Flat glass refers to flat glass products without other processing, also known as white glass or clean glass. According to different production methods, it can be divided into ordinary flat glass and float glass. Flat glass is one of the most widely used building glasses, which is mainly used for doors and windows. It has the functions of lighting (visible light transmittance of 85% to 90%), enclosure, heat preservation and sound insulation, and is also the original glass further processed into other technologies.

Flat glass can be divided into window glass and decorative glass according to its use. According to the national standards "Ordinary Flat Glass" (GB 4871-1995) and "Float Glass" (GB11614-89), glass can be divided into the following specifications according to its thickness:

Ordinary flat glass produced by Czochralski method: 2mm, 3mm, 4mm and 5mm.

Float glass: 3mm, 4mm, 5mm, 6mm, 8mm10mm,12mm.

The length-width ratio of glass produced by wire drawing method shall not be greater than 2.5, in which the size of glass with thickness of 2 and 3 mm shall not be less than 400 mm× 300 mm, and that of glass with thickness of 4, 5 and 6mm shall not be less than 3000mm×4000mm ... The size of float glass is generally not less than 1000mm× 1200mm, and the maximum size of 5 and 6 mm is 3000.

According to the national standards, flat glass is classified according to its appearance quality, and ordinary flat glass is divided into three grades: excellent product, first-class product and second-class product. Float glass is divided into three grades: excellent, first-class and qualified. At the same time, it is stipulated that the curvature of glass shall not exceed 0.3%.

Ordinary flat glass is measured according to standard box, actual box and weight box, and the thickness of 2mm flat glass is 1 standard box per 10m; For flat glass with other thickness specifications, standard box conversion is needed. The actual container is the unit used to transport a single Lou. The thickness of the glass is different, and the number of packages in each actual box is also different. The number of standard boxes can be obtained by multiplying the cumulative square of the same thickness by the thickness coefficient. Weight box refers to the weight of 2mm thick flat glass per standard box, and other thick fragrant glass can change according to a certain coefficient.

Flat glass has two uses: 3 ~ 5 mm flat glass is generally used for direct lighting of doors and windows, and 8 ~ 12 mm flat glass can be used for partition. Another important use is as the original sheet for tempering, laminating, coating and insulating glass.

Second, safety glass.

Safety glass refers to glass with high mechanical strength and strong impact resistance compared with ordinary glass. Its main varieties are tempered glass, laminated glass, laminated glass and titanium glass. When the safety glass is broken, its fragments will not hurt people, and it also has the functions of theft prevention and fire prevention. According to the original glass used in production, safety glass has a certain decorative effect.

(1) tempered glass

Tempered glass is also called tempered glass. It uses physical or chemical methods to form a laminated stress layer on the glass surface, and the glass itself has high compressive strength and will not cause damage. When the glass is subjected to external force, this pressure layer can offset part of the tensile stress and prevent the glass from breaking. Although the inside of tempered glass is in a state of great tensile stress, there is no defect in the glass and it will not be damaged, thus achieving the purpose of improving the strength of glass.

Tempered glass is a secondary product of flat glass, and the processing of tempered glass can be divided into physical tempering and chemical tempering.

Physical tempered glass is also called quenched tempered glass. When the ordinary flat glass is heated to the softening temperature (600℃) of the glass in the heating furnace, the internal stress is eliminated by its own deformation, and then the glass is moved out of the heating furnace, and then high-pressure cold air is blown to both sides of the glass with multi-head nozzles, so that it can be quickly and uniformly cooled to room temperature, and tempered glass can be made. This kind of glass is in a stress state of internal tension and external pressure. Once damaged locally, the stress will be released and the glass will be broken into countless small pieces. These small pieces have no sharp edges and corners, so they are not easy to hurt people.

Chemical tempered glass is to improve the strength of glass by changing the chemical composition of the glass surface, and is generally tempered by ion exchange method. In this method, silicate glass containing alkali metal ions is immersed in molten lithium (Li+) salt, so that Na+ or K+ ions on the glass surface are exchanged with Li+ ions, and a Li+ ion exchange layer is formed on the surface. Because the expansion coefficient of Li+ is smaller than that of Na+ and K+ ions, the outer layer shrinks less while the inner layer shrinks more during cooling. When the glass is cooled to normal temperature, it will also be stretched in the inner layer.

Tempered glass has high strength, and its compressive strength can reach more than 125MPa, which is 4 ~ 5 times larger than that of ordinary glass. The impact strength is also high. When measured by steel ball method, 0.8kg steel ball falls from the height of 1.2m, and the glass can be kept intact.

Toughened glass is much more elastic than ordinary glass. A piece of tempered glass with 1 200 mm× 350 mm× 6 mm can have a bending deflection of 100mm after being stressed. When the external force is removed, it can still be restored to its original state, while the bending deformation of ordinary glass can only be a few millimeters.

Thermal stability is good, and it is not easy to crack when it is quenched and heated, which is another feature of tempered glass. This is because the compressive stress of tempered glass can offset part of the tensile stress caused by rapid cooling and rapid heating. Tempered glass is resistant to thermal shock, the maximum safe working temperature is 288℃, and it can withstand the temperature difference change of 204℃.

Tempered glass is widely used in construction engineering, transportation and other fields because of its good mechanical properties and thermal stability. Flat tempered glass is often used as doors and windows, partitions, curtain walls, windows and furniture of buildings, while curved glass is often used in cars, trains and airplanes.

It should be noted that tempered glass cannot be cut and polished, and the corners cannot be bumped and squeezed. Need to choose according to the ready-made size specifications or put forward specific design drawings for processing and customization. The glass used in large-area glass curtain wall should be controlled when tempered, and semi-tempered glass should be selected, that is, its stress should not be too large to avoid self-explosion due to vibration caused by wind load.

According to the different original glass plates used, it can be made into ordinary tempered glass, endothermic tempered glass, colorful tempered glass, tempered hollow glass and so on.

(2), drawing glass

Laminated glass is also called shatterproof glass or steel wire glass. It is produced by calendering method, that is, in the molten state of glass, the preheated steel wire or steel wire mesh is pressed into the middle of glass and annealed and cut. The surface of wire-lined glass can be embossed or polished, and the color can be made colorless, transparent or colored.

Laminated glass is characterized by good safety and fire resistance. Due to the skeleton function of steel wire mesh, not only the strength of glass is improved, but also the fragments will not fly away when damaged by impact or sudden temperature change, thus avoiding the damage of fragments to people. In case of fire, when the flame is prolonged and the laminated glass is cracked by heat, the glass can still be fixed and isolated from the flame due to the role of wire mesh, so it is also called fire-proof glass.

According to the national industry standard JC433-9 1, the thickness of glass lining is divided into 6, 7 and 10mm, and the specifications are generally not less than 600mm×400mm and not more than 2000 mm× 1200 mm. ..

At present, the laminated glass produced in China is divided into laminated embossed glass and laminated polished glass. Laminated glass can be used in doors and windows, skylights, lighting roofs, balconies and other building parts.

(3) laminated glass

Laminated glass is a flat or curved composite glass product made of PVB resin film sandwiched between two or more original glass plates and heated and pressurized. The original sheet of laminated glass can be ordinary flat glass, float glass, tempered glass, colored glass, heat absorbing glass or heat reflecting glass.

There are 2, 3, 5 and 7 layers of laminated glass, with a maximum of 9 layers. For two layers of laminated glass, the original thickness is (mm): 2+3, 3+3, 3+5, etc. The structure of laminated glass is shown in Figure 8- 1.

Laminated glass has good transparency and impact resistance several times higher than ordinary flat glass. Multiple layers of ordinary glass or tempered glass can be compounded to make bulletproof glass. Because of the adhesion of PVB film, even if the glass is broken, the fragments will not fly out and hurt people. By using different original glasses, laminated glass can also have durability, heat resistance and moisture resistance.

With high safety, laminated glass is generally used as doors and windows, skylights, windows and partitions of shops, banks and jewelry in high-rise buildings.

(4) Titanium glass

Titanate glass is also called armored foil glass that never breaks. It is a new type of glass, which closely combines titanium-gold foil film on any glass substrate. Titanate glass has the functions of high compression resistance, high heat resistance and ultraviolet protection. Different base glasses and different titanium foils can be combined into titanium glasses with different colors, properties and specifications. The common colors of titanium glass are: colorless and transparent, dark brown, dark brown reflection, copper reflection and so on.

Third, energy-saving glass.

Traditional glass is mainly used for architectural lighting. With the increase of the size of building doors and windows, people's requirements for the thermal insulation performance of doors and windows are also improved accordingly. Energy-saving decorative glass is a kind of glass that can meet this requirement and integrate energy-saving and decorative functions. Energy-saving decorative glass usually has a pleasant appearance color, but also has the special ability to absorb, transmit and reflect light and heat. The use of glass curtain wall of building external wall windows can play a significant energy-saving effect and has been widely used in various advanced buildings. Energy-saving decorative glass commonly used in buildings includes heat-absorbing glass, heat-reflecting glass and insulating glass.

(1) heat-absorbing glass

Heat absorbing glass is a kind of flat glass, which can absorb a lot of infrared radiation energy and maintain a high visible light transmittance. There are two methods to produce heat-absorbing glass: one is to add a certain amount of colorant with heat-absorbing performance to the raw materials of ordinary soda-lime silicate glass; The other is to spray one or more metal or metal oxide films on the surface of flat glass.

The heat-absorbing glasses are gray, brown, blue, green, bronze, bronze, pink and golden yellow. At present, China mainly produces the first three colors of heat-absorbing glass. There are four kinds of thickness: 2, 3, 5 and 6mm. The heat-absorbing glass can also be further processed into polished, toughened, laminated or insulating glass.

Compared with ordinary flat glass, heat absorbing glass has the following characteristics:

1. absorbs solar radiation heat. For example, the total heat transfer rate of 6mm thick transparent float glass in sunlight is 84%, while the total heat transfer rate of heat absorbing glass under the same conditions is 60%. Different colors and thicknesses of heat-absorbing glass have different degrees of absorption of solar radiation heat.

4. Absorb the visible light of the sun, weaken the intensity of sunlight, and play the role of anti-glare.

3. It has certain transparency and can absorb certain ultraviolet rays.

Because of these characteristics, heat-absorbing glass has been widely used in doors and windows, exterior walls of buildings and windshields of cars and ships, and has the functions of heat insulation, glare prevention, lighting and decoration.

(2) Heat reflective glass

Heat reflective glass is a kind of flat glass with strong heat reflective ability and good light transmittance. It is formed by plating gold, silver, copper, aluminum, chromium, nickel, iron and other metals or metal oxide films on the glass surface by pyrolysis, vacuum evaporation, cathode sputtering and other methods, or replacing the original ions on the glass surface with metal ions by electro-flotation plasma exchange method. Heat reflective glass, also known as mirror glass, has many colors such as gold, brown, gray, purple, brown, bronze, light blue and so on.

Heat-reflective glass has a high thermal reflectivity, for example, the total reflection heat of 6mm thick float glass is only 16%, while under the same conditions, the total reflection heat of heat-absorbing glass is 40%, and the total reflection heat of heat-reflective glass can be as high as 6 1%, so it is often used to make hollow glass or laminated glass to improve its thermal insulation performance. Thermal reflective glass coated with metal film also has unidirectional image transmission.

Glass is an amorphous inorganic material with quartz sand, soda ash, feldspar and limestone as main raw materials, which is melted, molded and solidified by cooling. It has transparency that ordinary materials can't achieve, and has excellent mechanical and thermal properties. And with the development of modern architecture, it is also developing in the direction of multi-function. Deep-processed glass products can control light, adjust temperature, prevent noise and improve the decorative nature of architectural art. Glass is no longer just a lighting material, but also a structural material and decorative material of modern buildings.

I. Flat glass

Flat glass refers to flat glass products without other processing, also known as white glass or clean glass. According to different production methods, it can be divided into ordinary flat glass and float glass. Flat glass is one of the most widely used building glasses, which is mainly used for doors and windows. It has the functions of lighting (visible light transmittance of 85% to 90%), enclosure, heat preservation and sound insulation, and is also the original glass further processed into other technologies.

Flat glass can be divided into window glass and decorative glass according to its use. According to the national standards "Ordinary Flat Glass" (GB 4871-1995) and "Float Glass" (GB11614-89), glass can be divided into the following specifications according to its thickness:

Ordinary flat glass produced by Czochralski method: 2mm, 3mm, 4mm and 5mm.

Float glass: 3mm, 4mm, 5mm, 6mm, 8mm10mm,12mm.

The length-width ratio of glass produced by wire drawing method shall not be greater than 2.5, in which the size of glass with thickness of 2 and 3 mm shall not be less than 400 mm× 300 mm, and that of glass with thickness of 4, 5 and 6mm shall not be less than 3000mm×4000mm ... The size of float glass is generally not less than 1000mm× 1200mm, and the maximum size of 5 and 6 mm is 3000.

According to the national standard, flat glass is classified according to its appearance quality, and ordinary flat glass is divided into three grades: excellent product, first-class product and second-class product. Float glass is divided into three grades: excellent, first-class and qualified. At the same time, it is stipulated that the curvature of glass shall not exceed 0.3%.

Ordinary flat glass is measured according to standard box, actual box and weight box, and the thickness of 2mm flat glass is 1 standard box per 10m; For flat glass with other thickness specifications, standard box conversion is needed. The actual container is the unit used to transport a single Lou. The thickness of the glass is different, and the number of packages in each actual box is also different. The number of standard boxes can be obtained by multiplying the cumulative square of the same thickness by the thickness coefficient. Weight box refers to the weight of 2mm thick flat glass per standard box, and other thick fragrant glass can change according to a certain coefficient.

Flat glass has two uses: 3 ~ 5 mm flat glass is generally used for direct lighting of doors and windows, and 8 ~ 12 mm flat glass can be used for partition. Another important use is as the original sheet for tempering, laminating, coating and insulating glass.

Second, safety glass.

Safety glass refers to glass with high mechanical strength and strong impact resistance compared with ordinary glass. Its main varieties are tempered glass, laminated glass, laminated glass and titanium glass. When the safety glass is broken, its fragments will not hurt people, and it also has the functions of theft prevention and fire prevention. According to the original glass used in production, safety glass has a certain decorative effect.

(1) tempered glass

Tempered glass is also called tempered glass. It uses physical or chemical methods to form a laminated stress layer on the glass surface, and the glass itself has high compressive strength and will not cause damage. When the glass is subjected to external force, this pressure layer can offset part of the tensile stress and prevent the glass from breaking. Although the inside of tempered glass is in a state of great tensile stress, there is no defect in the glass and it will not be damaged, thus achieving the purpose of improving the strength of glass.

Tempered glass is a secondary product of flat glass, and the processing of tempered glass can be divided into physical tempering and chemical tempering.

Physical tempered glass is also called quenched tempered glass. When the ordinary flat glass is heated to the softening temperature (600℃) of the glass in the heating furnace, the internal stress is eliminated by its own deformation, and then the glass is moved out of the heating furnace, and then high-pressure cold air is blown to both sides of the glass with multi-head nozzles, so that it can be quickly and uniformly cooled to room temperature, and tempered glass can be made. This kind of glass is in a stress state of internal tension and external pressure. Once damaged locally, the stress will be released and the glass will be broken into countless small pieces. These small pieces have no sharp edges and corners, so they are not easy to hurt people.

Chemical tempered glass is to improve the strength of glass by changing the chemical composition of the glass surface, and is generally tempered by ion exchange method. In this method, silicate glass containing alkali metal ions is immersed in molten lithium (Li+) salt, so that Na+ or K+ ions on the glass surface are exchanged with Li+ ions, and a Li+ ion exchange layer is formed on the surface. Because the expansion coefficient of Li+ is smaller than that of Na+ and K+ ions, the outer layer shrinks less while the inner layer shrinks more during cooling. When the glass is cooled to normal temperature, it will also be stretched in the inner layer.

Tempered glass has high strength, and its compressive strength can reach more than 125MPa, which is 4 ~ 5 times larger than that of ordinary glass. The impact strength is also high. When measured by steel ball method, 0.8kg steel ball falls from the height of 1.2m, and the glass can be kept intact.

Toughened glass is much more elastic than ordinary glass. A piece of tempered glass with 1 200 mm× 350 mm× 6 mm can have a bending deflection of 100mm after being stressed. When the external force is removed, it can still be restored to its original state, while the bending deformation of ordinary glass can only be a few millimeters.

Thermal stability is good, and it is not easy to crack when it is quenched and heated, which is another feature of tempered glass. This is because the compressive stress of tempered glass can offset part of the tensile stress caused by rapid cooling and rapid heating. Tempered glass is resistant to thermal shock, the maximum safe working temperature is 288℃, and it can withstand the temperature difference change of 204℃.

Tempered glass is widely used in construction engineering, transportation and other fields because of its good mechanical properties and thermal stability. Flat tempered glass is often used as doors and windows, partitions, curtain walls, windows and furniture of buildings, while curved glass is often used in cars, trains and airplanes.

It should be noted that tempered glass cannot be cut and polished, and the corners cannot be bumped and squeezed. Need to choose according to the ready-made size specifications or put forward specific design drawings for processing and customization. The glass used in large-area glass curtain wall should be controlled when tempered, and semi-tempered glass should be selected, that is, its stress should not be too large to avoid self-explosion due to vibration caused by wind load.

According to the different original glass plates used, it can be made into ordinary tempered glass, endothermic tempered glass, colorful tempered glass, tempered hollow glass and so on.

(3), drawing glass

Laminated glass is also called shatterproof glass or steel wire glass. It is produced by calendering method, that is, in the molten state of glass, the preheated steel wire or steel wire mesh is pressed into the middle of glass and annealed and cut. The surface of wire-lined glass can be embossed or polished, and the color can be made colorless, transparent or colored.

Laminated glass is characterized by good safety and fire resistance. Due to the skeleton function of steel wire mesh, not only the strength of glass is improved, but also the fragments will not fly away when damaged by impact or sudden temperature change, thus avoiding the damage of fragments to people. In case of fire, when the flame is prolonged and the laminated glass is cracked by heat, the glass can still be fixed and isolated from the flame due to the role of wire mesh, so it is also called fire-proof glass.

According to the national industry standard JC433-9 1, the thickness of glass lining is divided into 6, 7 and 10mm, and the specifications are generally not less than 600mm×400mm and not more than 2000 mm× 1200 mm. ..

At present, the laminated glass produced in China is divided into laminated embossed glass and laminated polished glass. Laminated glass can be used in doors and windows, skylights, lighting roofs, balconies and other building parts.

(3) laminated glass

Laminated glass is a flat or curved composite glass product made of PVB resin film between two or more original glass sheets by heating and pressure bonding. The original sheet of laminated glass can be ordinary flat glass, float glass, tempered glass, colored glass, heat absorbing glass or heat reflecting glass.

There are 2, 3, 5 and 7 layers of laminated glass, with a maximum of 9 layers. For two layers of laminated glass, the original thickness is (mm): 2+3, 3+3, 3+5, etc. The structure of laminated glass is shown in Figure 8- 1.

Laminated glass has good transparency and impact resistance several times higher than ordinary flat glass. Multiple layers of ordinary glass or tempered glass can be compounded to make bulletproof glass. Because of the adhesion of PVB film, even if the glass is broken, the fragments will not fly out and hurt people. By using different original glasses, laminated glass can also have durability, heat resistance and moisture resistance.

With high safety, laminated glass is generally used as doors and windows, skylights, windows and partitions of shops, banks and jewelry in high-rise buildings.

(4) Titanium glass

Titanate glass is also called armored foil glass that never breaks. It is a new type of glass, which closely combines titanium-gold foil film on any glass substrate. Titanate glass has the functions of high compression resistance, high heat resistance and ultraviolet protection. Different base glasses and different titanium foils can be combined into titanium glasses with different colors, properties and specifications. The common colors of titanium glass are: colorless and transparent, dark brown, dark brown reflection, copper reflection and so on.

Third, energy-saving glass.

Traditional glass is mainly used for architectural lighting. With the increase of the size of building doors and windows, people's requirements for the thermal insulation performance of doors and windows are also improved accordingly. Energy-saving decorative glass is a kind of glass that can meet this requirement and integrate energy-saving and decorative functions. Energy-saving decorative glass usually has a pleasant appearance color, but also has the special ability to absorb, transmit and reflect light and heat. The use of glass curtain wall of building external wall windows can play a significant energy-saving effect and has been widely used in various advanced buildings. Energy-saving decorative glass commonly used in buildings includes heat-absorbing glass, heat-reflecting glass and insulating glass.

(1) heat-absorbing glass

Heat absorbing glass is a kind of flat glass, which can absorb a lot of infrared radiation energy and maintain a high visible light transmittance. There are two methods to produce heat-absorbing glass: one is to add a certain amount of colorant with heat-absorbing performance to the raw materials of ordinary soda-lime silicate glass; The other is to spray one or more metal or metal oxide films on the surface of flat glass.

The heat-absorbing glasses are gray, brown, blue, green, bronze, bronze, pink and golden yellow. At present, China mainly produces the first three colors of heat-absorbing glass. There are four kinds of thickness: 2, 3, 5 and 6mm. The heat-absorbing glass can also be further processed into polished, toughened, laminated or insulating glass.

Compared with ordinary flat glass, heat absorbing glass has the following characteristics:

1. absorbs solar radiation heat. For example, the total heat transfer rate of 6mm thick transparent float glass in sunlight is 84%, while the total heat transfer rate of heat absorbing glass under the same conditions is 60%. Different colors and thicknesses of heat-absorbing glass have different degrees of absorption of solar radiation heat.

4. Absorb the visible light of the sun, weaken the intensity of sunlight, and play the role of anti-glare.

3. It has certain transparency and can absorb certain ultraviolet rays.

Because of these characteristics, heat-absorbing glass has been widely used in doors and windows, exterior walls of buildings and windshields of cars and ships, and has the functions of heat insulation, glare prevention, lighting and decoration.

(2) Heat reflective glass

Heat reflective glass is a kind of flat glass with strong heat reflective ability and good light transmittance. It is formed by plating gold, silver, copper, aluminum, chromium, nickel, iron and other metals or metal oxide films on the glass surface by pyrolysis, vacuum evaporation, cathode sputtering and other methods, or replacing the original ions on the glass surface with metal ions by electro-flotation plasma exchange method. Heat reflective glass, also known as mirror glass, has many colors such as gold, brown, gray, purple, brown, bronze, light blue and so on.

Heat-reflective glass has a high thermal reflectivity, for example, the total reflection heat of 6mm thick float glass is only 16%, while under the same conditions, the total reflection heat of heat-absorbing glass is 40%, and the total reflection heat of heat-reflective glass can be as high as 6 1%, so it is often used to make hollow glass or laminated glass to improve its thermal insulation performance. Thermal reflective glass coated with metal film also has the function of one-way image transmission, that is, you can see the outdoor scenery indoors during the day, but you can't see the indoor scene outdoors.