotus leaf is valued at 852,000 yuan; There are 820 beads in Buddhist scriptures, with an estimated value of 1.62 million; Valuation of beaded dress on the back 1.2 million; Each time, the golden Buddha statue is 8 Liang, the jade Buddha statue is 6 Liang, the jade Buddha statue is 6 Liang, and the ruby Buddha statue is 3 Liang Wu Liang, each with 27 statues, *** 108, with a value of about 622,000 Liang; 2 jadeite watermelons, worth about 2.2 million taels, and 4 jadeite melons, worth about 600,000 taels; The value of jade lotus root is about 654.38+0.2 million; The red coral tree is worth about 532 thousand; The highest value is the pearl crown worn by Cixi. A big quadruple pearl on it is a gift from foreigners, with a value of 100000000 and a total price of 100050000. In addition, Cixi was also loaded with about 500 big beads and 6,000 small beads, with an estimated value of 228,000.
Empress Dowager Cixi is a famous "luxury" Empress Dowager Cixi in history. She likes pearls, agates, precious stones, jade articles and gold and silver vessels. The treasure buried in the coffin after death is worth as much as 120 million silver. Li is the most trusted eunuch of Empress Dowager Cixi. He is a participant in the treasure buried in the coffin. Ai Xuanyue's notes, written by him and his nephew, recorded the types, quantities and position values of funerary objects in detail.
The bottom of Cixi's coffin was covered with a gold-woven mattress, which was 7 inches thick. There are 12604 pearls, 85 rubies and 203 white jade below. The brocade mattress is covered with a silk mattress embroidered with lotus flowers, which is covered with 2400 5-cent pearls. Cixi was covered with a Toni quilt made of gold. It is made of bright yellow satin with a length of 280 cm and a width of 274 cm and twisted with gold. The quilt not only has various patterns, but also weaves 25,000 Chinese characters of Dalagni scriptures. The quilt is decorated with 820 pearls. The grave robbers took the pearls and left this priceless Buddhist sutra on the ground. 1979 it was discovered when the underground palace was cleaned, and it was only then that the danger was saved. Covering the quilt with a tennis quilt decorated with 6000 pearls is also a treasure handed down from generation to generation. Cixi wears a phoenix crown, which is inlaid with pearls and precious stones. There is a pearl in the crown, which weighs four times as much as an egg. At that time, it was worth about 1 1,000-2,000,000 taels of silver, and its rockhopper value can be imagined. Mouth contains a night pearl, divided into two pieces, transparent and dull; When it is closed, it is a ball, which can show green light and can see hair within a hundred steps at night. Experts estimate that it may be two diamonds. After Dongling was excavated by a tomb-robbing general, the night pearl was given to Song Meiling by Sun Dianying to escape the guilt. Cixi hung three beads around her neck, two pearls and one ruby. She is wearing a golden silk dress with a robe embroidered with beads. Pedal boots. Holding a Yu Lian in his hand, there is a 18 mussel Buddha in front of his head, and a Yu Lian leaf on his head, full of veins stood out. Weighing 225 yuan and 40 cents, it was worth 2.852 million taels of silver at that time. There are 10 golden Buddha and 8 jade carved horses on both sides of the head, and there are 18 jade arhats on hand. There are 108 statues of golden Buddha, jade Buddha, ruby Buddha and jade Buddha beside him or at his feet, and every respect is 6 Liang; Four jadeite watermelons, two white-skinned yellow seeds and two green-skinned white seeds, worth six million and two thousand silver; The tip of the green peach with 10 is pink, so it is difficult to distinguish the authenticity. There are two emerald cabbages with green leaves and white hearts. There is a green snake foraging on the cabbage, and there are two classic wasps beside the cabbage leaves. The pretty color is just right, unique and rare, and it is valued at 654.38+million silver.
The most precious thing in the coffin is the Nine Linglong Pagoda carved by white jade, with patterns of flowers and flowing smoke on it. There are more than 700 gems, jade, red coral trees and jet mustard beside his body. Some jade materials come from Xinjiang, such as suet jade and jet, which are not available in Hotan. When I buried the treasure, I found a hole in the coffin, and I poured four liters of pearls (500 8-point pearls, 2,200 3-point pearls, 1000 2-point pearls). There are 2200 sapphires and emeralds. These empty pearls alone are worth 2.23 million taels of silver. These are part of the coffin funerary objects. From the completion of the tomb of Cixi in Dongling in 1879 to the final closure of the underground palace, various rare treasures and more than 1000 pieces of golden jade offerings have been placed in the underground palace for 30 years. I don't know where these priceless treasures have gone since Sun Dianying stole the tombs of two queens. A piece of jade weighing several tons in Xinjiang was sent to Kuqa county as a bed for placing coffins in the underground palace, which was put on hold for some reason. It is estimated that the value of Cixi's funerary objects is not excessive. Mytilus Buddha-made of shells from freshwater rivers, put into the oyster calendar, stimulated by foreign objects and surrounded by pearls. With the passage of time, the pearl coating gradually thickens, forming a mussel Buddha with pearl luster.
According to records, before the Empress Dowager Cixi entered the coffin, there were three layers of gold silk embroidered mattress, 13604 pearls, 87 precious stones, 203 white jade, a layer of pearls and 3720 pearls. In the coffin, Cixi had a jade lotus leaf on her head and a big pink jasper lotus flower at her feet. In the coffin, Cixi wore a phoenix crown with foreign tribute beads embedded in it. There are 27 golden buddhas, emerald buddhas, ruby buddhas and white jade buddhas around her, and each respect 1.75g to 400g. There are two jade watermelons, two jasper melons, 10 jade peaches, 100 topaz plums, 40 ruby dates and 60 topaz apricots at Cixi's feet. There are two kinds of emerald white tea on her body, with green leaves and a white heart. A green emerald slug lies in the heart of vegetables, and two topaz wasps fall on the leaves of vegetables. There is a Yu Lian on the left side of the corpse. There are natural gray sludge on three white jade lotus roots, and green lotus leaves and pink lotus flowers are born on the nodes. In addition, there are jet. On the right side of the corpse are jade carved red coral trees, flat peaches with green leaves and red fruits, and bluebirds with branches, all carved with natural pigments. When Cixi's body was filled with treasures, it was covered with a priceless brocade Dalagni quilt. At that time, officials of Empress Dowager Cixi held out four liters of pearls and precious stones and put them in coffins. Later, eight jade golden horses were released, 18 jade arhats. It is estimated that this rare treasure is worth more than 50 million taels of silver, the embroidered beaded gown worn by Cixi alone is worth 2.65 million taels of silver, and the big pearl on the crested rockhopper is worth 6.5438+100 million taels of silver, while the silver inventory in the Qing Dynasty was less than 70 million taels at that time. These jewels buried in the tomb of Cixi can be used to build four more tombs of the same size. However, this is only the money consumed by a mausoleum of Cixi. It is worth mentioning that the mausoleum of Cixi was rebuilt on 1895. At that time, Cixi suspected that the original mausoleum was not luxurious enough, and ordered all the tombs of Ding Dong, which had been built for 22 years, to be demolished and rebuilt. In addition, all raw materials are precious Huang Huali wood; The outer wall is made of ground bricks, and the inner wall is carved with brick and clay gold, all of which are painted with gold; The color of glazed tiles on the roof was changed to dark yellow (the same as that of the Mausoleum). The white marble columns in the Long 'en Hall are covered with the pattern of "Phoenix attracting dragon", and the words "Phoenix attracting dragon" and "Dragon chasing phoenix" are engraved inside and outside the 69 railings. This phoenix jade dragon carving shows that this woman once controlled two generations of emperors. On the walls of the three main halls of Cixi, golden colored paintings of dragons and phoenixes are flying in a dazzling variety, and the amount of gold used is 4952 Liang. One year after the death of Cixi, she was buried in the underground palace in October of the first year of Xuantong (1909 1 15). Only 20 years later, it was looted by Sun Dianying. 1February, 979, the Qing Dongling Management Office was officially opened, and the underground palace was re-opened. Pushing open two stone doors, I saw a complete inner coffin exposed on the sarcophagus bed, and the broken outer coffin was thrown in the northwest corner. This is 1928. After the grave robbery, Puyi sent Zaize and others to clean the grave in a hurry. 1984 1 month, experts opened the inner coffin and confirmed that the complete skeleton with yellow silk wrapped in the upper body, embroidered with the word "shou" on the trousers of the lower body, white stockings on the right foot and naked left foot was Cixi. Now, the inner coffin we see has entered the renovated outer coffin. Nanmu coffin is gorgeous and highly recognizable, but Cixi, who hates being humiliated in the coffin, can never "lie down". It is she who is so arrogant about her burial after death, which leads to the "great shame" that the whole Qing Dongling (except Shunzhi Xiaoling) has been repeatedly excavated. The treasure in Cixi's coffin is worth 50 million taels of silver, the highest in the world! How many treasures are buried with Cixi? His confidant eunuch Li personally attended the treasure burial ceremony of Cixi. According to "Notes on Love Moon Xuan" written by him and his nephew, before Cixi's body entered the coffin, there were three layers of gold beads and a layer of pearls at the bottom of the coffin, which was one foot thick. The head is a green lotus leaf; Pink tourmaline lotus under your feet. Wearing a pearl rockhopper, the largest pearl on the crown is as big as an egg, and its value is 65438+ 1 100 million taels of silver. There are 27 Buddha statues carved with gold, precious stones, jade and jade beside him. Jade watermelons, melons, cabbages and peaches, plums, apricots and dates made of more than 200 precious stones are placed on both sides of the foot. Put a Yu Lian on the left and a jade coral tree on the right. There are also 8 jade horses, 18 arhats, totaling more than 700 pieces. After the funeral, four liters of pearls and 2200 precious stones were poured into the coffin. A coffin full of treasure, gathered together, is naturally a catastrophe. Only 20 years after she closed her eyes, another robber just like her reached out to her, destroyed her coffin and dumped her body.
Treasure in Empress Dowager Cixi's coffin
Empress Dowager Cixi in Qing Dynasty was famous for her love of jade jewelry. She treasured Luo Zhi with national financial resources and lived a luxurious life. After the death of Cixi, everything she loved before her death had to go with her. According to "Notes on Love Moon Xuan" written by eunuch Li, the most precious thing in Cixi's coffin is a pearl on the crested phoenix worn on her head, which weighs four taels and is as big as an egg, with a value of 6.5438+100 million taels of silver. Secondly, she has a luminous pearl in her mouth. This pearl is divided into two halves. When it is closed, it is a ball. It is transparent and dull when it is separated. When closed, it glows green, and you can see your hair within 100 steps at night. After the Dongling of Cixi was taken away by the troops under the command of Sun Dianying, this pearl was acquired by Sun Dianying. In order to let Chiang Kai-shek let him live, Sun gave the secret of the Night Pearl to him. Next to Cixi's body, there are more than 700 treasures, including precious stones, precious stones, jadeite carved buddhas, jadeite watermelons, jet water chestnuts and red coral trees. When the body was buried, it was found that there was still a gap in the coffin, and 4 liters of pearls and more than 2,200 rubies and sapphires were poured in. These fill-in-the-blank gems alone are worth more than 2.3 million taels of silver. Covered with Cixi is a Dalagni quilt made of gold. The quilt is decorated with 900 pearls, worth 65438+800,000 taels of silver. At that time, grave robbers took these pearls away and abandoned this priceless scripture in the ground. It was not discovered until 1979 when the cultural relics workers cleaned the Dongling underground palace. According to the assessment of relevant experts, according to the financial algorithm of the Qing government at that time, the value of the funerary objects in Cixi's coffin was equivalent to 60 million taels of silver.
Liu Chengyu (1876- 1952) was born in Jiangxia, Hubei, and Panyu, Guangdong. In his early years, he followed Sun Yat-sen, engaged in overseas newspaper propaganda and became a famous journalist at that time. Liu Yusheng once responded to the revolutionary party and opposed Yuan Shikai's proclaimed himself. He is famous for nearly 300 poems of Hong Xian Chronicle. "Sun Yat-sen and Zhang Taiyan" is the preface to the publication of his collection of poems "Notes on Poems and Techniques in Hong Xian's Chronology". In his later years, he wrote Miscellaneous Notes of Shizaitang, which was composed of "unfinished books, textual research of laws and regulations, accumulation of local documents, legacy of famous teachers and friends, and anecdotes of scholars and beauties". This book was published by Zhonghua Book Company on 1960, and included in the Series of Notes on Modern Historical Materials. Dong Weiling laughed. Miscellaneous Notes of the World Hall has 300 pages, and * * * has 160 entries. The writing is meticulous, plain and well written, which is a rare historical material. Among them, the first article is about "Imperial Examination in Qing Dynasty" and the second article is about "Teaching in Qing Dynasty". Detailed records and clear narration are really rare first-hand materials to introduce education in Qing Dynasty. I'm afraid anyone who wants to know about Qing education can't help reading it. Here is a passage to introduce the reading atmosphere at that time for readers. "At that time, the reading atmosphere in China was different. Unlike today's schools, primary school textbooks and teaching methods were the same regardless of wealth and elegance. It is called scholarly family, rise, popular learning, and different teaching methods for children and adults. The same people want to take the subject name, learn stereotyped writing and go through the same procedure. As the aristocratic family taught, children's literacy begins with speaking and learning, and is not limited to stereotyped writing. Those who study history learn a hundred schools, while those who study for a long time learn a lot. So-called, they don't seek life in high-class classes. The rise of learning has no origin, while popular learning delves into contemporary art, emphasizing family background in the Spring and Autumn Period and family learning and family instruction in the Six Dynasties. Not only taught them to learn, but also taught them to be human. This sweep should be done in a moderate way, but also teach them the inheritance of the six arts. "Among them, the rising and popular learning belongs to the same category, and learning has no origin. Its teaching purpose is to study current art and gain fame. The scholarly family is different. They not only have origins in learning, but also advocate generalist education in education. In addition to dealing with stereotyped writing, it pays more attention to the mastery of knowledge and the all-round development of individuals. In other words, "not only teach them to read, but also teach them to be human." This sweep should not only advance and retreat, but also teach them the heritage of the six arts. "This is also the essence of scholarly family that distinguishes it from the rise and folklore. Since China abolished the imperial examination in 1905, education has changed. As a result, firstly, the rise of new schools and the nationalization and popularization of education. This is a historical necessity. Second, the scholarly family rooted in the gentry class and immersed in the Confucian tradition gradually disappeared. By the end of 1960s, not only the traditional education was gone, but also the new scholarly family with fewer feathers was almost wiped out. Since then, civilization has swept the floor, popular science has flooded, and education has become a tool and weapon of the country. The country has risen, but people have disappeared. This is the great sorrow and regret of education in China. I remember more than ten years ago, in a class at Harvard, a beautiful Korean girl came up to me after class and said: My father has always admired China literati the most, and often told her that China literati are knowledgeable, talented, courageous and polite, which is an example for Korean scholars.