The economy and culture of Chang 'an City in Tang Dynasty developed very rapidly. At its peak, it was one of the largest and most prosperous international metropolises in the world at that time, with a population of about 500,000. It gradually declined after the An Shi Rebellion. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Huang Chao invaded Chang 'an, and the city was seriously damaged. In the first year of God bless (904), Zhu Quanzhong took Tang Zhaozong hostage, moved the capital to Luoyang, and demolished the palace, taking away houses and timber. Later, Han Jian thought that the city was sparsely populated, which was not conducive to defense, so he rebuilt the city and reduced it to a "new city", that is, Chang 'an in the Five Dynasties, the Song Dynasty and the Jin and Yuan Dynasties. At this point, the 325-year-old Chang 'an City in Sui and Tang Dynasties was abandoned.
general layout
Chang 'an City in Tang Dynasty covers an area of 83. 1 km2, which is symmetrically arranged according to the central axis and consists of Outer Guo Cheng, Miyagi and Imperial City. Streets in the city crisscross and are divided into 1 10 Li Fang. In addition, there are large industrial and commercial areas such as Dongshi and Xicheng, and artificial gardens such as Furong Garden. The overall planning and layout of the city is neat, which is a model of the ancient capital of China.
The plane of Chang 'an City is rectangular, with a length of 972 1 m from east to west, a width of 8652 meters from north to south and a circumference of 36.7 kilometers. The city wall is about 12 meters wide and more than 5 meters high. It is all built with rammed earth boards, and the city wall section at the gate is also built with brick walls. At present, the city wall and its outer moat have been basically destroyed, and only some remnants remain near Xuanwu Gate in the north and Anhua Gate in the south.
There are twelve gates in Chang 'an City (outside Guocheng City), with Mingde Gate in the middle of the south, Qixia Gate and Anhua Gate in the east and west respectively. Chunming Gate is in the east, while Yanxing Gate and Tonghua Gate are in the north and south respectively. In the west is the Golden Gate, and in the north and south are Yanping Gate and Kaiyuan Gate respectively. The middle and east sections of the north overlap with the north wall of Gongcheng and the south wall of Daming Palace respectively, with Jingyaomen in the west section and Fanglinmen and Guanghuamen in the east and west. There are five doorways at the main entrance, Mingde Gate, and all other doors have three doorways. According to the actual measurement, the east-west width of Mingdemen site is 55.5 meters, and the north-south length is 17.5 meters, and each doorway is 5 meters wide. The original Taige-style gatehouse was burned down by Zhu Quanzhong in the late Tang Dynasty.
Miyagi is located in the middle of North Guo Cheng, with a rectangular plane, with a length of 2820m from east to west, a width of 1492m from north to south and a circumference of 8.6km. There are walls around the city, with Chengtianmen (called Yangguangmen in Sui Dynasty) in the middle of the south, Yanximen and Anfumen in the east and west, and Xuanwu Gate in the middle of the north wall. Miyagi is divided into three parts. The center is Taiji Palace (called Daxing Palace in Sui Dynasty), which is called "Dayi". On the east side is the East Palace, which is the residence of the prince, and on the west side is Yeting Palace, which is the residence of the staff of the harem.
The Imperial City is also rectangular, located in the south of Miyagi, which is as long as Miyagi from east to west, with a width of 1843 meters from north to south and a circumference of 9.2 kilometers. There is a horizontal street between the north of the city and the wall of Miyagi, and there are five gates on the other three sides: three gates in the south, Zhuquemen in the middle, and light gates on both sides; One in the east and one in the west, namely Jingfeng Gate and Shunyi Gate. Zhuquemen, in the middle of the south, is the main entrance, connecting with Mingdemen in Guo Cheng via Zhuquejie to the south and facing Chengtianmen in Miyagi to the north, forming the north-south axis of the city. There are seven east-west streets and five north-south streets in the city, and there are sacrificial buildings such as the central government office building, ancestral temple and country between the roads.
palace
There were mainly three palaces in Chang 'an in Tang Dynasty, namely Taiji Palace, Daming Palace and Xingqing Palace, which were also called "Three Inner Halls". Among them, "Ouchi" is the Taiji Palace in Miyagi, the residence and meeting place of emperors in Sui Dynasty and early Tang Dynasty. Tai Chi Palace is1285m wide from east to west and1492m long from north to south, with an area of about1.92km2.. The palace is divided into three areas from south to north: the former dynasty, the later dynasty bedroom and the back garden. The main hall of the former dynasty was Taiji Hall (called Daxing Hall in Sui Dynasty), surrounded by huge palaces surrounded by cloisters, with official offices on the east and west sides. The main hall of the back bedroom is Liang Yi Hall, surrounded by Wanchun Hall, Qian Qiu Hall, Ganlu Hall, Shenlong Hall and Anren Hall. The garden is located in the last part of the palace, with pavilions and ponds. There is Xuanwu Gate on the palace wall in the north, where the famous "Xuanwu Gate Change" took place. Because the Taiji Palace was built by Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, the decoration is relatively simple. After Tang Gaozong ascended the throne, he felt damp here and moved to Daming Palace.
Daming Palace, located in the highland of Longshou Plateau in the northeast of Taiji Palace, is a relatively independent castle overlooking the whole Chang 'an City. Built in the eighth year of Zhenguan (634), this palace was the place where Emperor Tang Gaozong lived and handled state affairs, and was called "Dongnei". Miyagi has a symmetrical central axis pattern. The front of Miyagi is composed of Danfengmen, Hanyuan Temple, Zhengxuan Hall and Chenzi Hall, while the back is composed of the inner courtyard centered on Ethereum, with dozens of halls and pavilions such as Linde Hall, Sanqing Hall, Dafu Hall and Qingsi Hall. The whole Daming Palace is 1.5km wide from east to west, 2.5km long from north to south, and covers an area of about 3.2km 2, making it the largest of the "three palaces".
Xingqing Palace, located in the east of Waiguo City, was originally the official residence of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty when he was the king of Linzi in his early years. In the second year of Kaiyuan (7 14), it was renamed Xingqing Palace. In the 14th year of Kaiyuan (726), it was expanded and merged with the surrounding palaces and temples. Completed in the sixteenth year (728), it was called "Nannei". In the 13th year of Tianbao (754), palace walls and towers were built to form a small castle. At the same time, a waiguo wall was added to build a city between Daming Palace in the north and Furong Garden in the south, which is convenient for the palace people to sneak. Tang Xuanzong and Yang Guifei lived here for a long time. After the prosperous Tang Dynasty, its status was reduced and it became the place for the Empress Dowager and the Empress Dowager.
Xingqing Palace is1.250m in length from north to south,1.075m in width from east to west, 4.6km in circumference and about1.35km2 in area, which is the smallest of the "Big Three". There are doors on all sides of the palace wall, and the main entrance Xingqing Gate is in the north of the Western Wall. The palace is dominated by gardens, not symmetrically arranged according to the central axis, so it has the nature of leaving the palace. Longchi is the main place in the south, surrounded by pavilions such as Jingjin Building, Calyx Xianghui Building and Chenxiang Temple. There are a number of palaces in the north, such as Xingqing Hall, Nanxun Hall, Changqing Hall and Datong Hall. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Xingqing Palace was destroyed by war, and the former site of 1958 was converted into a park, and a monument of Abe Zhongma Road was built.
Waiguo
There are 8 north-south streets and 8 east-west streets 14 in Guo Cheng. Drainage ditches are set on both sides of the street, and roadside trees such as elm trees and locust trees are planted. Among them, six main streets leading to South Sanmen and connecting East and West Liumen are main roads, most of which are more than 100 meters wide. Suzaku Street is the widest 155 meters, which is the north-south axis of the city. Taking this as the boundary, the east of the city belongs to Wannian County and the west belongs to Chang 'an County.
The crisscross roads divide the outer Guo Cheng into 1 10 squares (called "Li" in Sui Dynasty). Each square has a different area, with a length of 500-838m from north to south and a width of 550-1125m from east to west. There is a fence around every square. Generally, there are four doors in a big square, and there is a cross street in it. In Little Square, there are two east and west doors, and there is a cross street, both of which are about 15 meters wide. According to archaeological excavations, Cross Street divides a square into four areas, and each area has a small cross lane, which divides the whole square into sixteen small blocks, including houses, official residences, temples and Taoist temples. All workshops are closed management, guarded by guards at the door, and a curfew will be imposed at night.
There are many Buddhist temples in Chang 'an, and Zongzhi Temple, Zhuang Yan Temple, Xingshan Temple and Du Xuan Temple all occupy the whole square. Other famous Jionji (Big Wild Goose Pagoda), Jianfu Temple (Little Wild Goose Pagoda) and Seiryuji also own large areas of land. During the archaeological process, the city also found many collections of Sui and Tang kilns, among which 27 1 piece of gold and silver unearthed in hejia village (Xinghuafang) is the largest and most valuable gold and silver unearthed in the Tang Dynasty since the founding of the People's Republic of China.
There are two markets outside the city of Guo, the East Market (called metropolis in Sui Dynasty) and the West Market (called Liren City in Sui Dynasty), each occupying two squares. The two cities are almost the same size, with a length of1025m from north to south and a width of 927m from east to west. The market has a wall with eight doors, and there are streets and streets along the wall, which divide the city into nine districts. Every district is surrounded by streets, and there are shops, restaurants, jewelry stores and handicraft workshops along the streets. Most of Chang 'an's businesses are concentrated in these two markets, and other workshops also have some scattered commercial facilities.
There are four ditches in Chang 'an city, namely, Ming Longshou, Qingming, Yong 'an and Caoqu, which introduce tributaries of Weihe River into the city from the southeast and west respectively to provide domestic and environmental water. The first three canals were dug in the third year of Huang Kai in the early Sui Dynasty (583), and the grass canal was dug in the first year of Tang Tianbao (742).
trait
The Chang 'an City in Sui, Daxing and Tang Dynasties is generally axisymmetric, and the layout of Yecheng and Luoyang City in Luoyang of Han, Wei and Tang Dynasties was referenced in the design. In the process of urban construction, the book of changes and six hexagrams are added, and buildings with different functions are arranged according to the characteristics that Longshou Plateau is divided into six slopes. In addition, planning a garden area on the edge of the city can not only beautify the environment, but also become a place for people to visit, which is a great initiative in the history of ancient cities in China.
The shape of Chang 'an City in Tang Dynasty is a model of ancient cities in China, especially the capital construction, which has been researched and studied by many scholars in past dynasties. In the prosperous Tang Dynasty, the annals of the New Two Capitals, the annals of Chang 'an in the Song Dynasty, the annals of harmony and harmony by Cheng Dachang, Zhao Yanwei's Notes on Yunlu, Li Haowen's Annals of Chang 'an in the Yuan Dynasty, and Vae's Canine Test of the Two Capitals in the Tang Dynasty all systematically studied and discussed Chang 'an in the Tang Dynasty. Lu Dafang in the Northern Song Dynasty also carved the layout of Chang 'an City in the Tang Dynasty in order to make it last forever. Although this picture is only partial, it still has high reference value.
Chang 'an in the Tang Dynasty also influenced the capital construction of neighboring countries at that time. Bohai's visit to Longquan House in Beijing is an example of Chang 'an's planning. Japan's Pingchengjing and Pinganjing not only imitate Chang 'an in shape and layout, but also imitate the corresponding names of some palaces, gates and streets.
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