cultural relic collection
Antique calligraphy and painting
Yuanmingyuan is not only a treasure house, but also the largest royal museum and art gallery in the world at that time, with many treasures, books and artistic masterpieces. There are famous calligraphy and painting, secret house classics, Zhong Ding treasures, gold and silver jewelry and other precious cultural relics, which condense the essence of ancient culture. Yuanmingyuan is also a garden of exotic flowers and plants, with millions of rare flowers and trees.
It is a mystery how many cultural relics the Yuanmingyuan once collected. Whether it is the Forbidden City, the Summer Palace or other cultural relics buildings, there will be relevant exhibition files to record the cultural relics in the buildings, while the Yuanmingyuan lacks exhibition files, because the total number of cultural relics collected in Yuanmingyuan is not clearly recorded, and it is difficult to find out how many cultural relics have been lost abroad.
Hugo, a great French writer, once said, "Even if all the treasures of all the museums in China are added together, it can't compare with this magnificent Oriental Museum." The lobby of the park is decorated with countless mahogany furniture and displays many rare cultural relics at home and abroad. Garden Hanyuan Pavilion is one of the four royal libraries in China. ?
Books and classics
Yuanmingyuan is rich in books and cultural relics. Now, just a few examples are given. Wen Yuan Pavilion is a library building modeled after Ningbo Fantianyi Pavilion. It is one of the four famous royal pavilions in the north, which was built in Qianlong for forty years. In the pavilion are the Sikuquanshu ordered by Qianlong and the Integration of Ancient and Modern Books compiled by Kangxi.
Sikuquanshu is the largest comprehensive series in ancient China, with more than 3,400 kinds of books, nearly 80,000 volumes and more than 36,000 volumes. Due to the voluminous articles in the book, the most important one at that time was selected and compiled into the Summary of Sikuquanshu, with a total volume of 12000.
The manuscript of Yao Hui is divided into two parts, one is in the algae hall of the Forbidden City, and the other is in the "tasting room" of the East Wing of Changchun Garden. In addition, there is a famous Wenxuan in Hanjingtang-Chunhua Xuan, which was specially built to collect the manuscripts of the famous French post "Chunhua Pavilion Post". Ge Tie was first copied in the third year of Chunhua in the Northern Song Dynasty (992), and included the calligraphy works of 99 people, including Wang Xizhi, Wang Xianzhi, Cang Xie, Yu Xia and Confucius. The Post is divided into ten volumes, which is the first large-scale cluster post in China, and is known as the ancestor of ten thousand posts.
During the Qianlong period, according to the Northern Song Dynasty's "Ge Tie Chu Tuo", this stone was carved with a hook after careful revision. It lasted for three years. In the spring of the thirty-seventh year of Qianlong (1772), about 24 cloisters in front of Chunhua Xuan were inlaid with 144 engravings. This is the famous "Gan Da Engraving Chunhua Pavilion Post".
Needless to say, during the theft of Yuanmingyuan, precious books and cultural relics such as Sikuquanshu, Quanquanyao, Integration of Ancient and Modern Books, and Chunhua Pavilion Post were not spared. This can reflect from one side that the imperialist invaders burned Yuanmingyuan, which caused great damage to human culture.
Extended data
Shi Sheng Yuanmingyuan
(a), a pivotal position. Yuanmingyuan consists of Yuanmingyuan, Changchun Garden and Qichun Garden, which are adjacent to each other. It is a large royal palace managed by countless skilled craftsmen for more than 50 years by the Five Emperors of Qing Dynasty/KLOC-0. It was founded in the 46th year of Qing Emperor Kangxi (1707). At first, Kangxi gave this garden to Yin Zhen, the fourth son of the emperor (Yongzheng).
After Yongzheng acceded to the throne, Guangming Hall, Diligence Hall, Cabinet Duty Room, Sixth Department and Military Department were built in the south of the park. After 60 years in office, Qianlong continued to build and rebuild Yuanmingyuan, but also built Changchun Garden in the east and merged into Qichun Garden in the southeast. In the thirty-five years of Qianlong (1770), the pattern of Yuanming three gardens was basically formed.
During the Jiaqing period, Qichun Garden became one of the main garden places after renovation and expansion. During the Daoguang period, state affairs declined and financial resources were insufficient. But later, the furnishings of Wanshou Mountain, Xiangshan Mountain and Yuquan Mountain were removed, and the hunting of Jehol Summer Resort and Mulan was stopped, but the reconstruction and decoration of Yuanming Three Gardens were not given up.
Yuanmingyuan is the place where the five emperors of the Qing Dynasty lived, lived and handled court affairs all the year round, that is, the so-called "court affairs", or "being an official, such as the inner court", which lasted for more than 30 years (1723 to 1860). In other words, the Qing Dynasty ruled China for 268 years, and the political power center of the whole country was actually composed of the Yuanmingyuan and the Forbidden City.
It is different from ouchi (Forbidden City) in the combination of palace and garden. It is an ideal place for feudal emperors to "avoid noise and listen to politics" and "enjoy happiness and peace of mind", forming a unique system of imperial residence, official performance, park ban management, military protection and treasury. The Qing emperor lived in the garden for more than half a year, held a meeting in the garden to handle political affairs, and set up offices of government departments such as the cabinet, six ministries and military departments, which became the center of feudal dynasty rule.
Yuanmingyuan was once famous for its grand geographical scale, outstanding gardening art, exquisite architectural scenery, rich cultural collection and outstanding political status. It is known as the "Garden of Ten Thousand Gardens" and occupies an important position in the history of world gardens. Emperor Qianlong praised it as "a grand scale, high mountains and deep valleys, beautiful landscapes and flowers, elegant high-rise buildings, which can also be called a scene."
There is nothing bigger than this, the land of heaven and earth, the place where emperors travel. Hugo, a great French writer, called Yuanmingyuan and the Parthenon in Athens the representatives of eastern and western art respectively, praising Yuanmingyuan as "not only a unique and unparalleled masterpiece, but also a lofty model of fantasy art".
A British chaplain who once saw the scenery of Yuanmingyuan wrote: "You must have talented people such as poets, painters, historians, art appraisers and China scholars to describe the scenery vividly." From these descriptions, it is not difficult to imagine the splendor and beauty of Yuanmingyuan.
(2) live in the royal garden. The Qing emperor lived in Yuanmingyuan for many years. They usually move from the Forbidden City before the Lantern Festival in the first month. At that time, the Empress Dowager, Empress Concubine, Prince and Princess will all go with her. After the winter, the emperor moved back to ouchi from Yuanmingyuan, which was also a "palace to follow as soon as possible".
This twice-yearly great migration was generally called "Great Migration" at that time. But most of the year is spent in Yuanmingyuan. For example, Yongzheng spent more than ten years of imperial life in Yuanmingyuan, except for staying in the Forbidden City for dozens of days in winter, mainly living in Yuanmingyuan.
In the 11th year of Yongzheng (1733), Yin Zhen lived in Yuanmingyuan for 247 days, accounting for 70% of the total days. Gan Long has a wide range of activities, including the Forbidden City, summer resort, southern tour and eastern tour, and has lived in Yuanmingyuan for a long time. In the 21st year of Qianlong (1756), there was a leap month, and the whole year was ***384 days. Ganlong went out for a cruise and walked around to pay homage to the mausoleum for *** 109 days, and the rest lived in ouchi for 1 18 days and in Yuanmingyuan for 158 days.
After Jiaqing, emperors lived in Yuanmingyuan for a longer time, especially Daoguang Emperor, who lived in Yuanmingyuan for nearly 300 days every year. Twenty-four years of Daoguang (1844), ***347 days. Daoguang Emperor lived in Yuanmingyuan for 274 days, only 73 days in the palace, and lived in the garden for 80% of the year. Before the winter solstice, Daoguang returned to the Palace with the Empress Dowager and returned to Yuanmingyuan on the ninth day of the first month of the following year. It is not difficult to see how long the royal family lived in Yuanmingyuan.
Yuanmingyuan is a place for the royal family of Qing Dynasty to entertain themselves. Members of the royal family can go boating in rivers and lakes, watch dragon boat races and river lanterns, and enjoy the ice bed in Fuhai. Reading in a library like Wen Yuan Pavilion, watching opera on a stage like Tong Yuan Park, and enjoying the Lantern Festival fireworks show at high altitude; Indulge in the amorous feelings of the simulated market in the trading street.
Appreciate the scenery of agriculture, mulberry, township and water town in Beiyuan mountain village and fertile land; Enjoy all kinds of western-style water methods in the west building; They can also burn incense, worship Buddha, climb the Range Rover, feast and chant. The royal family lived a luxurious life in the beautiful environment of Yuanmingyuan.
Sadly, due to the gradual decline of the Qing government and the invasion of western powers, this world-famous garden, which embodies the blood, sweat and wisdom of the people of China, was brutally plundered and burned by the British and French allied forces in the tenth year of Xianfeng, that is,1June 860. 40 years later 1900, Eight-Nation Alliance invaded Beijing, and the remaining buildings in the park were once again destroyed by bureaucrats, local ruffians, profiteers and warlords. Since then, the famous Yuanmingyuan Garden has gradually become a ruin.
Baidu encyclopedia-Yuanmingyuan
Yuanmingyuan Ruins Park-Historical Overview of Yuanmingyuan