Li Ling (? ~ 74 BC), the word Shao Qing, was born in Ji Cheng, Longxi (now south of Jingning County, Shaanxi Province, central and western China), and was a famous player in the Western Han Dynasty (206 BC ~ 8 AD). When he grew up, Li Ling became an officer in the Royal Guard. She is good at horseback riding and archery, and she is very concerned about soldiers.
In 99 BC, Li Ling was ordered to fight back against Xiongnu with general Li Guangli. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty originally wanted him to be in charge of logistics supply, but Li Ling insisted on going to the front to kill the enemy. He set out with 5000 archers and was besieged by tarquin. Li Ling surrounded the car as a cover, let the soldiers shoot arrows at the back and confront the Xiongnu soldiers.
Later, Li Ling retreated to a big swamp and the Xiongnu soldiers set fire to it. Li Ling ordered the soldiers to set fire to the reed first, and when the enemy set fire to it, the reed would automatically go out. This is really a clever way.
There was an argument between Li Ling's men, and one person was insulted and surrendered to the Huns angrily. After he surrendered, he also told the Huns the secret of Li Ling, that is, Li Ling's arrows were almost used up, and there were not many soldiers who could fight. When the Huns knew about it, they stepped up their attack.
Li Ling was hunted by Xiongnu when she broke through at night. Finally, she had no choice but to surrender to the Huns. Although Li Ling was defeated, his army killed more than 10,000 enemies.
Xiongnu leaders were very kind to Li Ling, admired him, admired the military talents of his ancestors, and married his daughter to him. Later, Li Ling died in Xiongnu.
2。 After many battles, the general fell to Sun Shan —— Talking about Li Ling with blood and tears.
The name Li Ling was first known through the story of Yang Jiajiang. According to the old novelist, after Yang Ye was captured, he was indomitable and hit "Li Lingbei" with his head and died. This is a sharp contrast: loyal subjects and traitors, "standing to die" and "kneeling to live", and the moral judgment is self-evident.
Later, when I learned more, I began to feel confused about this vivid moral judgment, and then I felt indignant-I wasn't aiming at the tragic death of Yang Ye, he was good, I was aiming at those who asked him to play "Li Lingbei" (in fact, Yang Ye died of hunger strike). Why did they fabricate this conspiracy? Humiliate Li Ling? Do they match?
This story was either made up by the Song people or by the Ming people-both of them were cruel at home and lost their heads abroad. How can they feel so good about themselves and be responsible for evaluating historical figures? Do they do this because they have mastered the ultimate truth, or are they looking for ways for their own futility?
Let's dream back to the Han Dynasty, an era that later corrupt literati could not imagine and dream. This is a vigorous and simple era, a passionate and tragic era. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, great talent and great ambition; There is Sima Qian, majestic and vigorous, who bears the burden of humiliation; Li Ling, a man with a strong man's broken wrist. ...
Li Ling is the son of Guan Men, and his grandfather is "General Fei" Li Guang. Li is a famous military family in Longxi. He was born in a frontier fortress and was good at riding and shooting. He won the heart of foot soldiers and was feared by Huns.
But this family is really getting worse from generation to generation: Li Guang was born at a bad time (Emperor Wen once told him himself: If he lived in the era of Emperor Gaozu, Wan Huhou would be a cinch. ), high-hearted, since the beginning of more than 70 wars, there is no size to seal Hou, but angry and Wei Qing committed suicide.
Guangsanzi: Danghu (this strange name comes from a senior official position of Xiongnu, perhaps Li Guang used it to record some kind of military exploits), Jiao and Gan are both young talents in their prime. But Hu and Jiao lived too short and both died before Li Guang. Only Li Gan, "from a general in title of generals in ancient times with a captain, attacked Zuoxian County, Hu Jinquan, and fought vigorously, captured the flag and drum of Zuoxian, beheaded many people, and gave him the title of Commissioner, 200 hotels and widely served as a doctor." Later, Li Gan wounded general Wei Qing because of his father's death. May be out of guilt, Wei Qing ate this YaBaKui. But not long after, when Li Gan accompanied Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty to hunt in Ganquan Palace, he was shot dead by his old superior and general of a title of generals in ancient times Huo Qubing (nephew of Wei Qing). Huo Qubing was in hot demand at this time, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty covered it up, claiming that Li Gan was killed by a deer, so the charge of killing ministers at will went away. His son Yu is also very brave. He once stabbed a tiger to death with a sword, and was later executed for his involvement in the Liling incident.
Shao Qing, the word of Li Ling, is a posthumous child of this family. Li Ling inherited the excellent qualities of this military family. "Good riding and shooting, love, self-effacing corporal, is very famous. Emperor Wu thought there was a wide wind. " But the bad luck of this family has not let him go.
1999, due to diplomatic failure, the war between Han Dynasty and Xiongnu was reopened. The Second Normal University sent Li Guang 30,000 cavalry from Jiuquan County to attack Tianshan Mountain, the base of Xiongnu Right Wang Xian, killing and injuring more than 10,000 people. However, on the way to transfer troops, they were chased by Xiongnu reinforcements, and the Second Division Corps was surrounded for several days, lacking food, and the breakthrough was invalid. The casualties were almost wiped out. Fortunately, the fake Sima Zhao Chongguo (who later became the most outstanding general of Hanzhong Ye) led 100 fighters to launch a suicide attack on the Xiongnu iron drum array, and finally opened a gap, and the Second Division Corps was able to break through and escape.
In this battle, 67/ 10 of the second division was killed and Zhao Chongguo was injured more than 20 times. Li Guangli reported the result, and Liu Che summoned Zhao Chongguo to personally check the injury, sighing and promoting him to captain.
Obviously, this battle of winning first and losing later could not satisfy the jubilant Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, so Gong, the general of Paixi County (southwest of Zhungeer Banner in Inner Mongolia), joined forces in Shentu Mountain with a strong crossbow and a captain, Lu Bode, and found nothing.
At that time, Li Ling was an officer. He was always famous for being good at bowing and loving his subordinates. He was ordered to lead 800 cavalry to scout the terrain in more than two thousand miles of Xiongnu. Therefore, he was appointed as the riding captain by Liu Che, in charge of the 5,000 soldiers in Danyang County and Chu State. Garrison in Jiuquan and Zhangye, prepare troops and guard the Xiongnu in the north. When Li Guangli was attacked by the Second Normal University, Liu Che called Li Ling to Chang 'an and ordered him to protect the logistics supply route of the Second Division Corps.
However, Li Ling kowtowed and asked to go to war. In the past, he took part in several military operations, but as a backup, he failed to confront the Huns head-on. This must remind him of what happened to his grandfather Li Guang. His long-cherished wish to contribute to the country and revive the family is impossible to realize. He said: "The officers and men I led are all warriors, wizards and swordsmen in Jingchu area. They are brave enough to strangle tigers and shoot arrows with every shot. I am willing to become an independent army into the battlefield, distract the Huns and cooperate with the Second Division Corps. " At this time, Liu Che obviously doted on Li Ling. He said, "All generals like independence! Don't you want to be a subordinate of others? There are too many troops mobilized this time, and there is no horse for you. " Li Ling said, "I don't need a horse. I am willing to defeat the masses with less and crush Wang Ting Khan with 5,000 infantry. "
Liu Che was very moved by this ambitious answer, so he sent a letter to the captain of the crossbow, Road Bode, ordering him to be Li Ling's backup and be responsible for receiving cover. Lu Bode was ashamed to be Li Ling's assistant (Lu Bode was a general of Fu Bo, and he didn't want to give in to this rising star of the new generation), so he reported: "Now it's autumn, and the Xiongnu khanate is gaining weight. It is the time when the troops are the strongest, and it is not appropriate to attack. Please ask Li Ling to stop for a while and start work at the same time next spring. "
Liu Che's suspicious old habits have broken out again. He suspected that Li Ling had suddenly become timid and repented, and instigated Lu Bode to speak for him, which made him very angry. He ordered Lü bode to meet Gongsun Ao Corps from Xihe County, and ordered Li Ling to set out in September to search for the Xiongnu in Longleshui, the southern foot of Jishan Mountain in Dong Jun (now Altai Mountain in Mongolia). If there is no sign of the enemy, he will retreat to the surrendered city to rest.
The suspicion of leaders, the lack of reinforcements, going deep alone, and the lack of horses all cast an ominous shadow on this expedition.
Li Ling led his 5,000 infantry from Juyan to the north as planned. Thirty days later, he arrived in Jishan, Jin Dong, camped, drew the mountains and rivers he saw along the way into a military map, and sent cavalry Chen Bule to report to Chang 'an first. Liu Che called Chen Buller, saying that Li Ling could be killed. Liu Che was very happy and appointed Chen Buller as the court bodyguard (Lang).
However, at this time, the situation ahead changed suddenly. The Xiongnu Khan's 30,000-strong army has surrounded Li Ling. In the face of the encirclement of the superior enemy, Li Ling did not panic. He assembled his troops between the two mountains, formed a traffic queue with trucks carrying grain, and deployed them left and right, and led his elite to array outside the traffic queue to meet the enemy. Soldiers in the front row are armed with shields and halberds, and archers lie in ambush in the back row. Command: "smell the drums and enter, smell the gold and retreat." Seeing the small number of Han troops, the Xiongnu Corps rushed over, and the soldiers in the front row fought hand-to-hand and then retreated to the trenches. When the Xiongnu pursued, the rear row of troops suddenly shot arrows, and the Xiongnu soldiers fell to the ground with heavy casualties, so they quickly withdrew their troops and returned to the mountains. Li Ling's army attacked and killed thousands of people.
Khan was frightened and immediately gathered reinforcements from the east and west, with more than 80 thousand people, and then launched an attack. Due to the disparity in weight, Li Ling had to fight and retreat to the south. However, the lack of war horses and poor mobility have made this strong team suffer enough. No matter how tough and brave his infantry is, he can't get rid of the pursuit of cavalry. Every step forward, the soldiers will fight bloody battles, but tarquin's wings will spread, and the Liling Corps will soon be caught in the middle.
After several days of hard fighting, the troops suffered heavy casualties. Li Ling ordered: "Soldiers who have been injured more than three times can take the bus. Injured as a driver more than twice. Continue to fight once you are injured. " Even so, he led the broken division to counterattack again, beheading more than 3,000 Xiongnu soldiers and successfully breaking through. Then turn to the southeast, follow the old road to Longcheng, and walk for four or five days to a swamp with lush reeds and lush grass. Xiongnu Corps set fire to the wind, but Li Ling first set fire to a passage and continued south. At this time, in the hilly area, Xiongnu Khan looked out at Nanshan and ordered the prince to lead the cavalry to attack. Li Lingjun retreated into the Woods and fought hard in the Woods, killing thousands of Huns. Seeing that Khan was commanding from a distance in the mountains, Li Ling ordered a long-range shooting with a crossbow, and the arrows rained down, so Khan hurried down the mountain to escape.
Khan was shocked, he never imagined that his elite superior cavalry, struggling for several days, suffered heavy casualties, and could not take a small Han strategist. Moreover, I have doubts: this army has been fighting until now, but it is still in a state of chaos and high morale. Are you ready? He suspected that this was a trap of the Han dynasty, and with the illusion of fighting alone, he lured the Huns to pursue south, approached the frontier fortress and entered the ambush circle of the Han army. He even wants to give up this hard bone that he can't swallow. However, his subordinates opposed it together and shouted: "Khan led tens of thousands of troops. If you can't finish eating thousands of China soldiers, how can you command the country in the future and how can the Han Dynasty not despise the Huns? " If you can't win in the valley Woods, you will enter the flat land forty or fifty miles ahead. If you can't win again, it's not too late. "
At this time, the situation in Li Lingjun became more and more sinister, and the Xiongnu relied on the absolute superior forces and repeatedly attacked. However, after paying the price of more than 2,000 casualties, the Huns really put all their eggs in one basket: in order to annihilate these thousands of Han troops, they have suffered more than 10,000 casualties, and the territory of the Han State is close at hand. Is God really on the side of the Han people?
However, at this time, Li Ling's military commander dared to go to Xiongnu because he was bullied by a captain, and told the truth about Li Ling's predicament: "Li Ling has no backup, no ambush in front, and no arrows are empty. Only General Lee's security forces and a captain Hou Yannian (also the son of the gate, his father Han was killed in South Vietnam, and his son was named Hou by Liang Wudi, and a captain went out with Li Ling) were armed to the teeth and acted as pioneers. They use yellow flags and white flags respectively, and if they shoot with elite cavalry, they can break them. " Khan jumped up from his horse excitedly and ordered his soldiers to continue their attack.
Determined to capture the enemy generals alive, the Xiongnu Corps shouted: "Li Ling, Han Yannian, surrender quickly!" "The army crossed the Liling Corps, stopped retreating and launched a storm. Li Ling was trapped in the valley, and the Xiongnu Corps surrounded the top of the mountain, focusing on sending arrows to cover the sky. Li Lingjun broke through, then pushed south, and reached Lushan Mountain, surrounded by Xiongnu troops. Li Ling led the remnant army to the end in a bloody battle. 500,000 arrows were shot in one day, and they were all used up in the end. Then abandon the trench car. At this time, there were still 3,000 soldiers left, and the sword and gun had been broken, so the axle was cut off as a weapon, and the civilian staff retreated into the narrow valley with lettering pens and knives. The encirclement of Xiongnu Corps is getting smaller and smaller. Khan personally led the elite troops to cover Taniguchi and rolled down the boulder from the mountain, making a loud noise. The soldiers suffered heavy casualties and were unable to fight again.
At dusk, Li Ling changed into plain clothes and left the camp alone, telling the left and right not to follow-at this time, I can only hope to take personal risks and hijack Khan by luck. However, after observing the situation, Li Ling looked back and sighed, "We failed and died here." He looked up at the sky and sighed, "God! Oh, my god Give us dozens of arrows, and we can break through. Today, we have no weapons and arrows. When the enemy attacked at dawn, we had to do nothing. It is better to disband and flee separately, hoping that someone will escape and report back to the Han Dynasty. " Ordered to cut down all flags and bury valuable jewels in the ground, each soldier brought two liters of grain and a piece of ice (for drinking water), and agreed to go to the comrades who covered the obstacles first and wait for them to arrive later.
In the middle of the night, Li Ling ordered the drum to be played, but the drum was broken and no sound was made. Li Ling and Han Yannian mounted their horses and led more than ten strong men to break through the south. Thousands of people chase tarquin, and the dust covers the sky. Han Yannian died and Li Ling was captured. His men fled for their lives, and about 400 people fled to the frontier fortress. Li Lingjun was defeated only 100 miles from the frontier fortress.
Even today, we will still feel excited when we reread the defeat two thousand years ago. What we feel is not shame, but tragic, and we are proud of having such a brave and fearless ancestor who is glorious despite defeat. In our opinion, this earth-shattering and weeping battle is comparable to the Spartans' "Hot Spring Pass Campaign". Those soldiers who fought bloody battles were not sinners, but heroes.
Why were the views so different at that time? Why is the commander who led such a battle punished by "genocide"? Did people at that time have no basic conscience and basic judgment?
Is the record of the war itself untrue? The above records are quoted from Hanshu, but the materials are likely to come from Sima Qian (in the book of reporting Ren An, Tai Shigong's description of this war is very similar to the later Hanshu). We know that Sima Qian was humiliated by "castration" because of the disaster of Liling. Is his record unreliable? This is Wang Fuzhi's point of view, so he rebuked Sima Qian: Li Ling was defeated, and he tried his best to excuse himself out of personal relationship; After being punished, he still did not think about repentance, and turned black and white in his book to set an evaluation for traitors.
Wang Fuzhi has experienced the pain of national subjugation, and it is understandable that he bears a grudge against foreigners and those who surrender to them. Perhaps in his view, Li Ling and the great traitor Wu Sangui are tarred with the same brush. But his accusation simply doesn't hold water. Sima Qian has explained that he has no friendship with Li Ling, but he has a good impression on this man and does not believe that he will betray him. Besides, Sima Qian was convicted for this, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was in power. He never dared to make up a war situation to excuse Li. Although Li Ling's army was completely annihilated, there were still more than 400 people returning from the breakthrough, and there was no possibility of "collusion". If Sima Qian's account of the war is inconsistent with the accounts of these witnesses, it must be a catastrophe.
The real reason is that the vanity of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was hit. He had expected his brother-in-law Li Guangli to make great contributions and make a long face for him. After Li Guangli's defeat, he expected Li Ling's victory to cover up his shame. Li Ling was besieged, and he expected Li Ling to die in order to maintain his last dignity. So when he heard the news of Li Ling's surrender, he flew into a rage and questioned Chen Buller, who had already won ahead of schedule. Chen Bule was irrefutable at the moment and had to commit suicide.
If there are good people in the world, there will be nothing in the next life. Since the emperor thought that Li Ling should commit suicide, flattering ministers also agreed that Li Ling should commit suicide. Only Sima Qian said what Liu Che didn't want to hear-so he was in trouble:
"Li Ling loves soldiers very much, and he usually takes killing the enemy to serve the country as his greatest wish. Now he is unfortunately defeated, but some adults who didn't take any risks have talked about it and found fault with him, which makes people sad. With only 5,000 infantry, Li Ling went deep into the desert to fight against 80,000 cavalry, and fought for hundreds of miles. The arrow was fired, but he still fought back with a white blade. His men are not eccentric and have been famous since ancient times, but that's all. Although he was captured, he once defeated a strong enemy, which was enough to make him famous all over the world. Moreover, I believe that Li Ling's humiliation and surrender never came from his own heart. He must have other plans to serve the motherland. "
Liu Che was furious and put Sima Qian in prison. As a result of the joint trial by the judges, Sima Qian was sentenced to death for harboring traitors and committing perjury. Sima Qian's family finally got a ransom for him and became a second-class corruption-genital mutilation.
Corruption is painful, but humiliation is worse. Sima Qian tried to commit suicide several times, but he finally survived in a cruel fate to complete his magnum opus Historical Records, a magnum opus of150,000 words, which not only became the treasure of China history books, but also the biographical genre he created was regarded as the standard by later historians.
Here is a question: Why didn't Li Ling die or commit suicide like Han Yannian?
On the eve of the breakthrough, a military attache advised him: "The general is in awe of the Huns, and failure is the failure of fate. Even if he is caught, he can try to escape. Just like Hou Juye, who was captured by Lu in those days, later escaped and got the courtesy of the emperor, not to mention the general! " At that time, Li Ling's answer was decisive: "Stop it! If I don't die, I'm not really strong. " How tragic! Why does his words differ from his deeds? And before surrendering, he said, "I have no face to report to your majesty!" " What does this mean?
Later, Li Ling said in Answering Su Wu Shu: "I didn't die at that time, but I just planned to emulate my predecessors and make a difference. However, before the ambition was realized, the whole family was slaughtered by Liu Che, and the old mother was not spared. I beat my chest in the sky, and tears flowed out, followed by blood and tears. "
Answer: Sue Wu Shu is suspected of being falsely accused by later generations, so leave it alone. However, in the official history, Li Ling did have "although the mausoleum was afraid, it made Han's guilty mausoleum the mother's, which made the ambition of great humiliation close to the alliance of Cao Ke, and this mausoleum never forgot its old appearance." If his confession is true, Li Ling's experience is a tragedy in which a patient is misunderstood.
So, can we believe his confession (or records in history books)?
At the moment of being captured, we were not sure what he thought. In fact, to say the least, what if Li Ling is timid and covets life for a while?
Of course, this will affect our evaluation of him, and he will not necessarily be praised as a hero by future generations (the so-called hero is a person who overcomes human weakness and makes extraordinary choices). But even so, he didn't apologize to anyone: he didn't apologize to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty-he did his best for the country. I don't feel sorry for those soldiers who died heroically-he was captured after disbanding the army in a critical situation. At this time, he is no longer a commander, but just an equal with others. In other words, Li Ling's capture, whether misunderstood or not, should not be so severely punished.
At that time, the fate of soldiers was very tragic. Of course, victory can worship gods and ghosts, and the scenery is temporary, but once defeated, it will become a prisoner and even suffer from extinction. Zhou Yafu, Li Guang, Zhao Ponu, and even Li Guangli, who was favored by the "royal family", were all famous players with outstanding achievements, but once they were brilliant, they failed to keep their heads.
Even in the era of Emperor Wen, who was famous for his kindness, Feng Tang once said: "Your Majesty's statutes are too clear, rewards and punishments are too light, and penalties are too heavy." The soldiers "fought hard all day, cut off the captives, went to the Beijing shogunate, didn't answer a word, and hundreds of officials were brought to justice." Rewards really don't work, but the punishment that should be used must be used. By the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, this situation was even worse. The military law of Han Dynasty stipulated that "those who are afraid of cowardice will be beheaded", "those who are forced to be beheaded", "those who lose time will be beheaded" and "those who commit misconduct will be beheaded", and prisoners are also among the capital crimes. Li Guang escaped from imprisonment, was beheaded, was redeemed for Shu Ren and sent back to China. It was also unsuccessful after the opening. Finally, because of his "improper behavior" (it is difficult to understand that a veteran like Li Guang who has spent more than 70 wars in his life would make such a low-level mistake as "without a guide", so some people suspect that this was done by Wei Qing), he was also humiliated by pen and ink collectors. Even if Li Ling survives, I'm afraid it won't be condolences and flowers waiting for him. From this point of view, his "health" (whether or not he has the intention of "apologizing for meritorious service") has too much helplessness and difficulties.
From the perspective of modern people, soldiers not only don't have to commit suicide after ineffective resistance, but also shouldn't commit suicide-it is our right and responsibility to save our lives when we can't serve our country. Therefore, it is not a shame to be captured when they are exhausted and unable to return to heaven. They will still be welcomed and treated after returning home.
But in ancient China, this was not the case. "If you wear armor, you will die." This is the fate of China soldiers-they can only win but not lose; Once you fail, you can only die, not live. In fact, the ancients did not understand the truth that "people are precious", but this truth was not to the taste of monarchs-in the eyes of autocratic emperors, other people's lives were worthless.
There is a living example: during the Three Kingdoms period, the general of Wei was captured by Guan Yu and later sent back. Cao Pi warmly welcomed him and comforted Yu Ban with the allusion of Xun Fulin (a general of Jin State in the Spring and Autumn Period, defeated by Chu State, but still gained trust and finally defeated Chu Army), which moved Yu Ban to tears. But as soon as he turned his face, he played tricks to humiliate him and let him "die of shame and anger"-we can't help but ask: how did he die? Or that hypocritical and despicable xelloss?
The more such personal demands, the more cruel and unhelpful they are. When foreign countries such as Jin, Yuan and Qing invaded and the country was destroyed, there were always brave women who threw themselves into the fire. Reading these things always makes people feel complicated. On the one hand, these heroic acts make us admire; On the other hand, people can't help asking: What's the use of this heroic act? Why can't we get together for ten years, learn from each other for ten years and make a comeback? If this kind of behavior is out of good faith and later people resist, why don't you resist? And why is it that the more people die like this, the worse China will be? Have we misused courage, integrity and sacrifice?
After Li Ling was captured, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was awake for a while, but the remedy was whimsical: sending the Japanese general Gong Sun 'ao into the Xiongnu to help Li Ling escape-obviously, this is an "impossible task" when the two sides are not ventilated. Of course, Gongsun Ao returned in vain. In order to escape punishment, he poured sewage on his conscience: "According to the prisoner, Li Ling has betrayed the country and defected to the enemy. He taught Khan the art of war and prepared for the Han army, so I got nothing. "
In the face of the almost crazy Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Sun Aowen had his difficulties in whitewashing the lies of the past, but this did not make people forgive the harm he caused to Li Ling-Emperor Wu was furious and killed Li Ling's family.
His reputation was ruined (historically, "the scholar-officials in Longxi were ashamed of Li"), and the whole family was slaughtered. Now Li Ling is going to be a traitor.
Historian Li Ling said in The Origin of Traitors: Li Ling's self-surrender rebellion is also a "forced rebellion". If we only focus on the "rebellion" against Yu, we can only say that Li Ling is a "traitor". Trapped because, after all, he married the Xiongnu princess and became Attila, but he died in Alakazam and didn't come back. However, if you can understand that his "rebellion" was driven by "compulsion", it might as well be said that the hand behind him, that is, Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, incompetent Li Guangli, wily Lü bode, Gong who is good at spreading rumors, and Manchu minister who was pushed down the wall, is the real "traitor".
Later, Han sent messengers to Xiongnu, and Li Ling questioned the messengers: "As a general of the Han Dynasty, I led 5,000 soldiers across Xiongnu, but failed because of isolation. I'm sorry. What was the great sin of the Han Dynasty? As for killing my family? " The messenger replied, "I have information. Li teaches Huns tactics and is my enemy." Li Ling was indignant: "That person is Xu Li, not me." (Xu Li was originally a captain beyond the Great Wall in the Han Dynasty, but also surrendered to the Huns because of defeat, which was very popular with Khan. ) Li Ling hurt her family because of Xu Li, which led to Xu Li's assassination and almost died.
In the mouth of the farming people in the Central Plains, the reputation of Xiongnu has always been bad. These savages are synonymous with cruelty, shameless and ignorance. But from the historical records, at least in some aspects, these barbarians are more tolerant and humane than Han Chinese. Li Ling did great harm to the Huns and was "passive" for a long time after surrender. He also "hooked up" with Han Chinese (such as Su Wu) and killed Xu Li this time. But Khan did not blame him, but tried his best to protect him. Later, he married his daughter and made Li Ling king of Right School. Even Zhang Qian and Su Wu, who would rather die than surrender, were pardoned by Khan, which was even more cruel than Emperor Wu's cruelty to soldiers?
A story about Li Ling and Su Wu is also very intriguing.
At the beginning, Su Wu and Li Ling were both waiters, colleagues and friends-both of them were sons of the family, and both of them had the ambition to serve their country, so they naturally got along well. Su Wu was sent to Xiongnu, and was detained by Xiongnu because John Zhang was greedy for money (once a diplomat, plotting to hijack Khan's mother)-this diplomatic breakdown was the fuse that ruined Li Ling's Han-Hungarian War.
After Li Ling surrendered, he felt ashamed and didn't dare to see Su Wu. After a long time, Khan learned about this relationship and sent Li Ling to Beihai (now Lake Baikal), Su Wu's exile, to persuade him.
Hanshu recorded this meeting:
"(Li Ling) set up music for Wu Zhi's wine, because he said,' Khan's mausoleum is simple and honest, so Ling is the first step and wants to treat each other with humility. In the end, I will not return to Han, and I will die in vain. What did Xin Yi 'an see? Former Chang Jun (your brother) served as a car (a captain), helped the chariot to move out of Yong Yang Palace, touched the column and folded the shaft, disrespectful, and committed suicide with a sword, giving two million burials. Ruqing (your brother) fought with Huangmen Xu from the east of the ancestral temple, pushed his horse into the river and drowned, ordering Ruqing not to catch them one by one, lest he die of drinking medicine. When she arrived, the eldest lady was unfortunately sent to Yangling for a funeral. Qing Zi's wife is very young, and she is married. There are only two female brothers, two women and one man. More than ten years have passed, and their life and death are uncertain. Life is like morning dew, why bother? When the mausoleum began to descend, I felt sorry for myself like a madman. I tried to protect my mother's palace (as a hostage), but Ziqing didn't want to go down to earth. Why did I cross the mausoleum? Besides, your majesty is in the spring and autumn period, laws and regulations are often dead, and dozens of ministers are dead and dead, and their safety is unknown. Who cares if Qing Zi is still recovering? I'd rather listen to Ji Ling, but there will be no more clouds. "wuyue said," Your Majesty is responsible for the death of Wu and his son. They are among the generals, among the princes, and close to each other. They are always willing to paint their brains all over the floor. Today, I'm going to kill myself, and it has to be effective. Although I was hit by an axe and soup, I am really happy for it. I serve the king, and the son of Judah serves the father. The son hated his father's death. I don't want to say anything more. After drinking for a few days, Ling and Wu said, "Listen to Ling." "wuyue: Self-separation has been dead for a long time! The king will want to surrender, please die before today's fun is over! Ling saw it and sighed, "It's just that. "！ The sin of Lingwei law is connected with the heaven. "Because of the watery, stained with tears, I decided to go with wu. "
Pay attention to Li Ling's statement: Su Wu's brother and younger brother are both senior military attaché s, and they were forced to commit suicide because of a little mistake. Mother died with a grudge, his wife remarried, and his son disappeared (Su Wu came back later, only to know that his son also "died by sitting on something") ... We can't help thinking: If Su Wu hadn't stayed in Xiongnu, would he have suffered the same fate? To the point where "dozens of ministers died, life and death are unknown", how terrible is this Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty?
Li Ling failed in persuasion, but he never forgot his old feelings. Seeing that Su Wu lived in poverty, in order to avoid suspicion, he asked his wife (Princess Xiongnu) to give dozens of cattle and sheep to Su Wu. Later, Li went to Beihai to tell Su Wu about the death of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Similarly, although Su Wu refused to change his moral integrity, he also understood the difficulties of his old friend, which is a lovely and respectable place for simple and strong Han people. It would be inhuman, hypocritical and rigid to assume the posture of "scolding thieves to death" and "not eating Zhou Su", as later Taoists hoped.
(Coincidentally, Su Jian, Su Wu's father, also suffered a similar failure to Li Ling: Su Jian fell into a tight encirclement when he cooperated with Wei Qing in attacking Xiongnu. One day after a bloody battle, the whole army was wiped out, and Su Jian broke through alone. Therefore, he was sentenced to death and paid a fine to save his life, which was abolished as Shu Ren. Perhaps it was this past that made Su Wu know more about Li Lingyou. )
After Emperor Zhao Di ascended the throne, the relationship between China and Hungary eased, and the expedition was replaced by kinship. The Han Dynasty sent messengers back to Su Wu, so the Huns had to return to Su Wu through the tactic of "Hongyan delivering books".
Li Ling bought Su Wu wine to congratulate him. At the banquet, he said sadly, "I came back with my first step today, which can be said to be the name of Xiongnu and the hero of the Han Dynasty. Even the ancient sages painted by Dan Qing, as recorded in Qing history, can surpass Qing Zi! Although I am stupid and timid, if the Han Dynasty temporarily forgave me the crime of defeat, saved my mother and gave me a chance to wash away my shame, maybe I could, like Cao Mo in ancient times, force the enemy to sign a peace treaty that Li Ling dared not forget day and night. But Han hacked into my house. What am I worried about? These words have no meaning, just want to let Zi Qing know my mind. People in different places, don't be long! " I can't help worrying about wine. Li Ling sang while dancing: "Go to Wan Li to celebrate the sand curtain and cheer for the Xiongnu. The road is poor, the arrow blade is destroyed, and the scholar is destroyed. My mother died. Although I want to repay her kindness, I still want to return to China! " After the song, Li Ling cried several lines and bid farewell to Su Wu.
More than a thousand years later, heroic Xin Qiji wrote a tragic and melancholy farewell song: "The general's name was cracked in hundreds of battles, and Wan Li was returned to He Liang, and it will never return!"
At this time, Li Ling was assisted by General Huo Guang and General Zuo Shangguan Jie, both of whom were good friends in the past. So Ren, an old friend of Li Ling, was sent to Xiongnu to persuade Li Ling to return to China.
Xiongnu Khan gave a banquet to welcome Ambassador China, accompanied by Li Ling and Wei Lv. Looking at the old friend's "Khufu Vertebral Knot", Ren was deeply moved. In front of Wei Law, it was hard to say what he was doing here, so he made a charade. "When you look at the mausoleum, you can only count it with its knife rings, hold its feet, and tell it to Yin, but it can be returned to Han." Seeing that no one responded, he said, "Han has been pardoned, and everyone in China is happy. The Spring and Autumn Period is rich, and Huo Shangguan uses it less."
Every sentence has a subtext: Amnesty, you will not be investigated; How rich the material civilization and spiritual civilization of the Han Dynasty are; The emperor is not crazy; Dude, who dares to mess with you when you're in power
Li Ling was silent. After a long time, she brushed her unkempt hair and said, "I'm already furious!" " "
Wei Lu was away, so Ren said to Li Ling, "Alas, Shao Qing has been wronged! Huo and Uncle Shangguan greet you. "
Li Ling said, "The two of them? /ca & gt；