[Edit this paragraph] Introduction to World Expo Vienna, Austria 1873

Holding and planning of the World Expo

/kloc-In the middle and late 20th century, it has been recognized and pursued by many countries to improve the national status by hosting the World Expo. 1870, the Austrian government announced to the world that it would hold the Vienna World Expo 1873 with the theme of commemorating the 25th anniversary of josef i's administration, so as to promote the capital Vienna to become an advanced city in the world, and at the same time, remove the haze hanging over the city after the defeat of 1866.

The World Expo was held on the beautiful Danube River, which was famous for Strauss's famous waltz "Blue Danube" a few years ago. Vienna Central Park was chosen as the venue of the World Expo, covering an area of 233 hectares. Vienna municipal authorities want to take the opportunity of hosting the World Expo to carry out large-scale renovation of the buildings in the old city, tear down the city walls, and open up the connection between the city center and the suburbs. The Danube is also within the scope of regulation, involving a half-mile waterway. 500,000 cubic meters of sand and gravel produced by the river expansion project will be used for the Expo site. The whole project planning was designed by architect Kelly Hassana according to the Italian Renaissance style. Due to the enlightenment of previous World Expos, the organizers of the Vienna World Expo have begun to pay attention to the combination of architectural function and aesthetic feeling, emphasizing the overall charm of the building. The industrial palace, a magnificent main building complex under design, covers an area of 70,000 square meters. The industrial palace has a reasonable structure, with a length of 907 meters and a width of 206 meters. The center is connected with the dome hall, and a main corridor with a width of 25m is left on both sides. The main corridor intersects with the side corridor, and the side corridor is145m long and15m wide. There are many courtyards 45 meters wide and 75 meters long between the side corridors. All buildings have roofs, and in the decoration of the audience entrance, there are different historical styles of Arc de Triomphe and gates. The Industrial Palace is the first building to build a large-scale conjoined exhibition building in the history of the World Expo.

Luo Tongda, the Eighth Wonder of the World-Dome Hall

The architectural highlight of the Vienna World Expo is Luo Rotonda, the central dome hall of the industrial palace designed by Scottus Russell. Russell served as the secretary of the 185 1 London World Expo. The design of this pavilion is obviously inspired by the "official" architectural plan of the World Expo 185 1, and its style is extremely similar.

Rotonda rotunda rotunda in Luo Tongda is 83 meters high at the top and about 1 10 meters in diameter, making it the largest dome hall building in the world at that time, much larger than the 48-meter dome of St. Pierre's Cathedral in Rome and the 37-meter dome of St. Paul's Cathedral in London. The structure of the rotunda is also metal, and the construction period is only 18 months, which was incredible at that time. Architecture is called the eighth wonder of the world. The conical roof of the rotunda is supported by 32 thick columns. Above the dome, there is a dome tower with a diameter of 28 meters, and above it is a small dome lighthouse with a diameter of 7 meters. At the top, there is a huge replica of the Austrian crown, decorated with imitation crown jewels.

This huge dome building caused a sensation and attracted the audience. During the World Expo, 206,270 tourists climbed the steps leading to the dome crown, enjoyed the charming scenery of Vienna and were proud of the spectacular architecture.

In addition to the industrial palace complex, there are more than 90 new buildings/kloc-0, such as machinery hall, art museum and gardening hall. The whole Expo harmoniously integrates different architectural elements of reality and art, modern and ancient, and eastern and western.

The exhibition is unique and rich in exhibits.

The central square in the complex is east-west, and the beautiful decorative fountain presented by Sultan II of Turkey is placed in the center of the rotunda. Surrounded by cloisters, exhibits from different countries are displayed. In order to make the classification of exhibits more reasonable, the organizers of the Vienna World Expo divided the exhibits into 26 categories and increased the number of categories to 162, with the aim of "adapting inventions and industrialized production to the development of human education, life taste and quality of life".

The layout of 16 exhibition hall is designed according to the national geographical location, and the exhibits of each country are close to its geographical neighbors, so you can get the basic knowledge of world geography as long as you watch the exhibits of different countries.

One of the new themes of the Vienna World Expo is "the history of human prices", that is, the prices of different historical periods are grouped and accompanied by exhibits to show the prices of different products from the oldest times to the present. The comparative exhibition of prices and commodities clearly shows the role of human productivity in promoting the economy, and also reveals the changes in public demand and taste for products and the impact on prices.

What impresses people in Austria is an ivory chess piece depicting a politician in the Franco-Prussian War and a huge shell weighing 8 tons and 50 feet long in a mercury pool, which reminds people of the unfortunate war of 1866.

Egypt showed the world-famous Suez Canal project model. The Egyptian government entrusted the task of designing the exhibition area to a group of famous German Egyptian history experts. In their design, they skillfully combined the engineering buildings that started construction just four years ago with the scenery and customs of Egypt, and perfectly showed the audience the relationship between Egypt's geography, history and social process.

Sweden has provided an educational demonstration of a model school, from the design of desks in the classroom to the series of teaching materials and school planning for students, so that the audience can understand the importance of public education.

A mistake opened the electrical age.

Many exhibits mainly reflect the industrial products and recent inventions of powerful countries, such as; There are long-distance transmission experiments in French exhibits, and Britain provides comparative experiments of two generators and magnets. The elevators, rice cookers and weapons in the United States attract attention, and the United States claims that its machinery manufacturing technology has surpassed that of the world factory at that time-Britain.

But the most interesting thing is the invention caused by carelessness when attending the World Expo. That's a ring armature self-excited DC generator produced by Belgian Zeinab Gram Company. During the exhibition, he accidentally connected the wrong wire, that is, connected the electricity from other generators to the current output terminal of his own generator. At this time, he was surprised to find that the current of the first generator entered the armature coil of the second generator, which made the generator rotate quickly and turned into a motor. The engineers and inventors present were ecstatic, but the discovery of cheap electricity, which had been pursued for many years, was so simple but unbelievable, which meant that the bottleneck of human use of voltaic cells was finally broken. This group of engineers immediately designed a new performance area, that is, using a small artificial waterfall to drive the hydro-generator, and the current of the generator drives a newly invented motor, which in turn drives the pump to spray the spring water in the water column. See the audience excited. This event directly promoted the emergence of practical motors. It also indicates that a brand-new electrification era will begin to replace the steam engine era.

Danube and Venus

The organizers of the Vienna World Expo emphasize the concept of invention and design: science and art, industry and technology, past and future should have aesthetic value on the premise of aesthetic feeling and practicality, and build a perfect and harmonious relationship. Cultural and artistic exhibits show the unique advantages of Vienna, the host country.

Austria designed a special exhibition for Vienna during the World Expo. The exhibition details the historical stories of castles, palaces, streets, squares and famous buildings in Vienna built in Roman times in various forms. The highlights of the exhibition are festivals, celebrations and competitions. In daily open-air concerts, the orchestra is conducted by johann strauss. In addition to playing different waltzes and hymns, of course, the most popular is the Blue Danube. Although the biographer wrote that the Blue Danube was created by Strauss on the occasion of the 1867 Paris World Expo. However, people still believe that this famous song was popular at the 1873 Vienna World Expo, because only in Vienna, the city of music, on the beautiful Danube River, and in the unique happy atmosphere of the World Expo, can we truly experience and feel the artist's true feelings and the charm of artistic works.

1873 During the World Expo, Strauss began to compose the opera Bat. The following year, this work, which was born in the World Expo, was publicly performed and welcomed. It reflected the communication and friendship between people during the World Expo.

There are two art galleries in the Vienna World Expo, which display art treasures from all over the world. France and Russia provided many famous paintings. This masterpiece drawn by the Vienna painter Hans McCarter is particularly eye-catching, with a length of17m and a width of 4m.

Among the classical works of art are marble statues sent by Greece and Italy, including the replica of the Parthenon and the Venus statue of Milo. It is said that Venus' hand is still there.

Emperor exhibition hall and emperor's party.

A special exhibition hall was welcomed by visitors at the World Expo, which was the Emperor Exhibition Hall designed by Austria. This exhibition hall, composed of exquisite marble, brocade, paintings and furniture, attracts ordinary tourists from all over the world. People have rich imagination and speculation about royal life, and once they step into reality, they feel the extraordinary life of the emperor.

During the World Expo, the arrival of many world-famous royal figures not only increased the charm of the World Expo and greatly improved Austria's international reputation, but also pushed the monarchy in the19th century to a cultural climax and produced some interesting anecdotes. Vienna hosted Charles I of Romania, Victor of Italy, Emmanuel II, Caesar Alexander II, Queen Syaber of Spain, Queen Olga of Greece, King and Queen of the Netherlands, and German Emperor William I, among which the visit of the King of Persia was a joke among the royal courts during the World Expo. It turned out that before the king set out, he sent three princes as an advance team to find out whether the cholera outbreak in Vienna still posed a danger. Later, he and his huge 120 followers came to Vienna with exotic feelings. On July 30th, the Queen of Austria invited her to a welcome banquet. On that day, the queen wore a gorgeous white dress with a purple belt around her waist. With a beautiful hair and a crown decorated with diamonds and amethyst, she appeared gracefully in front of the Persian king. The king was stunned when he saw her. He put on gold glasses and walked around the queen on the spot, exclaiming, Oh, my God! Why is this woman so beautiful! Just like admiring a statue, he completely ignored and forgot the etiquette between emperors. But it is no wonder that this beautiful queen is the famous "Sissi Princess" in history.

Natural and man-made disasters during the World Expo

During the preparation for the World Expo, the sudden flooding of the Danube was not foreseen, which directly affected the project construction. 1872, an epidemic cholera broke out in Vienna, scaring off many tourists who were going to come to Vienna. Cholera broke out again during the World Expo. During the 143 days from June to 10, 2,855 people died of cholera. Although the government took measures to finally control the spread of cholera, the number of people visiting the World Expo was greatly reduced.

Natural disasters are not smooth, and man-made disasters follow. Before the World Expo, shortly after the end of the American Civil War, the North American economy grew rapidly, most of which came from Europe. Financing activities are all completed through bill credit. When the Bank of England first realized the warning of the financial crisis, it stopped its cash flow, which led to the new york Stock Exchange stopping trading on September 20th 1872, and the banking business was blocked. Two months later, London suffered the same depression. Six months later, the Vienna Stock Exchange suffered heavy losses and many Austrian banks closed. The economic disaster eventually led to the collapse of the stock exchange and the bankruptcy of some big banks and companies. These factors directly affect the operation of the World Expo.

Of course, an important reason for the decrease of tourists during the World Expo is that hotel owners in Vienna raise prices at will, and the prices are outrageous, even those rich tourists are scared away, which naturally causes people's growing dissatisfaction with the World Expo.

The Vienna World Expo opened on May 1873 and closed on October 2, with only 7.25 million visitors. The final financial statistics show that the total investment of the Expo is 9.56 million US dollars, but the income is only one sixth of its expenditure, which is considered as one of the major financial failures in the19th century.

Results and effects

More than 40,000 exhibitors from 35 countries were invited to participate in the Vienna World Expo. More than 26,000 awards were selected and awarded at the World Expo, with Austria and Germany topping the list with 599 1 and 5,066 awards respectively. Britain, Russia, Italy and Spain each got more than 1000; The United States won 440 games, tied with Turkey 12 13.

After the World Expo in Vienna, part of the building of the Industrial Palace became the Vienna Corn Exchange, and the machine hall was specially set aside as the freight and grain storage center of the northern railway. However, the industrial palace building and the famous dome building, like many World Expo buildings in history, suffered a tragic fate and were destroyed by a fire in 1937.

In the history of the World Expo, 1873 Vienna World Expo is called a disaster-ridden exhibition, and even judged by economic benefits, it is an unsuccessful World Expo example.

But today, if we look at the historical evolution of the World Expo from the perspective of the development of modern human civilization and look at the Vienna World Expo comprehensively and scientifically, we can still see its direct promotion to human science and technology, culture, art, education and other fields. The opening of the Danube and the large-scale reconstruction and construction of Vienna city by hosting the Vienna World Expo are still successful examples of urban reconstruction in the world. The World Expo provided an innovative stage for the invention of electric motors. For the first time, the Vienna World Expo began to hold an international forum for scientists, and the 12 conference created a platform for scientific exchange. The school model exhibited for the first time at the Vienna World Expo sets a good example of modern public education. ...

Today, the theme of Expo 1873 has long been forgotten, but the purpose of hosting the Expo has been realized. When people mention the Danube, they naturally think of Vienna, a world-famous city.

As for the famous song "Blue Danube", which began at the World Expo, after more than 100 years of circulation, it has already become the second national anthem of Austria and a cultural treasure shared by all mankind in the world. Every New Year's Day, people all over the world will listen to the melody coming from the Golden Hall in Vienna-

"Spring has come, and the earth is laughing ..."