With regard to the origin of snuff, Zhao wrote in Lu Yong Gossip in Qing Dynasty: "Snuff comes from Italy in the Atlantic Ocean. In the ninth year of Wanli, Matteo Ricci entered Guangdong during the flood season and went to the capital. Providing Party things will only lead to China. People in China take a lot of snuff, and the number of short clothes is heavy, and they hide snuff in small bags. " The narrative in the book shows Zhao's views on snuff and hookah as a scholar-bureaucrat, a famous painter and seal engraver at that time, and a lot of information is precious.
Regarding the types of snuff bottles, it is recorded in Miscellanies of Autumn Yin: "... the bottles are made of crystal, sheep fat, agate, jade, eggplant, gourd ladle, porcelain and stone, and the lids are made of coral, pearls and cat's eyes, which are all wrong. The most traveler, burning red materials with lotus root starch as the top, who has not done it for a long time, is called Laopi, and the price is very heavy. "
As for the making of glass snuff bottles, Wang Shizhen's Notes on Xiangzu in Qing Dynasty recorded that during the reign of Kangxi, the capital "made snuff bottles" and "stored them in glass bottles". The images of bottles are different.
2. Introduce the snuff bottle culture. The Tibetan people have a long-standing custom of smoking snuff.
With the spread of this custom, snuff containers interpret a unique history of national utensils culture. The perfect combination of snuff bottle art and practical function not only embodies the intelligence of Tibetan people, but also shows its unique creativity.
Snuff bottles are therefore endowed with vitality and aura by plateau people who love life. There is a beautiful legend about the source of snuff from snuff bottles. It is said that during the reign of King Chisong Dêzain of Tibet, many monsters appeared in southern Tibet, doing evil and bringing disasters to all beings.
In order to subdue the demon, the Tibetan king specially invited Master Lotus Peanut from India. Master Lotus Peanut has infinite magic power, and put the devil in Sanye Temple. Most demons bend their knees to them and give their hearts as guardians, but some demons escape their magic power. Because when they fled, they dropped blood on the ground, and tobacco flowers grew on the blood drops, which were later discovered and made into snuff. Therefore, people regard snuff as filth, and snuff smokers are disrespectful to the Buddha.
Despite this allusion, snuff spreads as fast as cigarettes. The method of making snuff is a very traditional process: burning local ephedra into charcoal, sieving, adding water to the sieved fine powder and making it into cakes for preservation and drying.
In order to prevent moisture absorption during storage, the charcoal cake will continue to burn until it becomes pure white. When smoking, it will be pulled out and broken into small pieces, and tobacco will be added to a special pulverizer to grind into fine powder according to personal taste. The process is not complete until the charcoal and tobacco are completely mixed and lubricated by hand. Snuff bottles began to spread from the life of nomadic people. Because nomadic people live a life of non-settlement and frequent migration, they have developed the habit of wearing sewing boxes, sickles, waist knives and other daily necessities as decorations, and snuff bottles are one of them.
There are more men than women, and there are more old people than young people. Snuff bottles can be divided into four types according to texture, namely cutin, cortex, wood, jewelry and so on.
Early snuff bottles were made from local materials, mostly horny, which was closely related to local customs. Of course, its emergence, development and maturity are closely related to the formation of the country. Horny snuff bottle.
Horn, horn, horn, goat horn, rock horn and antlers can all be used as snuff bottles. The croissant snuff bottle is made of high-quality sheep, which is called "Lutu" breeding sheep by local people. Generally, 4-5 sheep are selected from 500-600 sheep and raised for 5-8 years.
Earlier, claw snuff bottles were very popular in temples. Because of the refreshing effect of snuff, many monks secretly smoke a few cigarettes to cheer up during a long period of listening to the scriptures. This snuff bottle is also used as a special offensive weapon. The users are mostly Iron staff Lama in the temple and some aggressive monks. With the spread of secularized monks, croissant snuff bottles have gradually become popular among laymen.
The horn is large and wide, giving people a rough and generous visual effect, especially after metal decoration, it is more noble and gorgeous. The yellow horn of the bull is short and sharp, compact and elegant.
Antlers, mostly from the horn roots of antlers, are extremely unique in shape. The shapes of horny snuff bottles are also varied, including primitive, unprocessed and beautifully carved snuff bottles.
The specific method is to intercept a section of cattle and sheep horn and soak it in water, soften it, press it into a flat shape and dry it, cut it into your favorite shape with a knife, and then block the cross section with sawdust to make a pot cover. Some pots are also inlaid with one or two copper hoops, which makes translucent keratin match with golden copper hoops, which is particularly elegant.
Boreholes at corners can be opened and closed freely and used as nozzles. The colors of horny snuff bottles are mostly black, white and gray, and people especially love white.
There are various decorative patterns painted on the gray snuff bottle, the common one is the checkered pattern, which Tibetans call "embroidered rice". This kind of decoration has been spread in Tibetan areas since the primitive totem worship Bonism, and it can still be seen on various utensils today.
The horny snuff bottle is beautiful and unique in shape, and also has the function of making snuff, just like the aged wine becomes more and more mellow. Small horny snuff bottles are usually carried in Tibetan robes.
Leather snuff bottle. Most of the materials are taken from the skin from the neck to the lower end of the neck. Rub it when it is dry, and the opening at the lower end of the neck will be sewn to death. The neck is open, forming a small bag, but its shape is just the opposite of the pipe.
Cigarette powder is put in it, ground into the rough surface of the skin more finely, and the concentration is modulated according to your own preferences. Hang a small spoon on the edge of the skin with an authoritarian iron handle (with a hook handle at the front). Put an epithelial rope on the cigarette bag and tie a small copper bell. When the snuff bottle is tapped on the thumb, it will make a pleasant bell, which smokers enjoy.
Usually tied around the waist or wearing Tibetan robes, the users are mostly wild travelers. Wooden snuff bottle.
Generally made of high-quality wood, the shape is hollow and round, and there are also shapes of upper and lower covers. Fine sand is put into the lid-shaped box, and when in use, it is gently patted on the cigarette case to filter its smoke. Jewelry snuff bottle.
With the development of society, the material is more and more abundant, and people's aesthetic standards are constantly improving. Its shape is more exquisite and diverse.
Coral, jadeite, turquoise, ivory, fine porcelain, jade, lapis lazuli, agate and crystal are all good materials for making snuff bottles. Most of the snuff bottles we see are decorated with silver, copper and even gold, which is also a major feature. This decorative form occupies a very important position in Tibetan cultural relics. The main decoration methods are: carving, carving, stamping, cold forging, plastic carving, inlay, gold plating and so on.
It is a traditional process form to improve the grade of materials. Any kind of artifact culture never exists in isolation, but is formed by interacting and absorbing with the cultures of surrounding areas, nationalities and countries.
The snuff bottle culture in Tibet has also absorbed the essence of other national cultures. During the Qing Dynasty, Manchu people smoked snuff, which prevailed in all social strata. The shape of snuff bottles is exquisite, delicate and small, and most of them are oblate.
After it was introduced into Tibet, it not only enriched the material of Tibetan snuff bottles, but also perfectly combined with local characteristics in modeling, forming the characteristics of being coarse and fine, combining rigidity with softness, and retaining strong national characteristics. Snuff is not only practical for smoking, but also a status symbol because of its preciousness. At the same time, it has the functions of giving gifts, competing for money and even bribing in officialdom.
Men often hang snuff bottles around their waists, some directly around their waists and some directly around their waists.
3. The sixth-grade Chinese knowledge and ability trainer has self-test 5 answers, and the sixth-grade Chinese knowledge and ability trainer has self-test 2 answers.
First, read pinyin.
(Firecracker) (Preparation) (jiaozi) (Firecracker) (10th day) (Rehearsal) (twelfth month) (Chestnut)
Second, supplementary words
(zero) * (eight) * (Zhang) * (knot) * (can) * (good) * (bee) (hug) * * * * (win) (receive)
* * (From) (To)
Third, right or wrong.
Wrong, wrong, wrong, right, wrong.
Fourth, punctuation marks
Father is very happy because.
*****! *****,***,**,*****!
Mom is worried because
*******! *****,**,******。
Verb (abbreviation for verb) reading
1、
(1) omitted
(2) Appearance characteristics
(3) Colorful night lights look elegant in the moonlight.
2、
(1) gold, silver, copper, amber, agate, jade, etc.
(2) Introduce the snuff bottle, mainly from the use, usage, connection, transmission, materials, patterns and other aspects.
Sixth, language expression.
(1) The girl in the painting, with her crystal face, sweet smile and gentle movements, made passers-by stop to watch.
(2) Omit (Internet search)
4. How to ask questions? Gan Kun's reading answer is 1. Except "; Magic axe 1, a: magic axe, idiom, pronunciation: guǐfǔshén gūng describes exquisite artistic skills such as architectural sculpture.
From Zhuangzi Sheng Da: "Ziqing succeeded in logging, and the audience was shocked." Existing books of the same name, online game information pieces, etc.
Synonym: ingenious. 2. Is it easy to draw with a snuff bottle? Where did you see it in the article? A: Not easy.
3。 Read the fourth paragraph of the passage and write down why Ji brand snuff bottles have the highest influence.
A: Ji School was formed in the contemporary era. Although it was formed late, it is now the largest number of employees in painting snuff bottles and related industries in Ji school. The artistic features of Ji School's inner paintings are exquisite dyeing, accurate modeling and elegant style. It imitates the picture effect of many kinds of paintings with the comprehensive expression of Chinese painting color and oil painting color, especially in the creation of portrait theme.
Wang Xisan is a descendant of Ye Zhongsan, one of the four masters of painting snuff bottles in the late Qing Dynasty, one of the first batch of China arts and crafts masters, a national first-class artist, and the first contemporary painter of snuff bottles. Wang Xisan pioneered "metal hook brush", "oil painting technique" and "hair tearing method", and was recognized as a master of internal painting.
The gathering place of Hebei painters is Hengshui, and Raoyang County has the largest number of employees who paint snuff bottles in Hengshui. Wang Xisan, the originator of Jipai snuff bottles, is a unique art in China.
She is a blend of many arts. Exquisite and unique, never tired of appreciation, because of its small size, easy to carry and collect, won the world's love.
Wang Xisan's painted snuff bottle, which inherits the ancient royal charm, is unique and innovative, enjoys a world-renowned reputation and has repeatedly set auction records. Wang Yousan, a member of China Arts and Crafts Society, is a representative of young and middle-aged snuff bottles in China. His works are profound and vivid, and Chinese and foreign collectors compete for them.
Wang Xisan and Wang Yousan, masters of internal painting, jointly created the snuff bottle of the zodiac to welcome the Year of the Loong. Inner painting has only a history of more than 200 years, and this young art category has always attracted the attention of the audience with its unique charm.
Today, with the development and opening up of society, people have stepped into the information network era and enjoyed the convenience brought by the Internet. With this trend, hookah painting will be understood and recognized by more people.
4。 After reading the article, what knowledge have you gained about the internalization of snuff bottles? A: Snuff bottles, in short, are containers for holding snuff.
Small hands, easy to carry. In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, snuff was introduced to China, and snuff bottles gradually became oriental, resulting in snuff bottles.
Nowadays, people's habit of using snuff is almost extinct, but the snuff bottle has been handed down as a beautiful work of art, which is known as "a pocket work of art that condenses the achievements of various countries". China snuff bottle, as an exquisite handicraft, integrates painting, calligraphy, carving, inlaying and pondering. It uses porcelain, copper, ivory, jade, agate, amber and other materials as raw materials, and uses techniques such as blue and white, multicolored, porcelain carving, nesting, ingenious craftsmanship and internal painting to draw on the strengths of various domestic and foreign crafts. It is regarded as a precious literary play by elegant people and enjoys a high reputation at home and abroad.
Become a cherished collection object for Chinese and foreign people.