In the 13th year of Jiading in the Southern Song Dynasty (1220), it was given to Ming Dynasty, and in the first year of Chunyou in Song Lizong (124 1), it became an official worship of Confucius Temple. Nine years of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty (1530)
I read a lot of books when I was young, and I was quite determined to become an official, but with the encouragement of Fan Zhongyan, I devoted myself to academic research. In and out of Buddhism, I finally formed my own unique Confucianism.
Hengqu advocated "practical learning" all his life, emphasizing practical application, with a wide range of research, and made unique achievements in natural sciences such as astronomy and calendar, agriculture, military affairs and politics. Different from Cheng's "Luo Xue", Hengqu believes that the "origin" of the world is "qi" rather than "reason". Through the concept of "Qi", Zhang Zai constructed a unique philosophical system of "monism". Feng Youlan commented that it was a great original contribution of Zhang Zai to China's philosophy.
The philosophy of Hengqu started from the sky and the interpretation of Yi Zhuan, indicating that the ontology of the universe is "Qi". Qi's original state is "Tai Chi". Because Qi has the opposite nature of Yin and Yang, it is always in motion. The accumulation of qi leads to everything, while the dispersion of qi leads to tai chi. From this, Hengqu draws the conclusion that "everything is the same". In Zheng Menggan's Essays, he regards the universe as a big family, and people should be close to the same kind and everything. He said: "people are like my compatriots, and things are my own."
His academic thoughts played an important role in the history of China's ideological and cultural development, and had a great influence on the later ideological circles. His works have always been regarded as one of the representatives of philosophy in Ming and Qing Dynasties, and they are required books for imperial examinations.
About Zhang Zai Ancestral Temple and Zhang Zai Tomb
Zhangzai Ancestral Temple, also known as Zhangzi Temple, is located in Hengqu Town, 26 kilometers east of Meixian County, Baoji City, Shaanxi Province. It is adjacent to Taibai Mountain National Forest Park in the south, Famen Temple in the north, Louguantai in the east and Zhuge Liang Temple, Diaoyutai Temple, Zhougong Temple and Jintaiguan in the west. It is the place where Zhang Zai, a famous thinker, philosopher, educator and Guan Xue leader in the Northern Song Dynasty gave lectures, and it is a provincial-level key cultural relics protection unit announced by the people of Shaanxi Province. Zhang Zai's ancestral hall, formerly known as Chongshouyuan, studied here when he was young, and has been giving lectures here since he lived in seclusion in his later years. After his death, in order to commemorate him, people renamed Chongshou Academy Hengqu Academy. During Zhenyuan period of Yuan Dynasty (1295), Zhang Zai's ancestral hall was built on the former site of Hengqu Academy, and it was restored 14 times in history. In the third year of Taiding in Yuan Dynasty (1326), Hengqu Academy was restored in Zhangzai ancestral hall, forming a pattern of "Academy in front of ancestral hall". 1990, Shaanxi Provincial Cultural Relics Bureau officially approved the restoration project of Zhangzai ancestral hall, and now the restoration and painting projects of the main hall, lecture hall (II) and mountain gate have been completed. The whole building is mainly in the form of Song-style antique, which has the architectural characteristics of Qing Dynasty. 1998, the people of Meixian county * * * decided to relocate the hospital and local tax office in Hengqu area, so far, the historical scale of Zhangzai ancestral hall was basically restored (15 mu). The temple has the memorial tablet of Emperor Kangxi in Qing Dynasty and the pen container, seal and inkstone of Hengqu Academy. There are more than 50 stone tablets left by scholars since the Northern Song Dynasty, and an exhibition of thoughts and culture of Zhang Zai and Guan Xue was held in the lecture hall. There are carved statues in the hall, and 60-meter-long huge murals have been drawn. It is particularly worth mentioning that the seven thousand-year-old pine trees standing in the temple have stood proudly after the wind and frost, which has become a witness of history. In Qing Dynasty, Wang Xiangxian, a juren from Meixian County, wrote a poem praising: "Clouds meditate and live in seclusion, and paddy fields can catch up with the past economy." According to the plan, a stele gallery, a learning hall, an intensive lecture hall, a Meixian Museum showroom and a bell and drum tower will be built. At the same time, the established Shaanxi Guan Xue Research Center, xi 'an Social Science Training College Meixian Training Department, Hengqu Academy and other institutions have started to operate. In the near future, Zhang Zai's ancestral hall will become an international research center for related research and a famous cultural tourism destination.
Zhangzai Tomb is located in the ancient town of Gumihuling, 7 kilometers south of Zhangzai Ancestral Hall, covering an area of 87.2 mu. It is the burial place of Zhang Zai, his father Johnny and his brother Zhang Jian, and is a key cultural relic protection unit in Shaanxi Province. Zhang Zai's tomb lasted 952 years from the second year of Song Dynasty (1033) to 1985, and was renovated and afforested five times. 1998 invested 60,000 yuan to renovate the tomb area, built tombs, added incense burners, offered tables, and built monuments and sacrificial platforms. At present, the secondary road leading to Zhang Zai's tomb has been completed. According to the plan of the Provincial Cultural Relics Bureau, Zhang Zai's tomb will be expanded by more than 50 mu, and at the same time, mountain gates, stone bridges, temples and wing rooms will be built.
Zhang Zai founded Guan Xue, a maverick, and set up a tall monument in the history of China philosophy, which has great influence at home and abroad. In recent years, many experts and scholars from France, Germany, Japan, South Korea and the United States have come to Zhangzai Ancestral Hall to pay homage to the sages and visit the real world for research, not far from Wan Li. 1September, 1999, Zhang Zai's International Symposium on Guan Xue and Practical Learning was held in Zhang Zi's hometown. More than 120 experts and scholars from home and abroad gathered in Taibai Mountain to attend a historic event. It can really be said that "Zhang is famous all over the world, bearing thousands of generations."
Read the following article and answer the following questions: 1. The first sentence: people's understanding of heaven and earth, that is, their own culture, can also be said to be self-knowledge of heaven and earth, is to "establish a heart" for heaven and earth.
The second sentence: Confucianism is integrated inside and outside, heaven and man are integrated, conform to nature and strive for self-improvement. The third sentence: "Never forget the past" is not a continuation of China's general academic system, but a continuation of the Confucian academic system.
The fourth sentence: "eternal peace", the supreme ruler should be a person who has the virtue of a saint and realizes kingliness. 2。
Reference: ① Metaphor highlights the significance of human beings to nature. Without human beings, nature will be as dark as night in the long history. (2) Reveals the relationship between man and nature, and emphasizes that man should recognize his role and function in nature and treat everything in the world with human heart and humanized eyes.
1. Investigate the ability of summarizing text paragraphs and extracting main information. 2. Investigate the ability to understand the meaning of key sentences in the text, and combine the following and the author's point of view to understand.
3. After reading the four sentences of Hengqu, before the founding of New China, Feng Youlan hung four famous sayings of Zhang Zai on one wall of B's elegant living room, "Make a heart for heaven and earth, make a life for the people, carry forward the past and learn from others, and be peaceful for all generations".
Mr. Feng likes to refer to it as "four sentences of horizontal canal" for short. This shows that Mr. Feng, as the host, has a special liking for the "four sentences of the horizontal canal", worships it infinitely, and deliberately wants to share it with the guests.
Feng Youlan lived for 95 years. According to statistics, he is the third longevity philosopher in the history of China's philosophy.
From 19 15 when he was admitted to the philosophy department of Peking University to study philosophy, to his death in 19901month, he had been dealing with philosophy for 75 years. In the long three-quarters of a century, he repeatedly talked about Zhang Zai's philosophy in many great books he wrote.
The most important thing he said about Zhang Zai's philosophy is nothing more than this "four sentences in a horizontal canal". Feng Youlan pointed out that the language of Four Sentences of Hengqu is different.
However, in his recent thoughts, edited by Zhu, he thinks that from the perspective of justice, we should "stand for the world, for the people, for the past and the future, and for peace in the world."
4. How to understand the Four Sentences of Hengqu written by Zhang Zai, a great scholar in the Northern Song Dynasty? Zhang Zai (known as Mr. Hengqu), a great scholar in the Northern Song Dynasty, said in "Zhang Zi's Quotations": "Make a heart for heaven and earth, make a life for the people, carry forward the past and forge ahead into the future, and create a peaceful future for all generations."
These four famous sayings can best illustrate the mind of Confucianism, and also illustrate the consciousness and belief of Confucianism. So, how to understand the popular "four sentences of horizontal canal" in past dynasties? (1) dedicated to heaven and earth.
It refers to the establishment of a set of spiritual value system with morality and ethics such as "benevolence" and "filial piety" as the core for the society. Heaven and earth are unintentional, and the natural popularization of the virtue of life has no intention of giving birth to such a vast world.
Unintentionally, it is people's kind attention to the virtue of heaven and earth. Through this kind of attention, the experience of biochemical things in heaven and earth will be highlighted. (2) Make a living for the people.
"Destiny" refers to people, and "destiny" refers to people's fate. This involves the problem of "settling down" that Confucianism has been paying attention to.
With the way of "settling down and living", "ordinary people don't know their daily needs", but it can be subtle. Coupled with the ethical and political facilities, the life of strangers has been followed, so that they can protect their own lives and settle their own lives. This is "nature for strangers". (3) Lessons from the past.
"Most Holy" refers to the saints in history. The so-called saints in Confucianism actually refer to personality models and spiritual leaders.
The study of Confucian saints, from the Han Dynasty to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, failed to continue the learning vein of pre-Qin Confucianism. In the late Tang and Five Dynasties, the flower of Chinese culture shrank and degenerated to the extreme.
In the early Northern Song Dynasty, China could not find a spiritual leader who could do it. It was not until the appearance of Neo-Confucianism that the metaphysical wisdom of pre-Qin Confucianism was revived, the life theory of Heaven (meaning of mind and nature) was revived, and the teaching of inner virtue was re-displayed, thus regaining the leadership of the Chinese national spirit from Buddhism.
(4) Create peace for all generations. Confucianism takes "the inner sage as the essence and the outer king as the role".
The great function is to make peace and prosperity. This is what makes Zhang Zai different.
Zhang Zai is not limited to the current "Taiping" order, but looks forward to the "Taiping" inheritance of "eternal life" with a far-reaching vision. .
5. What four sentences do you mean by "four sentences in a horizontal canal", that is, "to establish heaven and earth, to establish a way for people, to remember the past and to sum up all generations", which is a famous saying of Zhang Zai, a Confucian in the Northern Song Dynasty, and Feng Youlan called it "four sentences in a horizontal canal".
Because of its conciseness, it has always been praised by people. "Four Sentences of Hengqu" contains the following meanings: 1. "Having the heart of heaven and earth" means that people are born with the heart of a benevolent person who loves others and the heart of a sage who is a grand duke.
In fact, compassion is the heart that can't bear others, which is what Confucius said, "Don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you", which is the starting point of benevolence. In this way, Mr. Ma Yifu concluded: "Scholars should not seek benevolence with knowledge, and be kind and heartless, but should be based on the heart of heaven and earth. "
Second, "for the people's livelihood" directly comes from Mencius' thought of "life". "Mencius? As the saying goes, "He who does his best knows his nature. ".
If you know its nature, you will know its nature. Keep your heart and cultivate your nature, then things will be natural.
Long life, self-cultivation, so good fortune. "Through self-cultivation, if we can finally achieve such a state, no matter whether a person's life is long or short, we can maintain our sexual integrity, then the individual can be said to be settled down.
The "life for the people" marked by Zhang Zai is actually "life for the people, the life of my compatriots", and its life lies in teaching, and "cultivation is called teaching", which is the so-called. Third, "in order to go to the sanctuary", the person who "goes to the sanctuary" is the first Confucian represented by Confucius and Mencius; Juexue is Taoism advocated by Confucius and Mencius.
As far as Confucianism is concerned, Confucius is certainly a master, and the Song Dynasty masters such as Lian, Luo, Guan and Min pushed the development of Confucianism to a brand-new stage. Only Confucianism in Song Dynasty can truly carry forward Confucius and Mencius.
Fourthly, "opening the peace through the ages" expresses the eternal political ideal "opening" of pre-Confucianism, Song Confucianism, that is, expectation. Only by "making peace for the world" and realizing the cultural ideal described in Zhang Zai's Mingxi can ignorant modern people return to the honest spiritual home of mankind.
6. Writing a composition is a sentence of Zhang Hengqu, a great scholar in the Northern Song Dynasty, that is, to make a heart for the land, to make a life for the people, and to learn from the past to secure the world. Zhang Zai (1020- 1077), a native of Hengqu Town, Yanxian County, Fengxiang County (now Meixian County, Shaanxi Province), was a thinker, educator and one of the founders of Neo-Confucianism in the Northern Song Dynasty. Known as Mr. Hengqu in the world, Zhang Zi is honored as a saint, and he is thirty-eight in the west of Confucius Temple. His famous saying, "Make a heart for heaven and earth, be a man, link the past with the future, and create peace for all generations", was called "four sentences in a horizontal canal" by contemporary philosopher Feng Youlan. Because of its simplicity and grandeur, it has been praised by people throughout the ages.
These four sentences mean: to establish the heart of life for heaven and earth, to point out a way for the people, to inherit the knowledge that Confucius and Mencius and other sages have not inherited, and to open up the foundation of permanent peace for future generations.
The first sentence is "for heaven and earth". At present, the popular explanation is that heaven and earth are unintentional, people have hearts, and people's hearts are also "the hearts of heaven and earth"; "Keeping a heart of heaven and earth" means developing people's thinking ability and understanding natural things and laws. This is a misunderstanding. First of all, in ancient times, the word "heaven and earth" did not specifically refer to nature. There is a "three talents" universe model about heaven, earth and man in the Confucian classic Yi Zhuan, which shows that the ancients tend to regard heaven, earth and man as a whole. So "heaven and earth" is "between heaven and earth", including not only nature, but also individuals and human society. Zhang Zai also called the "heaven and earth" of social significance "the world". Secondly, Zhang Zai did not deny the existence of "the heart of heaven and earth". "The heart of heaven and earth" is a term in the Book of Changes. Zhang Zai, a famous Yi-ology scholar, thinks that "the heart of heaven and earth is just a creature." Obviously, in the sense that heaven and earth can generate everything, Zhang Zai affirmed that heaven and earth are intentional. The heart of life is inherent in heaven and earth, so there is no need for people to "stand up", otherwise their abilities will be unduly exaggerated. "Building the heart of heaven and earth" is actually to establish a spiritual value system with benevolence, filial piety and other moral ethics as the core for the society. In his book The Cave of Confucian Classics, Zhang Zai focused on the significance and methods of "establishing faith". If you turn a blind eye, your understanding of "Lixin" is easy to be guessed. In Zhang Zai's view, "establishing heart" is also the heart of "establishing righteousness", because justice "can make the world happy", so that "the world" (society) must generally accept moral values such as the principle of benevolence and filial piety. According to these data, the meaning of "making a heart for heaven and earth" is very clear, and its focus is not on epistemology, but on axiology.
The second sentence is "making a living for the people". "Destiny" refers to people, and "destiny" refers to people's fate. This involves the problem of "settling down" that Confucianism has been paying attention to. The history books say that Zhang Zai "enjoyed his life". The "fate" of "making a living for the people" mainly refers to people's fate. It has long been popular in history that people can only resign themselves to fate. However, Zhang Zai believes that as long as people make their own moral efforts, they can control their own destiny in spiritual value and give meaning to life. Therefore, "making a living for the people" means choosing the right destiny direction for the people and establishing the meaning of life.
The third sentence is "a lesson from the past." "Most Holy" refers to the saints in history. The so-called saints in Confucianism actually refer to personality models and spiritual leaders. "Juexue" refers to the interrupted academic tradition. Neo-Confucianism generally believes that the Confucian learning system has been extinct since Mencius and should be restored. Zhang Zai inherited "Juexue", but he did not copy his predecessors, but tried to innovate. There are many contents in his theory that are not contained in the Six Classics and are not stated by the former sanctuary.
The fourth sentence is "open peace for the world". Since Duke Zhou and Confucius, "peace" and "great harmony" have been social and political ideals. In the Northern Song Dynasty, politicians and thinkers represented by Fan Zhongyan and Li Gou all put forward the idea of "harmony". Zhang Zai is not limited to the current "Taiping" order, but looks forward to the "Taiping" inheritance of "eternal life" with a far-reaching vision, which is his outstanding point.
The understanding of "four for one sentence" cannot be separated from the founding background of the early Song Dynasty. The rulers of Zhao and Song Dynasties summed up the experience and lessons of the long-term division of the country and established the national policy of "building the country with Confucianism" in order to rebuild social order. In this policy environment, Neo-Confucianism in the Northern Song Dynasty, represented by Zhang Zai and others, is most concerned with laying an eternal spiritual foundation for the ideal order pursued by Confucianism, rather than understanding the "law of nature".
In a word, "four for one sentence" involves the spiritual value, life significance, academic inheritance and political ideal of society and people. We can translate Zhang Zai's "four for one sentence" into modern Chinese: rebuild the spiritual value for the society, establish the meaning of life for the people, inherit the lost academic system for the former saints, and open up the foundation of peace for all generations.