Tang zhangji
In full of green, a large area of water west of Jinjiang, litchi on the hillside ripens after rain.
There are many restaurants near Wan Li Bridge. Who do tourists like to stay in?
To annotate ...
This is a poem written by Zhang Ji when he visited Chengdu. The poem expresses the poet's longing for a quiet life by describing the scenery and people's feelings in the suburbs of Chengdu and the prosperity of the market. Because this poem is informal and straightforward, it is expressed by the word "Qu" in the standard Yuefu style.
Jinjiang is famous for its clear rivers and bright brocade. It flows through the southern suburbs of Chengdu, with Jiangnan as the township, Jiangbei as the urban area, and merchant ships in the river. This land is both prosperous and beautiful. The first two sentences of this poem show the beauty of the poet when he looks west along Jinjiang. At the beginning of the new rain, under the background of clear water and smoke, litchi is red and fragrant in the fields beside Shantouling. How charming this picturesque scenery is! These two sentences describe the prospect, the scenery is full of emotion and lasting appeal, such as beating notes and melodious melodies, which touch people's heartstrings. It says rural scenery, and the last two sentences arouse people's imagination of the bustling market because of the jump of "bridge" and "restaurant" Wan Li Bridge by Liu Guangzu: "One of the seven-star bridges outside the south gate of Luocheng is called Changxing Bridge. According to ancient and modern legends, Zhang, an envoy of the State of Wu, was sent to smell the bridge and said,' This water will go down to Wan Li and Yangzhou'. The bridge was later named after him. Or:' Fei Yi hired Wu, and Kong Ming sent him here, saying:' The road to Wan Li begins from now on' (Zhuge Liang Collection). This is the origin of the name of the bridge. The water under the bridge flows into the Minjiang River, flows to Yibin, joins the Jinsha River to form the Yangtze River, and flows eastward to Nanjing. There were many merchants and ships in the Tang Dynasty. "There are many restaurants near Wan Li Bridge. Who do tourists like to stay in? "Tang restaurant stay more guests. After reading these two sentences, people think that the "Wan Li Bridge" is far away from business and near Jia, with prosperous business and busy land and water; From "many restaurants" to tourists, business is booming. Finally, tourist, which restaurant do you choose to stay in? From the tone of asking people about themselves, people think of the hospitality that can be seen everywhere, the simple and sincere customs of every household, and one shop after another with unique flavor, each with its own attractive wine. Restaurants everywhere are good, but I don't know where to live.
Shen Deqian said: "Seven-character quatrains are mainly based on words close to feelings and contain words that are not revealed; Just look at the prospect, spoken language, and overtones, and the taste makes people stay away from it. " (Talking about Poetry) Every sentence in Zhang Ji's poem contains scenery, especially the last two sentences, which are similar to spoken language, but have far-reaching significance. After reading it, I feel alert and natural. Poets are good at grasping not only the general scenery full of characteristics, but also the most shining moment in their thoughts-"whose home do tourists like to stay?" In this way, you can make an article simple and cultivate a god of one sentence; The spirit of a sentence returns to the luck of an article. This is Zhang Ji's "seemingly extraordinary rise" style, and it is also the artistic charm of his poems with overtones, charm and far-reaching people's hearts.
2. Liangzhou Ci
Tang zhangji
Border town, geese fly low at dusk, asparagus gradually gathers.
Countless clocks have passed the cymbals, so you have to carry them to Anxi.
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Precautions:
From the sixth year of Zhenyuan in Tang Dezong (790) to the middle of the ninth century, all the border areas of Anxi and Liangzhou fell into the hands of Tubo, and the western section of the "Silk Road" was also occupied by Tubo. Zhang Ji expressed his anxiety and anger about frontier affairs in Liangzhou Ci.
At the beginning of the poem, the desolate and bleak atmosphere of the border town is written: "The geese in the border town fly low at dusk." At dusk, the border town is rainy, and geese fly low in the gloomy dusk rain instead of flying high in the clear sky, giving people a heavy sense of oppression, which symbolizes that the northwest border between China and the Tang Dynasty is not peaceful. The poet caught the scene of the swan goose flying low, which was meaningful and deliberately hidden. The vision is gloomy and gloomy. On the other hand, the close-up is full of vitality:
"Asparagus began to grow."
The reeds along the river sprout like bamboo shoots, sprouting branches and spitting leaves, vying for upward growth. The close-up is bright in color and in high spirits, which is in sharp contrast with the deep and low prospect. The scenery written in the above two sentences, one suppressed and one raised, one dark and one bright, set off each other and complement each other. The exuberant vitality of asparagus brings spring scenery to the desert land on the border.
I also saw people's activities:
"Countless bells are ringing."
Look! A long camel team walked through the desert, and the bells hanging around their necks kept shaking, making a loud and pleasant sound, giving people a sense of peace. The sound of the poet's hearing makes people produce a visual image of the camel team and arouse a feeling of yearning, thus connecting hearing, vision and consciousness with each other, and his writing is extremely ingenious and innovative. This is what aesthetics calls "synaesthesia". But in connection with the following sentence, this feeling suddenly changed.
Countless bells mean many camel caravans. Now they are heading for the distant desert. Where did they go? The poet can't help but miss the peaceful and prosperous scene of "always in Anxi and Wan Li" on the Silk Road. "You should practice in Anxi." In this warm season of "asparagus in full bloom", it should have been the best time for the silk caravan to "Wan Li to Anxi"! The implication is that the present Anxi prefecture is controlled by Tubo, the "Silk Road" has long been blocked, and the camel caravan has been unable to reach Anxi. The word "should" at the beginning of the sentence embodies what bitter and painful feelings!
This poem "Liangzhou Ci" depicts the scenery of the northwest frontier with strong colors. Just like a landscape oil painting, the structure of far and near scenery is clear and the contrast between light and shade is strong. The space on the screen is far away and the desert is vast. The center shows a slowly moving camel caravan, which concentrates the thoughts and feelings of poetry through the movement direction of the camel caravan, thus receiving the artistic effect of combining reality with reality.
(He Guozhi)
3. Wild old songs
Tang zhangji
The old farmer lives in the mountains and cultivates three or four acres of mountain fields.
Miao and Shu taxes can't be eaten, and the official warehouse is turned into soil.
At the end of the year, hoe the plow and close the empty room, shouting to climb the mountain and collect acorns.
The Xijiang River is full of pearls and pearls, and the dogs in the boat grow meat.
To annotate ...
Precautions:
Zhang Ji is one of the masters of the new Yuefu movement. "Elegant and elegant, never tasted empty words" (Bai Juyi's Reading Ancient Yuefu), the spirit of his Yuefu poems is similar to that of Yuan and Bai; The specific method is slightly different. Bai Juyi's satirical poems are often "exciting and qualitative", which are long and inevitably exhausted and exposed. Zhang Ji's Yuefu, such as this "Wild Old Songs", is different.
This * * * poem is very short, but its rhyme is changed repeatedly. Poetry can be divided into three layers according to the transformation of rhyme. The first four sentences come straight to the point, writing that Shan Nong has worked hard all the year round and can't eat. The word "poor old peasants live in the mountains, plowing three or four acres of farmland" and "mountain" emphasize that this is a mountain peasant (poem named "Shan Nong Ci"). Nothing grows on the mountain, crops are widely planted, and crops are thin. The harvest of "three or four acres" will not be much. The deep mountain is a farmer, but he is poor and wants to escape rent. However, after the Anshi Rebellion, the Tang Dynasty was in an eventful autumn, with financial difficulties and feudal exploitation everywhere. No matter how deep the mountain is, there should be no plan to avoid the levy. "Sparse seedlings" means less harvest, less harvest and more taxes, which will inevitably lead to the unreasonable phenomenon of not letting workers eat. If we only write about the general fact that grain "went into the official warehouse", the depth is not enough, and the writing of the word "turned into soil" reveals a shocking social reality. On the one hand, the old peasants are cattle and horses all year round, so that the land can grow food; On the one hand, bureaucrats get something for nothing, and they easily "turn the war into friendship", which actually constitutes a sharp contrast. Fortunately, it not only shows the pain of the old farmer being deprived, but also shows the pain of seeing his hard work trampled on. Therefore, although only telling the facts, the language is extremely simple and painful to read, and every word is blood and tears.
It is still Chen Qi's business to write five or six sentences that the old farmer had to pick wild fruits to satisfy his hunger because of his livelihood: "At the end of the year, hoe the plow to leave an empty room and call acorns to climb the mountain." However, this is a thought-provoking fact: after working hard for a year, I won an "empty room"-nothing, which really makes people "how can I die?" In winter, farm tools that have worked hard for a year can rest against the wall, but those that have worked hard for a year can't rest. The grain is hard to harvest, but the acorns are harvested. The connotation of the two sentences is not exhausted. The word "Hu Er climbs the mountain" means that the old farmer is old and weak, and he wants his sons to go out together and pick wild fruits on the mountain. Acorn is an oak tree, which looks like chestnuts and can satisfy hunger. Writing "Tiger Picking Acorns on the Mountain" does have the flavor of living in the mountains, which reminds people of Du Fu's famous sentence "Picking Acorns with Snipers at the Age of 20, Living in a Deep Valley in Cold Dusk" ("Seven Songs in Tonggu County, Gan Yuan"). It is difficult to write without life experience and in-depth observation of life.
Before the old farmer's words were finished, the last two sentences were a slap in the face, which led to the sentence "Xijiang Jiake". The waters of Guangxi, Guizhou and Chongqing meet in Cangwu County, Guangxi, and flow eastward to Xijiang, also known as Shangjiang. "Xijiang Jiake" refers to a businessman engaged in jewelry business in Guangxi, so the poem says "Zhu Baihu". Its location and its people seem to have nothing to do with Shan Nong's wildness, and there is no narrative language in the poem, which is extremely jumping. However, on the one hand, the youngest climber is extremely poor to pick wild fruits; On the one hand, "dogs eat meat on the boat" is extremely extravagant and constitutes a sharp contrast. People are inferior to dogs, which reveals a very unreasonable social phenomenon. Dogs kept on boats are different from hounds and domestic dogs. They are simply full and idle all day, and this image itself can also cause meaningful associations. At the end of the author's poem "The Joy of Estimating Customers", there is a phrase "No matter how heavy the farmers are, they would rather give up selling treasures", but the technique is similar to this, but it has lyrical elements, and this poem doesn't even have such a literal meaning, so it is more implicit.
The whole poem seems to be practical, just like an unfinished story, which is completely contrary to the practice of "dying to show one's will", but it is thought-provoking. The poet's ideological tendency is very clear and the practical significance is extremely profound. Its main technology lies in the contrast of images. There are two kinds of contrast in the poem, the former is more subtle, the latter is more obvious, and the application is varied. The choice of the image of the old man, especially the cruelty of feudal exploitation and the irrationality of the world, is typically short in length and rhymes repeatedly, giving people a lively and round impression; Even if the language is approachable, it has the advantages of white poetry.
(Zhou Xiaotian)
4. Side-blown porcelain and filler
Tang zhangji
In autumn snow, the general is far away. Divide the battalion commander to remember the fire, release the horse and not collect the flag.
The moon is cold and wet, and the sand is faint at night. Everyone is bald, and no one looks at Hu Shi.
source
Full Tang Poetry: Volume 18_26