Human population
695,822 people (20 10). The population growth rate is about 12.5‰, with Bhutanese accounting for about 50% of the total population and Nepalese accounting for about 35%. Bhutanese "Zongka" and English are official languages. Tibetan Buddhism (Kagyu Sect) is the state religion, and Nepalese residents believe in Hinduism.
capital
The capital Thimphu (16) is the political and religious center of the country. Located at the southern foot of the Himalayas, the Wanghe River runs through the city. The city is more than 2500 meters above sea level and has a population of 42465 (2005).
national flag
It is rectangular, and its length-width ratio is 3: 2. It consists of two right-angled triangles, golden yellow and orange, with a white dragon in the middle and four Bhutanese flags.
[1] Each paw grabs a bright white sphere. Gold symbolizes the power and role of the king; Orange is the color of monks' robes, which symbolizes the spiritual strength of Buddhism. Dragon symbolizes national strength and refers to the name of this country, because Bhutan can be translated as "the country of dragons". White beads are held on the dragon's claws, symbolizing strength and sacredness. Bhutan has been a territory of Tubo (Tibet) since the 8th century. After the Yuan Dynasty unified Tibet, Tibet became the territory of China, and it was not separated until the Qing Dynasty. However, as a vassal state of the Qing Dynasty, it was deeply influenced by Tibetan culture.
national emblem
National emblem of Bhutan
It is round. On the circular surface, two dragons fly, symbolizing power and dignity. The dragon is surrounded by burning flames, and the center of the circle is a cross pattern, which is a symbol of lightning in nature. On the top of the white circle on the outer circle of the round face, "Glorious Bhutan is invincible" is written in Tibetan.
politics
1998, the fourth king, jigme singye wangchuck, ceased to be the head of government and handed over the power of government management to the Council of Ministers. 200 1 set up a constitutional drafting Committee to start the constitutional work. In 2006, King jigme singye wangchuck IV abdicated to his son Jigme Hersal Namgal wangchuck. From June 5438 to February 2007, the first National Committee (upper house) election was held. In March 2008, the first National Assembly (lower house) election was held, which marked the beginning of Bhutan's transition to constitutional monarchy. Bhutan promulgated its first constitution in 2008.
parliament
A bicameral system is implemented, which consists of the king, the National Assembly (upper house) and the National Assembly (lower house) and has legislative power. The upper house is composed of 25 members, all of whom are independents, of whom 20 are elected by various elections and the other 5 are celebrities appointed by the king. The House of Commons consists of 47 members directly elected by voters. The term of office of members of both houses is five years. In February 2007, the first National Committee (Upper House) was established. In March 2008, the first National Assembly (lower house) was established, consisting of 45 Druk Phuensum Tshogpa seats and 2 People's Democratic Party seats. Jigme Surtim, current Speaker of the National Assembly. According to Bhutan's Constitution, with the consent of two-thirds of the members, Parliament has the right to propose a motion of abdication to the king. If the bill is passed by three quarters of the parliament, a referendum should be held to decide whether the king will abdicate. The age of a king's rule must not exceed 65.
political party
(1) Bhutan Peace and Prosperity Party, founded in July 2007, officially registered in August 15, advocates conservatism and is loyal to the monarchy. The leader is Jigme Tinlai (2) Bhutan People's Democratic Party, which was founded in March 2007 and registered in September 1. This party mainly focuses on democracy and human rights and belongs to the center-left Social Democratic Party. The leader is Sangay Ngudupu.
military affairs
The armed forces are mainly composed of the Royal Army (including the Royal Guard) and the Royal Police. Compulsory military service is implemented, and the king is the supreme commander of the armed forces. The Royal Army was adapted from the 1963 militia armed group, with a strength of about 9,000 (in 2007). The current chief operational commander is Lieutenant General Batu Lin Ze. The Royal Guard was formally established in 196 1, which is mainly responsible for the safety of members of the royal family. The Royal Police was formally established on 1965, which is under the Ministry of Interior and Culture of Bhutan. Its main function is to maintain social order and undertake frontier defense and fire control tasks. Most of Bhutan's military expenditures are provided by India.
government
According to Bhutan's Constitution, the leader of a political party who won a majority in the National Assembly election will be appointed as the Prime Minister by the king and be responsible for forming a cabinet. The term of office of the Prime Minister shall not exceed two terms, and ministers of various government departments shall be appointed by the king on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. With the consent of more than one third of the members, the National Assembly may propose motion of no confidence to the government. If the motion is passed by more than two thirds of the National Assembly, the king has the right to dissolve the government. In March 2008, the prosperous Progressive Party won an overwhelming victory in the first general election. On April 9, Jigme Tinley, the party's chairman, became the first elected prime minister. On, the ministers of the new government took office. Include Yeshey Zimba, Minister of Engineering and Personnel Resettlement, Kandu wangchuck, Minister of Economy, Wang Di Nurbu, Minister of Finance, Ujian Zelin, Minister of Health, Zangli Dukapa, Minister of Interior and Culture, Minister of Education, Thakur Podyel, Minister of Agriculture, Pema Gamcho, Minister of Information and Communication, NanDalal Lai, and Minister of Labor and Human Resources, Dorje Wandi. The government also has 1 1 directly affiliated institutions: Royal Civil Service Commission, State Planning Commission, State Environment Commission, State Labor Bureau, Royal Monetary Authority, National Technical Training Bureau, Royal Management Institute, Legal Affairs Bureau, Bhutan Research Center, Local Development Committee and State Cultural Affairs Commission.
Referee
The High Court is the highest judicial body, but the king has the highest judicial power, including accepting the highest appeal cases. The High Court was established in Thimphu on 1968, with eight judges, including the Chief Justice, two of whom were elected by the National Assembly for a term of five years. The rest are appointed by the king and the term of office is decided by the king. Every family has a local court, and parents and local judges appointed by the king are responsible for handling local litigation cases. The current Chief Justice is Sonam Toberjee.
Temple group
It is the only arbitration institution for religious affairs, consisting of the central temple group and the local temple group. There are about 5,000 monks in China who enjoy financial assistance from the government. Kambu is the highest religious leader, a monk elected by the temple and approved by the king, and enjoys the special right to wear a shawl of the same color as the king. Kampo is assisted by four big monks.
Editing this part of the economy
resources
There are dolomite, limestone, marble, graphite, gypsum, coal, lead, copper, zinc and other mineral deposits. Water resources are abundant. Bhutan's hydropower resources are about 20,000 megawatts (MW), and only about 2% of them have been developed and utilized. Forest coverage accounts for about 72% of the country's land area. 1995, the National Assembly of Bhutan stipulated that the forest coverage rate in Bhutan should be kept at least 60%.
Agriculture, animal husbandry and forestry
Cultivated land accounts for 16% of the total land area, and the main crops are corn, rice, wheat, barley, buckwheat, potato and cardamom. Animal husbandry is more common. The main tree species are birch, oak, pine, fir, spruce, birch and so on. It is famous for its rich flowers and grasses. Rich in fruit. Apples and oranges are exported to India and Bangladesh in large quantities. Quiet countryside
Agriculture is a pillar industry in Bhutan. After the land reform in 1950s, more than 98% farmers owned land and houses. Food is basically self-sufficient. At present, agriculture accounts for about 23% of Bhutan's GDP (fiscal year 2005/06), and the agricultural population accounts for 63.3% of the total employed population. In recent years, the proportion of secondary industry and tertiary industry in Bhutan has risen rapidly, accounting for about 35% and 42% of GDP respectively in fiscal year 2005/06. Exporting hydropower and related construction industries to India has become one of the pillars of Bhutan's economy.
folk custom
garbage can
Bhutan has only one airport and no railway, with a forest coverage rate of 72%. There are many kinds of trees and high grades in Bhutan, and the timber accumulation is about 670 million cubic meters. However, Bhutan has not been deforestation, but scientific, reasonable and moderate development. Mountain people need special permission to cut down a tree, and logging in state-owned forest areas must undergo strict examination and approval. In Sanjiegang near the capital Thimphu, we met a middle school student named Gan Jin. He told us that his father was cutting down trees on the mountain. When a relative in their family died, the government allowed to cut down a tree as the vertical pole of the prayer flag. In addition, some dead branches can be cut down and cremated. The Bhutanese government also designated June 2nd as the National Tree Planting Day, requiring all citizens to participate in tree planting and greening the motherland. Bhutanese have a strong sense of environmental protection. Little things tell the story best. Walking on the clean street of Paro, a major town in western Bhutan, the author wanted to throw waste paper and found a trash can in front of a shop. When I looked in from the door of the trash can, I found it was clean and there was no garbage in the bucket. The author also found a similar situation in several other places in Bhutan. The "appearance" of the trash can also reflects the environmental awareness of the citizens of the country.
Dingding village
Buddhism is the national religion of Bhutan, with 75% Bhutanese believing in Buddhism and 25% believing in Hinduism. Many people have shrines at home. The reporter drove to Dodinat village near the capital Thimphu and interviewed a villager named Dante. He belongs to the poor people who account for 3%-4% of the population in this country. He lives in a small house, about 12 square meters. The author walked through the door with his head down and entered the back room, which was very crowded, with a bed against two walls. Although the room is small, the niche occupies the most conspicuous position in the room. The niche is covered with a yellow tablecloth with a golden Buddha statue on it. Butter lamp has been on for a long time. This is the most sacred and gorgeous place in the room. Dante worships several times every morning and evening, and he is very pious.
Dress
Local residents in traditional Bhutanese costumes
Walking on the streets of Thimphu, the capital of Bhutan, you can see Bhutanese women wearing ankle-length "Kira" skirts; Men are taking off their coats with big sleeves, wearing traditional robes called "Guo" on their upper bodies, white and tidy cuffs on their arms, and knee-length skirts and stockings on their lower bodies. According to local people, big sleeves can be used as pockets. If you put something in your sleeve and hold the cuff with your hand, the contents will not fall out. Men's clothes have neither buttons nor pockets, and they only rely on a wide belt to tighten their clothes, thus forming an "open mind" of Bhutanese men, and everything that can't fit in their sleeves can be put into their arms. The adults piled up the "odds and ends" that they held in their arms. Students don't have to carry schoolbags at school, all stationery books are in their arms, and their clothes are bulging. Bhutanese clothing reflects their attitude of advocating leisure life. Local friends told me that due to the long-term influence of Buddhist teachings, the idea of being generous and not competing with the world has already penetrated into the lives of local people. Locks and keys are almost useless in Bhutan, because Bhutan has a good public security and a very low crime rate, and people rarely lock doors when they go out. Isolation does not mean that the people are weak. Bhutan is densely forested, and there are many wild animals such as black bears and snow leopards, and daggers are indispensable in the weapons of local men. Moreover, from the king's ministers to the common people, all of them are excellent archers, and some senior Bhutanese officials even carry long swords with them at work.
Multicolored prayer flags
Whether on the hillside or in front of the roof, colorful flags fluttering in the wind can be seen everywhere in Bhutan. The scene is spectacular, simple and mysterious. Locals say that people believe in Tibetan Buddhism, and these five-color flags are actually prayer flags printed with scriptures. Previously, this prayer flag, which is three feet long and 1 foot wide, was printed with six proverbs of "Om, Ma, Ni, Pa, Mi, moo", dragons and tigers. The edge of the flag is blue, white, red, green and yellow, symbolizing blue sky, white clouds, flames, green water and land. Colorful prayer flags fluttered in the wind on the pine branches.
It is said that during the prosperous period of the Tubo Dynasty on the ancient Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the rulers gave them Hada in addition to a large number of cattle, sheep and gold and silver jewelry for the warriors who made great achievements in the war. The soldiers hung Hada around their home to show their bravery. Over time, people see hanging Hada as beautiful. After the rise of Buddhism, some monks skillfully borrowed this popular way to promote Buddhism in the local area. They claim that as long as believers print the scriptures on cloth and hang them up, whenever the prayer flags are blown by the wind, it is equivalent to reading the scriptures to heaven, which has the same effect of accumulating good practice as oral recitation. As a result, this method has been highly praised by many illiterate herders and has been popular ever since. At present, for convenience, most local prayer flags in Bhutan are simply made of five-color flags, without printed patterns and characters. Whenever people celebrate their birthdays, festivals and even move to a new home, the first thing they have to do is to hang a prayer flag and pray for the protection of the gods. Interestingly, Bhutanese often put scriptures in wooden barrels and let them go with the flow. In the eyes of local people, wooden barrels move because of the current, which is also a way for them to chant to God. In this country where gods are believed to be everywhere, masks similar to the face of an ox's head and horse's face and an eagle's mouth and monkey's face have become an indispensable part of people's lives. During major religious festivals every year, many Bhutanese will wear goose yellow satin skirts, embroidered cowhide boots and various "ugly" masks to sing and dance. According to the local people, these masks are the products of primitive religion. Some are to express their love for nature, some are to drive away monsters, and some are to pray for a good harvest in the coming year.
Pepper is the main course.
Pepper became the main course.
The living habits of Bhutanese are similar to those of China, and they also eat jiaozi. However, Bhutanese food is more spicy than Sichuan food in China. Bhutanese regard peppers as vegetables, not spices. Every roof is covered with red pepper. In daily life, Bhutanese not only add a lot of dried peppers to any dish, but also like to eat raw peppers instead of chopping them directly in the cold salad.
physical geography
It covers an area of 38,000 square kilometers and is located on the southern slope of the Himalayas. China is adjacent to the north, northeast and northwest; The south borders India. Punakazon, the Old Capital of Bhutan
The territory is mountainous, high in the north and low in the south; The southern mountainous area has a subtropical climate, which is humid and rainy, with an annual precipitation of 5000 ~ 6000 mm; The central valley has a mild climate with an annual precipitation of 760-2000mm. Altitude 180 ~ 7550 meters. Rivers from north to south mainly include A Mu Quhe, Wangqu River and Moqu River. In this isolated environment, there are blue sheep, orchids, wild poppies, rare snow leopards and the legendary Himalayan snowman. Dense high-altitude oak forests, and even tiger paw prints. South Asian tigers usually appear in low-altitude forest areas, but in Bhutan, their tracks may appear above the snow line at an altitude of three or four kilometers.