God covers, earth inherits, and the number of things is ten thousand. Because of this, everything that has happened has been compromised, modified, and everything is lacking. This is caused by manpower! Since there are tens of thousands of things, how many things have to be handed down orally and seen with your own eyes to know? Of all things, half are useless to human beings and half are beneficial to human beings. There are some people in the world who are extremely clever and knowledgeable, and everyone admires him ── he doesn't even know the dates and pears, but he guesses the king of Chu's Pingbao out of thin air; Even the ordinary kettle (rice kettle) is rarely seen. They all talk about Fang Ding of Chu. Painters like to draw ghosts, but they don't like dogs and horses. Even the duke of Zheng and Zhang Hua of Jin are commendable!

I was lucky to be born in an era when I understood that things were at their peak. Yunnan's chariots and horses can be smoothly connected to Liaoyang; Officials and businessmen in the border areas of Lingnan can visit Jibei at will. What can't I see in Wan Li, Fiona Fang? Can't you tell? If this scholar was born in the early Eastern Jin Dynasty or the late Southern Song Dynasty, he must have mistaken the native products of Yan, Qin, Jin and Yu for foreign (ethnic) goods. What's the difference between fur hats bought from foreign (ethnic) trade offices and ancient Shen Jian? Moreover, those princes and ministers grew up in the palace, and when the white rice in the royal kitchen was fragrant, they thought of watching Lei's farm tools. Female officials in the palace imagine what a textile machine and silk thread are when cutting gorgeous clothes. If you can look at this painting at this time, it will be a treasure. Over the years, I have written a book called Heavenly Creations. So sad! I am really poor. Although I want to buy some ancient books for textual research, I don't have enough financial resources. Although I want to invite like-minded friends to study and discuss its authenticity, there is a lack of guest houses that can entertain guests. Is it appropriate to write like this, leaving it ignorant and burying doubts in your heart?

My friend, Mr. Tu Boju, is sincere in thought, touching the world, sensitive in thought and poor in scholarship. Those who have good words and small profits in ancient and modern times will always be congenial to them. Last year, my book The Sound of Painting was printed and published under the sponsorship of Mr. Wang. Now there are follow-up tasks, and then take this book to continue the sponsorship and printing of the previous book. This is also the fate of past lives!

This book is divided into two volumes, the first volume is, and the second volume is, to illustrate the significance of valuing grain over gold and jade. In the first and second volumes, their reasoning is too profound, and my own measurement is not my specialty, so I deleted it when I went to press. I ask those scholars who pursue profound knowledge to throw this book on the table! Because it has nothing to do with getting the first place in the exam, getting promoted and becoming famous!

The time is April, the tenth year of Chongzhen, written by Fengxin Song Yingxing in his inquiry hall.

Ha ha! ~ I copied it from the internet! ~

2. Preface to the full text of Tian Gong Wu Kai Juan

The sky is overwhelming, and there are thousands of things, and things are also caused by it. Is it manpower?

Things are everything, but they must be dictated to you before you know them. What does it have to do with geometry? In all things, it's useless to have a stranger, but it's good for him. Let's take half of each. There are intelligent and knowledgeable people in the world, and those who are thick push them; It is jujube pear flower that is not appreciated, but it is assumed to be ChuPing; Fan talked about the kettle and the tripod; Painters are good at painting ghosts, dogs and horses; That is, Zheng Qiao and Jinhua, are they fierce enough?

Fortunately, in the heyday of enlightenment, horses in southern Yunnan ran through Liaoyang, and officials and merchants traveled between northern Hebei and Wan Li. What is invisible and inaudible? If he was born as a scholar in the early Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty, and regarded Yan, Qin, Jin and Yu as exotic products, why should he be cautious? And her husband's grandson, who grew up in a deep palace, is a delicious chef, but he depends on thunder; Shang's sword is an imaginary machine silk. Speaking of time, look at the picture and you will win a treasure!

In recent years, I have written a book called Heavenly Creations. What a pity! Want to buy strange research, but lack of money; In order to attract peers, Shang Lue is fake and real, but there is a lack of Chen Si Museum. What's wrong with writing with his humble knowledge and hiding his heart? My friend, Mr. Tu Boju, moved the sky sincerely and was open-minded. The beauty of ancient and modern times, long and desirable, must be diligent and appropriate. Last year's "Painting Sound Back to Right" was awarded by Mr. Li. I have an afterlife, and I will take this roll and continue to do it. This is also the call of fate! Before and after dividing the paper, it means "your grain is precious and your gold is precious". The two volumes, Guan Xiang and Lv Yue, are too precise in doctrine, which is none of my business, so I deleted Linzi.

Beggars and scholars abandon the table! This book has nothing to do with fame and progress. time

Ding Chou Meng of Chongzhen and Feng Xin Song wrote a book in Family Grain Inquiry Hall.

"Tiangong Wu Kai? It's the first one. "

"Tiangong Wu Kai? Is to serve two "

"Tiangong Wu Kai? Aki III

"Tiangong Wu Kai? The fourth essence "

"Tiangong Wu Kai? Make salty fifth "

"Tiangong Wu Kai? Indulge in the sixth book. "

"Tiangong Wu Kai? The seventh in Yan Tao.

"Tiangong Wu Kai? Metallurgical eighth "

"Tiangong Wu Kai? The ninth boat trip

"Tiangong Wu Kai? Hammer forging tenth

"Tiangong Wu Kai? Burning stone Xi

"Tiangong Wu Kai? Ointment XII

"Tiangong Wu Kai? Thirteenth "

"Tiangong Wu Kai? Hardware XIV

"Tiangong Wu Kai? Fifteenth soldier "

"Tiangong Wu Kai? Danqing XVI

"Tiangong Wu Kai? Buckberry seventeen

"Tiangong Wu Kai? Zhuyu Eighteen "

3. The full text of Heavenly Creations "Heavenly Creations" records various technologies in ancient China before the middle of the Ming Dynasty.

The book is divided into three parts, 18 volumes. It is accompanied by 12 1 illustration, which depicts the names, shapes and processes of 130 kinds of production technologies and tools.

Preface to "Heavenly Creations": Heaven covers the earth, and there are tens of thousands of things, and things are also due to it. Success is not leaving a backward path.

What kind of manpower is it? Things are everything, but they must be dictated to you before you know them. What does it have to do with geometry? Among all things, it is no different from a stranger and a helpful person, each with his own responsibilities.

People with smart natural history will be pushed forward by others. It is because the flowers of jujube and pear are not appreciated, but they bear the "initial level"; Fan's "kettle", and talk about "kettle tripod"; Painters like to paint ghosts, dogs and horses, but are Zheng Qiao and Jinhua strong enough? Fortunately, in its heyday, locomotives in southern Yunnan ran through Liaoyang, and officials and businessmen in the mountains swam across northern Hebei. What is invisible to Wan Li? If you are a scholar, at the beginning of the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the season of the Southern Song Dynasty, * * * regarded Yan, Qin, Jin and Yu as exotic products and got fur hats from the mutual market, so Uncle He was cautious.

Moreover, Di Zi, the master and the teacher, grew up in the deep palace, and the jade grains of the royal chef are fragrant, but they still cut clothes in the palace and fantasize about silk. Speaking of time, I won a treasure by looking at the picture.

In recent years, I have written a book called Heavenly Creations. I am hurt and poor, and I want to buy strange research, but I am short of money; I want to attract Shang Lue, a fan, to fake the truth, but I lack the museum of Chen Sizhi.

What's wrong with writing it with its poor knowledge and hiding it in all directions? My friend Mr. Tu Baiju is sincere and open-minded. Those who have good words in ancient and modern times are long and desirable, and they must be diligent and suitable. Yesterday, I was awarded the book Painting Sound by my teacher. I have the rest of my life, so I will continue to do it with this volume, which is also the call of fate. Before and after dividing the paper, it means "your grain is precious and your gold is precious".

The two volumes, Guan Xiang and Lv Yue, are too precise in doctrine, which is none of my business, so I deleted Linzi. Beggars and literati abandon their desks. This book has nothing to do with the progress of fame and fortune.

Shi Zhen, Ding Yue and Feng Xin Song's Family Grain Book Part I: Naili: The cultivation technology of grain crops is clothes. The source of raw materials and processing methods of clothes are demonstrated. The dyeing method of plant dyes is the essence. The processing process of grain is salty. The production method of salt is introduced. The methods of planting sugar cane, making sugar and keeping bees are the first part. Taoli: the production and casting of bricks, tiles and ceramics: the casting of metal objects. Paste: Extraction method of vegetable oil: papermaking method. Next: hardware: mining and smelting of metals. Good soldier: weapon manufacturing method: Danqing: ink making pigment: wine making. Zhuyu: the source of jewelry and jade.

4. The main contents of Notes on Water Mirror, Qi Yaomin's Book and Tiangong Wu Kai are relatively complete comprehensive geographical works in ancient China, which mainly record the water system;

Qi Yao Min Shu is a comprehensive agricultural book written by China agronomist Jia Sixie in the Northern Wei Dynasty.

Tiangong Wu Kai is the first comprehensive work about agriculture and handicraft production.

The following information is for reference.

Notes on Water Classics is a masterpiece of ancient geography in China, with a total of 40 volumes. The author is Li Daoyuan in the late Northern Wei Dynasty.

The water mirror annotation is named after the water mirror annotation. The book Water Mirror is about 10,000 words, and the Notes on Six Classics of the Tang Dynasty says that it "draws water from the world, 137". Water Mirror Notes looks like water mirror notes, but in fact, it takes water mirror as the key link and records more than 1000 rivers and related historical sites, stories, myths and legends in detail. It is the most comprehensive and systematic comprehensive geographical work in ancient China. The book also records a large number of stone tablet ink and fishing songs and folk songs, with gorgeous words and beautiful language, which has high literary value. Because many documents quoted in the book were lost in later generations, many materials were preserved.

The Book of Qi Yao Min was written in the late Northern Wei Dynasty (533 -544 AD). It is a comprehensive agricultural work written by Jia Sixie, an outstanding agronomist from Northern Wei Dynasty to Southern Song Dynasty to Liang Dynasty. It is also one of the earliest monographs in the history of agriculture in the world and the earliest complete agricultural book in China.

The book 10, with 92 articles, systematically summarizes the production experience of agriculture and animal husbandry, the processing and storage of grain, the utilization of wild plants and the methods of controlling famine in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River before the sixth century, and introduces in detail the relationship between seasons, climate, different soils and different crops. Known as "China Ancient Agricultural Encyclopedia".

"Heavenly Creations" was first published in 1637 (the tenth year of Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty), with three volumes and eighteen articles. The book covers the production technologies of machinery, bricks, ceramics, sulfur, candles, paper, weapons, gunpowder, textiles, printing and dyeing, salt making, coal mining, oil extraction and other agricultural and handicraft industries.

Heavenly Creations is the first comprehensive work on agriculture and handicraft production in the world. It is a comprehensive scientific and technological work in ancient China. Others call it an encyclopedic work. The writer is Song, a scientist in Ming Dynasty. Foreign scholars call it "China17th century craft encyclopedia".

5. What is the main introduction of the book Wu Kai in Tiangong? The Wu Kai in Tiangong was first published in 1637 (the tenth year of Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty). Heavenly Creations is the first comprehensive work on agriculture and handicraft production in the world. It is a comprehensive scientific and technological work in ancient China. Others call it an encyclopedic work. The writer is Song, a scientist in Ming Dynasty. Foreign scholars call it "China17th century craft encyclopedia". In the book, the author emphasizes that human beings should live in harmony with nature and human resources should cooperate with natural forces. It is the most abundant historical data of science and technology in China. It focuses more on handicrafts and reflects the productive forces of capitalism in China in the late Ming Dynasty.

"Heavenly Creations" consists of three volumes and eighteen articles, covering the production technologies of agriculture and handicrafts, such as machinery, bricks, ceramics, sulfur, candles, paper, weapons, gunpowder, textiles, printing and dyeing, salt making, coal mining and oil extraction. In particular, the chapter "Machinery" describes in detail the agricultural machinery tools including vertical windmills, sugar carts, cow rope wheels and so on, which has extremely high scientific value.

6. The translation of "Tiangong Wu Kai Naifu" is clothing: the source and processing method of clothing raw materials. Wu Kai Naifu of Tiangong (1) Liu Hetong mainly refers to clothes, and the word "thousand words" means "clothes".

Among the four needs of life, "clothing" occupies a seat. Does it matter? From emperors and nobles to farmers and pawns, the clothes are gorgeous and simple, but it is essential to keep out the cold, which is also the biggest difference. This chapter is the longest chapter in the book, which describes all kinds of "clothes" in detail. Now we talk about the importance of "clothes", in fact, from ancient times to the present.

The book says that nowadays (Ming Dynasty), fairy-like ingenious knitting technology has spread all over the world. There are weaving techniques of looms and jacquard machines everywhere, but how many people know? This should be a great regret in life! Not only that, but also further, it should be based on the origin of clothing raw materials-cotton, hemp and kudzu root; People who belong to animals and insects, such as mink, fox, sheep, silkworm, etc. Among them, sericulture is really busy. Fan Chengda, a poet in the Song Dynasty, said, "... there were few idle people in the countryside in April, and sericulture was planted in the fields.

"Know a thing or two; Moreover, during the sericulture period, people really thought that the little chef hippo was here, which was careless. Xie Fangde, a poet in the Song Dynasty, whose real name is, said in his poem: "Since I came to crow for four shifts, I thought that silkworms were thick and afraid of thin leaves ..." ... "How many hardships can outsiders go through?

Here, we have learned everything about silkworms, so that we can know where the silk thread comes from. First of all, the pupa emerged into a silkworm moth, and in about ten days, both sexes were the same, that is, they broke out of the cocoon.

The female silkworm moth is bigger than the male silkworm moth, but the male silkworm moth is bigger than the female silkworm moth and has a pair of antennae on its head (this is the easiest way to distinguish between the sexes). The female moth crouches still, the male moth swoops down, and makes love when she meets the female moth (it is known that there is a sachet at the end of the female moth, and the smell is scattered outside to lure the male moth! Non-blind flight )

. The mating time is 6-8 hours, after which the male moth dies; The female moth then lays eggs, laying about 200 eggs continuously and evenly (only the current literature says that there are as few as 300 eggs and as many as 700 eggs, which is caused by variety improvement? Or what? To be investigated. )

Don't eat anything after laying eggs, and die soon. Use thick paper prepared in advance to attach silkworm eggs (because there is a layer of paste on the surface of eggs, it can not be attached). )

Silkworm eggs can be harvested next year, but they should be supported by bamboo or wood and hung high on beams to avoid exposure to the sun. There should be no tung oil, bituminous coal, fire or snow. They should be put away first, and then hung up after the snow.

In order to eliminate bad varieties, method (1): Soak silkworm eggs in lime water or salt water for 12 days, and the poor quality will not hatch after death. (2) In the open air, if the roof is covered with bamboo trays, it will take 12 days to be damaged by frost, snow, rain and lightning, and the shielding effect can also be achieved.

There are two kinds of silkworms: early silkworms (which hatch once a year) and late silkworms (which hatch twice a year, hatch larvae about five or six days in advance, and cocoon in advance, but the cocoon is about one third lighter. Cocoons are yellow and white. If the white male is paired with the yellow female, another brown cocoon can be obtained.

Yellow silk can turn white by rinsing with pig pancreas. The shape of the cocoon is as follows: the hermaphrodite silkworm looks like a gourd, and the exposed silkworm is oval or oblate.

As soon as the weather gets warmer in Tomb-Sweeping Day, silkworms can hatch by themselves without covering their clothes to keep warm. Therefore, the silkworm house should be in the southeast, and the gaps around it should be sealed with paper and have a ceiling. If it gets colder, charcoal fire will keep you warm.

When feeding the silkworm ants for the first time, cut the mulberry leaves and dry them in the sun. If the silkworm has reached the fifth instar (skinned four times), it can be fed with wet leaves, and then spun silk is more shiny. Removing leaves, feces, peels and other impurities left on silkworm paper is called sand removal.

If you are too lazy to remove sand, you will get sick or die; But if you are too diligent, the silk will be too thick. Silkworms mainly eat mulberry leaves, but also leaves of Zhezhe, Elm, Artemisia selengensis and Chinese cymbidium.

If the silkworm's chest is transparent and shiny, its body is yellow, its head is getting bigger and bigger, its tail is getting smaller and smaller, it can't sleep, and it eats less, so as to avoid infection. Silkworms have to go through four times of peeling (silkworm babies have to sleep once every seven days, so they can't eat or move. After sleeping, they will begin to peel off their skin. )

Known as the fifth instar silkworm, its body color turns yellow, and it is transparent, its skin is tight, and it doesn't like mulberry leaves, that is, it will spin silk and form cocoons. Silkworms hatch and start to cocoon in Tatsumi (arrive at 1 1 in the morning).

This discovery is the earliest record in the world. Silkworms like warmth, so when they cocoon for the first time, they light a small charcoal fire to induce them to spin silk and cocoon.

Then add half a catty of charcoal to make the spit silk dry immediately, and the silk will remain for a long time without deterioration. Silkworm houses should be well ventilated, and cocoons near charcoal fires should not be used as "species".

Cocoon can be formed in half a day, and then it will be finished in about one day and two nights. A cocoon weighs about 0.3-0.5g and is about1000-1500m long.

A person who cooks cocoons can roll thirty taels a day. If the silk is thick, such as silk, throw 20 cocoons at a time; Baotou silk is thinner, only throwing 10 pieces.

When the cocoon boils, poke the water surface with a bamboo stick, wrap the thread around the drum, and move the screw to the silk winding car, and you can see the silk thread. Where the second-best double cocoon (double cocoon) or the residual cocoon at the bottom of the pot or moth cocoon is made of silk floss, some people have made this silk floss for generations, which is the silk of cotton-padded coat.

Threading is woven into lake silk, which is of high value; If the product woven by the machine is called cotton, the price is higher. Therefore, in order to weave a horse, the silk wound on the winder is divided into Suu shafts for weft yarns.

Generally speaking, the number of warp yarns is less than that of weft yarns, about 4 to 6. The warp yarn is pulled by the spindle and wound on the printing frame with a fixed width; If sizing is needed, sizing is done at this time, if not, it is directly wound on the warp beam as warp yarn; But for people who don't need sizing, the 20 warp yarns on both sides of the net still need sizing to make the two sides of the woven cloth stronger.

The purpose of sizing is to increase the strength of silk to meet the tensile force during weaving. The size is flour crumbs for gluten, and it can also be sized by Niu Pijiao, which is called sizing.

Self-drying after sizing. There are warp yarns on the warp beam, and each warp yarn needs to be harnessed to weave on the loom (the name of the loom that can weave concave-convex patterns and twill).

Let's start with the number of warp yarns. The leno time is 800 teeth, and the weavers are 1200 teeth. For every four warp combinations, there are 3,200 warp yarns and about 5,000-6,000 silk yarns. Therefore, many slender and difficult warp yarns pass through first.