In A.D. 1 162, the tax profit of Erythrina (Guquanzhou) Port in that year was as high as1000000 yuan, accounting for 10% of the total national tax revenue.
In the mid-Yuan Dynasty, Quanzhou Port and Alexandria, Egypt were the two largest foreign trade ports in the world at that time.
Tianhou Palace in Quanzhou is the largest Mazu Tempel in the world.
China was the first person to sail, recording the glory of sailing in the Song and Yuan Dynasties.
On July 1405 and 1 1, Zheng He started his first voyage to the Western Ocean from Quanzhou, Fujian. Today, 600 years later, it is designated as China's? Sailing day? .
As early as 1330, that is, 75 years before Zheng He's voyage to the West, a Nanchang boy named Wang Dayuan aged 19 set sail from Erythrina (ancient Quanzhou), the first port in the East.
Wang Dayuan's two voyages lasted eight years, with tens of thousands of miles, and he has been to more than 220 countries and regions. Zheng Zheng nine years (1349), he published a brief introduction to the island.
Mazu, the sea god of China culture, has 5,000 Chinese circles around the world.
Shima Zhilue contains very precious historical materials, and describes the export situation of various commodities in China. Such as silk, ceramics, metals, food, etc. Especially the export of China porcelain, 100 contains more than 40 chapters on porcelain trade, including more than 20 chapters on blue and white porcelain trade.
Blue and white porcelain was the best-selling international brand in China in Yuan Dynasty. According to reports, there are 120 pieces of Jingdezhen blue and white porcelain in the museum in Istanbul, Egypt. Hundreds of China blue-and-white porcelain wares of the Yuan Dynasty were unearthed in Fausta site, and China porcelain was also found in the port cities and islands of Somali, Kenyan, Tanzanian and other countries along the coast of East Africa.
Jingqing Temple in Song Dynasty is one of the earliest mosques in China.
The blue-and-white underglaze red porcelain of Jingdezhen unearthed in Kilwa Island, Tanzania, in the mid-Yuan Dynasty, also confirmed the record of "a brief island branch".
Imported commodities include spices, cotton fabrics, animal hair, minerals, jewelry, food, medicines and so on. According to the records in Shimayi Zhilue and China cultural relics unearthed abroad, the sea of China? The Silk Road? It should be? Silk porcelain road? More accurate.
In Kaiyuan Temple and Ship Museum in Quanzhou, the unearthed sailboats of the Song Dynasty are on display.
Quanzhou reached its peak in ancient times, and foreign trade flourished in Song and Yuan Dynasties.
Shima Zhilue contains very precious historical materials, and describes the export situation of various commodities in China. Such as silk, ceramics, metals, food, etc. Especially the export of China porcelain, 100 contains more than 40 chapters on porcelain trade, including more than 20 chapters on blue and white porcelain trade.
Blue and white porcelain was the best-selling international brand in China in Yuan Dynasty. According to reports, there are 120 pieces of Jingdezhen blue and white porcelain in the museum in Istanbul, Egypt. Hundreds of China blue-and-white porcelain wares of the Yuan Dynasty were unearthed in Fausta site, and China porcelain was also found in the port cities and islands of Somali, Kenyan, Tanzanian and other countries along the coast of East Africa. The blue-and-white underglaze red porcelain of Jingdezhen unearthed in Kilwa Island, Tanzania, in the mid-Yuan Dynasty, also confirmed the record of "a brief island branch".
On the Maritime Silk Road, a large number of foreigners are active in Quanzhou.
Imported commodities include spices, cotton fabrics, animal hair, minerals, jewelry, food, medicines and so on. According to the records in Shimayi Zhilue and China cultural relics unearthed abroad, the sea of China? The Silk Road? It should be? Silk porcelain road? More accurate.
In the spring of 1292 before Wang Dayuan's voyage to the West, Kyle? After spending 17 years in China with his father and uncle, Poirot was entrusted by Kublai Khan to escort a Mongolian princess named Kokejin from Quanzhou to get married in Persia, and finally returned to Venice.
In Kyle? Paul's travels, Kyle? Poirot praised Quanzhou? Port of Erythrina? Like Alexandria in Egypt? The largest port in the world? . ? There are more than 100 ships transporting pepper from Alexandria or other ports to Christian countries, even this port of Erythrina. . It is conceivable that Quanzhou Port in those days became a huge southeast town with many countries and merchants, and an extremely rich international metropolis written by world travelers.
Anchor of Quanzhou Kaiyuan Temple Ship Museum
The Song Dynasty pursued practical economic rationality, not only did it not prohibit overseas trade, but sometimes it especially advocated and encouraged overseas trade. The Yuan Dynasty was more unified and open than the previous one. In the Yuan Dynasty, shipping started from 1282. After more than ten years of adventure and trial and error, we finally found an economical, safe and fast route. It only took more than ten days to transport grain from western Zhejiang to Beijing.
Some historians think that if we take this road, China will become a maritime power in the world and accelerate primitive accumulation of capital.
Luoyang Bridge, one of the four famous bridges, is the earliest cross-sea bridge in China.
Zhu Yuanzhang was banned by the sea and 99% of his wealth was cut off.
It can be said that before Zhu Yuanzhang, China never had a policy of sea ban. Long before the old Zhu Jianguo in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, it was famous for its openness.
In contrast, the annual income of business tax in the early Ming Dynasty was only 1% of that in the Northern Song Dynasty. It is conceivable that the commodity economy in the Song Dynasty was developed and retrogressed after the old Zhu Jianguo.
Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang statue
It would be far-fetched if Zhu Yuanzhang imposed a maritime ban just because of the Japanese pirates' insurrection along the coast of Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Fujian. I'm afraid the bigger reason is that Ming Taizu is the only emperor in the history of China who was born in abject poverty. It is not easy to climb from the Red Scarf Army to the present position step by step. The idea of clinging to the past is very serious, fearing that being too radical will make the Ming Dynasty unstable.
Therefore, the remnants of attaching importance to agriculture and neglecting commerce led the whole Ming Dynasty to lag behind the Song Dynasty and even the Yuan Dynasty. It is precisely because of this strategy of governing the country that Fujian, with a large population but a small population, especially Quanzhou, once the world's largest port, suddenly lost its economic pillar, and the once prosperous Erythrina City fell into a desperate situation and never recovered.
In Quanzhou Islamic Holy Tomb, there is a place where Zheng He burns incense.
Qianlong didn't listen to his grandfather, so there was the Opium War.
Kangxi's early years were a mess, and he had no idea to consider changing careers. Especially Ryukyu (Taiwan Province Province) has descendants of Zheng Chenggong. But once Zheng's maritime business group was defeated, Kangxi immediately said in the imperial edict:? Because of Haikou, the sea ban was not opened. Now that the atmosphere of the ocean is clear, what else can we do? ?
What are you waiting for? Four words express Kangxi's urgent need for overseas trade incisively and vividly. It can be seen that Kangxi is still an emperor with a little world vision. The reason why Zhu Yuanzhang's sea ban policy was copied in the early Qing dynasty was that he had to do it.
Kaiyuan Temple East Tower, the tallest stone tower in China.
However, in the seventeenth year of Qianlong (1752), Ma Fanqing case happened in Hubei. The horse camped in the deep mountains, hence the name? Paradise village? At the same time, advocate? In a few days, things will start in the west and the Ming Dynasty will be revived. . This made the proud Master Gan Long feel very uncomfortable.
Thus, in the 1950s of 18, the industrial revolution broke out in Britain, which promoted the capitalist economy to take off for the first time. Almost at the same time, in the twenty-second year of Qianlong (1757), the Qing dynasty ordered the closure of three coastal ports, leaving only one port in Guangzhou for trade.
There is only one port in Guangzhou that is prone to corruption, and the 13 line of collusion with corrupt officials is nearby. This forced all kinds of Indian companies in Europe who always wanted to expand the global market with the help of the powerful Qing Empire.
Chaotianmen in Ancient Erythrina (Quanzhou)
In the middle, an Englishman named Hong sued this imperial edict for fiasco. As a result, businessmen from Europe were badly played by Qing officials.
Perhaps, the consciousness of the son of heaven, which has always centered on the feet of the emperor Laozi, can't follow these? Red-haired savage The root of serious business.
Finally, less than 100 years later, the first opium war broke out in 1940. Perhaps, Lord Qianlong, who was bossy in those days, didn't necessarily expect this, did he?
In the Song Dynasty, the Dejimen site at the south gate of Quanzhou was just outside the bustling pier at that time.
To sum up:
Zhu Yuanzhang's thought of valuing agriculture over commerce and being arrogant and domineering led to the whole Ming and Qing Dynasties falling behind the Song Dynasty and even the Yuan Dynasty.
The strategy of closing the country to the outside world has made Fujian, which is sparsely populated, especially Quanzhou, once the world's largest port, lose its economic pillar at once.
Erythrina city, which was once prosperous due to foreign trade, fell into a state of perdition and never recovered.