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The four ancient civilizations are a popular concept in China's cultural circle, which is generally used to refer to the areas where the four human civilizations were first born, such as ancient Babylon, ancient Egypt, ancient China and ancient India. However, due to the lack of accurate records of ancient civilizations, the academic circles are still controversial about its specific birth time. Much knowledge of philosophy, science, literature and art that human beings have today can be traced back to the contributions of these ancient civilizations.
The four major civilizations are all built near the easy-to-survive river platform. In the northern hemisphere, the Nile, Yellow River and Yangtze River basins, as well as the Indus River and Ganges River basins, have successively produced four major civilizations in the world.
Ancient civilization entered the Bronze Age from the Neolithic Age, and then entered the Iron Age 7000 -4000 years ago. Slavery is adopted in most social systems, and state power came into being later. Nome civilization in ancient Egypt is the earliest known civilization in the world.
The four ancient civilizations all have their own myths and legends. They used myths to strengthen their autocratic rule. The pharaoh of ancient Egypt called himself phoebus apollo, the Babylonian ruler Hammurabi called himself a descendant of Luna, and the monarch of China called himself the son of heaven.
The four ancient civilizations all have their own calendars, with leap months divided into 12 months every year. Every civilization has created its own writing. Civilizations in the Indus River, the Yellow River and the two river basins all use pottery wheels to make pottery. Egypt and the two river basins calculated pi earlier, Babylonia and China discovered Pythagorean theorem or its practical application earlier (such as China's' three strands, four chords and five'), while India invented Arabic numerals.
Greek history series
Aegean civilization? To 1600
Mycenaean civilization from BC 1600 to BC 1200.
/kloc-the dark ages from 0/200 to 800 years ago
Ancient Greece from 776 BC to 323 BC
323 years before Hellenism to before Hellenism 146 years
BC 146-330 in Greece
Byzantine Empire from 330 to 1453
Ottoman Empire 1453 to 1832
Modern Greece 1832 to present
The earliest civilization that appeared in Greece was Minoan civilization in Aegean Sea, and its existence lasted from about 3000 BC to about 1450 BC. We know very little about Minos, and even this name is just a modern name, the legendary king Minos from Crete. They seem to belong to the pre-Indo-European family; Their language, Minos, may be written in the unread linear character A; They are mainly sea merchants. Although the reason for their decline is unknown, it is certain that they were eventually invaded and ruled by Mycenae in the Greek mainland.
Mycenae civilization is a civilization in the late ancient Greece. Its existence can be traced back to the Greek arrival in the Aegean Sea around 1600 BC, and its decline around 1 100 BC, which is the historical background of Homer's epic and many Greek myths. The Mycenaean period was named after the Mycenaean archaeological site in the northeast of Argos in the Peloponnesian Peninsula in southern Greece. Athens, Pilars, Thebes and Tirins are also important Mycenae cities.
Mycenae civilization was ruled by nobles led by warriors. About 1400 years ago, Mycenae took control of Crete, the center of Crete civilization, and absorbed the linear letter A of the latter to write their own language, an early Greek. The characters in Minoan period are called linear characters B.
Mycenae buried their nobles in tholoi, a circular tomb with a high dome and a straight stone entrance passage. They are usually buried with weapons and equipment such as daggers, and nobles usually wear gold masks, crowns, armor and jewels. Mycenae was usually buried in a sitting position, and the bodies of some nobles were mummified.
Mycenaean civilization declined about 1 100 years ago, many cities were looted, and Greek history entered a dark period. During this period, the population and culture of Greece declined greatly. The Greeks themselves blamed the disaster on the invasion of another Greek, Dorian, but there is no archaeological evidence to prove this assertion.
Minoan civilization, also translated as Minoan civilization, is an ancient civilization in the Aegean Sea, which appeared in the Bronze Age before ancient Greece and Mycenae civilization, about 3000 BC-BC 1450. The development of this civilization is mainly concentrated in Crete.
The name Minos comes from Minos, the king of Crete in ancient Greek mythology. At the beginning of the 20th century, Sir Arthur Evans, a British archaeologist, thought that this was the legendary Minoan maze after excavating the ruins of the ancient palace in Knossos (now the Museum of the Palace of Knossos). Therefore, Evans called the civilization represented by this site "Minoan civilization". But people are not sure whether the legendary Minos is the real ruler of Minos. What Minoan people call their own civilization is still unknown. However, the ancient Egyptians' "Keftiu" and the Semitic people's "Kraft" or "caputo" all refer to Minoan Crete, which may be an inspiration.
Saffron gatherer, santorini mural, mainly engaged in overseas trade in Minos. Their culture showed a high degree of organization before about 1700 BC, which was different from the later culture characterized by military aristocratic rule. Many historians and archaeologists believe that Minoans played an important role in the important tin trade in the Bronze Age: the alloy of tin and copper produced in Cyprus was used to make bronze. The process of bronze tools being gradually replaced by iron tools with better performance seems to coincide with the decline of Minoan civilization. In addition, Minoan people also buy and sell saffron, which is a natural genetic variety produced in the Aegean region. It's hard to find physical evidence of this trade, but there is a famous mural "Saffron Man" in santorini. This form of trade may have existed before Minoan civilization, in exchange for frankincense or later pepper. Archaeologists tend to emphasize more durable goods: pottery, copper, tin and a large number of gold and silver luxuries.
The articles made by Minos found in various places show that it has trade networks with mainland Greece (Mycenae civilization), Cyprus, Syria, Anatolia, Egypt, Spain and Mesopotamia.
Little is known about their language, which is generally called Eteocretan ("Primitive Crete"). ), probably written in the unbroken linear character a. In later cultures, due to the invasion of Mycenae civilization, they turned to linear letter B, an early Greek letter, to keep records. Due to the loss of this kind of writing, we still can't understand this splendid civilization in depth.
A controversial conclusion points out that during the Crete civilization, Crete never suffered from war. [ 1]
Minoan civilization reappeared when Unicode sorted out "linear A" and "linear B" characters, mainly because when we were processing these ancient language texts, we inadvertently found the corresponding relationship between characters and ancient Greek, so that we could interpret these mysterious characters.
annals
Various stages of Minoan history:
Settled before 7000.
3 100- 2 100 Pre-Minoan Civilization (EMI, II, III)
2 100- 1700 Middle Minoan Civilization (MMI, II, III)= Old Palace Age
Before 1700- before 1420 Late Minoan Civilization (LMI, II, III) = Young Palace Age.
Pre-1420- pre-1050 Mycenaean period
The earliest evidence of human habitation appeared in the Neolithic Age, and it is a ceramic product that is now determined to be about 7000 years ago. It is also said that paleolithic remains have been found, but there is no strong evidence. The earliest settlers introduced cows, sheep, pigs and dogs, and some people planted grains and vegetables. The prosperity of the sites in the late Neolithic period shows the growth of population.
In the early Bronze Age, about 3 100 years ago, Crete was the beginning of civilization.
About 1700 years ago, there was a disturbance in Crete, which may be an earthquake, and some scholars think it was the invasion of Anatolia. Then the population increased, and the palace was built bigger than before, but the foundation was slightly different.
1650 or 1628, 1500 and 1450 (still controversial), the volcanic island of Scylla erupted about 70 kilometers from Crete. This may be the largest volcanic eruption in recorded human history, surpassing the eruption of Tambora volcano in 18 15. This eruption can be identified from the volcanic ash that landed in eastern Crete, Egypt, Aegean Sea and eastern Mediterranean. The emission of sulfur dioxide and dust clouds may have destroyed several human settlements, resulting in atmospheric cooling (volcanic winter) and crop failure for several years. The violent eruption also led to the collapse of the volcano, which in turn triggered a huge tsunami and swept away the coastal settlements. Some archaeologists believe that Minoan people lost their faith in religion and the ability of priests to influence nature, which led to the decline of civilization.
About 1450 years ago, the palace was disturbed again. Soon after, around 1420 BC, the island was conquered by Mycenae. They wrote their original Greek in Minoan manuscripts. After that, most cities in Crete declined, while Northos remained the administrative center until 1200 BC.
The earliest ancient civilization discovered in the two river basins has been more than 6000 years ago. Although Babylon has disappeared now, its influence (especially in religion) remains today. It really deserves to be one of the four ancient civilizations.