See Lesson 11, Volume II of Grade 9 Chinese for the preface to "Sending Ma Sheng from Dongyang". This paper focuses on the content words, function words, sentence characteristics, flexible use of parts of speech and cultural common sense in ancient Chinese.
I liked studying when I was young. Because my family is poor, I can't get books to read. I often borrow money from the library, copy it myself, and send it back on the appointed day.
I have been particularly fond of reading since I was a child. When the family is poor and can't get books, they often borrow books from people who have books, copy them with their own pens, and return them on time on the agreed date.
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I like learning, mainly reading, which can be directly translated as "love reading" when translating. Addiction: reading as stone, special hobby. Words can be combined: hobby, reading, drinking and playing.
There is no way. It is still used in modern Chinese, meaning: there is no door or clue (to do something). If there is no way to investigate, there is no way to start.
The word "one" in "Can't write a book to read" is a conjunction, indicating the purpose, which translates as "coming", that is to say, the purpose of "writing a book" is "reading". The word "Yi" in Calculate the Return of the Day is also a conjunction, which means that it can be modified without translation. In other words, "counting the date" as an adverbial modifier "returning" means "counting the date", that is, "as scheduled".
[Codex] Using codex means copying with a pen. "Pen" is a flexible word, which belongs to a noun as an adverbial and is interpreted as "using a pen".
The original text is cold, the inkstone is hard, the fingers can't bend and stretch, and they are lazy. After copying, please go back to China, and dare not exceed the agreed time limit slightly. So most people will lend me books so that I can read all kinds of books.
When the weather is particularly cold, the ink in the inkstone pool becomes hard ice, so that your fingers can't bend and stretch, and you don't relax copying books. Return the book as soon as possible after copying, and dare not exceed the agreed time limit slightly. So people are more willing to lend me books, so I can see all kinds of books.
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This is a special sentence pattern in classical Chinese, that is to say, compared with modern Chinese, this sentence has one feature, that is, inversion, which belongs to the prepositional object sentence in inverted sentences. Therefore, what the ancients called "Fu Lazy" should be understood according to the word order of modern Chinese, which should be interpreted as "Fu Lazy" and translated as "not relaxing to copy books". The "zhi" here is a pronoun. In the case of copying books, "zhi" is placed before the verb "lazy" because it is a negative sentence and the negative word is "fu". From this, a rule of preposition object is summarized: in negative sentences, pronouns are used as objects and placed in front of verbs. For example, "I didn't", "I don't know myself" and "I don't cheat" that the ancients often said are all translated with prepositional objects. The idiom "Time waits for no one" retains the classical Chinese sentence pattern, which means "Time waits for no one".
The literal translation of "walking to deliver" is "running to deliver books", which can be translated into "delivering books quickly". The ancients said "walking" is the modern "running". The idiom "walking" retains its ancient usage. The original intention is to see flowers on a galloping horse, which is a metaphor for observing things roughly. The following "potential" of "tasting a hundred miles away" refers to walking fast; The word "walking" of "walking in the ravine" refers to walking. Summary: In ancient Chinese, "walking" means "running", "caring" means walking fast, and "walking" is what is called "walking" in modern times.
[Slightly overdue] slightly exceeds the agreed time limit. Slight: here is an adverb, indicating a slight degree, meaning a little, a little. The word "Shao" in the following Ci Lue is also an adverb, which is interpreted as "slight, slight". The following "refers to the food provided by the government on time, and" forest "is pronounced lǐn, which refers to food; "Micro" refers to the grain given by the government, also called "rice".
Therefore, people are more willing to lend me books. So: so. "Yi Shi" and "Yi" are prepositions, which are understood as "causing"; "Yes" is a pronoun, which is interpreted as "this". The word "Yi" in Yi Shu is also a preposition, which is interpreted as "Ba" here. "False redundancy" is an ellipsis, which omits the preposition "Yu" and is understood as "false redundancy", which means "lend it to me".
You can [get]. Reason: adverb, just, then; D: verbs, yes.
The original text is not only crowned, but also benefited from the way of worshipping sages, suffering from celebrity tourists without inkstone teachers. After tasting a hundred miles away, I asked the pioneers in the countryside questions. Senior honorary person, Yemeni students crowded his room, and his words and attitude were never slightly euphemistic.
As an adult, I admire the theory of ancient sages more, but I am worried that there is no connection between masters and celebrities. I once ran hundreds of miles away with a scripture and asked my fellow villagers for advice from my predecessors with moral knowledge. The old man is highly respected, and the students who asked him for advice crowded the room. He never softens his words and expressions.
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[both crowned] as an adult. Adverb, already, after. Coronation: When an ancient man was twenty years old, he held a coronation ceremony, that is, he tied his hair and put on his hat to show his manhood. Later generations often use "crown" and "add crown" to indicate the age of 20. "Guan" is a noun, read guān, and the "Guan" in "Jia Guan" refers to a hat, which is a noun. Read it; The word "Guan" is used as a verb, which means that ancient men add a crown ceremony when they are 20 years old, which means that they should read the word "Guan" when they grow up.
I'm afraid that no master or celebrity will associate with me. Suffering from: verbs, worry, worry. And: preposition, after which the object "Zhi" is omitted, and "Tong" means "Tong Me". Travel: verb, make friends, associate.
A senior with moral knowledge.
[Wang Delong Zun] has a high moral reputation and is "highly respected".
A student.
Adverb [taste] means that it has passed and is interpreted as "once"; Never: no, no.
[Jane] pronounced as several when, verb, reduce, reduce.
Yu Lishi left and right the original text, supplemented by doubt and reason, and leaned over to ask it; Or the more respectful and polite you are when you meet, you dare not say a word; Please ask again as soon as it is happy. So I was stupid and finally learned a lot.
I stood by and waited on him, asking questions, asking truth, bending over, leaning over my ears and asking him for advice; Sometimes when I meet his reprimand, I look more respectful and behave more thoughtfully, and I dare not say a word of defense; He was happy and asked him again. So although I was stupid, I finally learned a lot.
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I stood by and waited on him. This sentence is both ellipsis and inversion. The preposition "Yu" is omitted after "Shi Li" and is understood as "Shi Li Zuo". The prepositional phrase "Yu Zuo Zuo" is an adverbial of the verb "Shi Li Zuo" and is understood as "Shi Li Zuo Zuo", so it is translated as "waiting for service".
The word "one" in "leaning over to ask" and "dare not reply" is a conjunction, indicating the purpose and translated as "come"
"Yan" is a disyllabic word, which has the meaning of both preposition "Yu" and pronoun "Zhi". Part-of-speech word refers to a word with both parts of speech and meaning in ancient Chinese. Most of these part-time jobs play the role of two words. A part-time word is usually composed of two words with different properties, which are often used together and read quickly, so it is also called a compound word. The common compound words in ancient Chinese are Zhu (want, want), Ai (why not) and Yan (want). The word "Zhu" in the following "Fake Man" is also a part-time word, which is homophonic with "giving to others". "Fake man" means "borrowing books from others"
Or: pronouns, sometimes; Scold: pronounce eating belly, reprimand, reprimand.
There are more and more ceremonies and more thoughtful manners. To: adjective, which means the highest and best, and here means considerate.
I finally learned a lot of lessons. Pawn: adverb, finally; Get: get; Wen: This refers to what you have heard. You can teach me here.
When he was a teacher, he dragged himself in a deep mountain canyon, with several feet of snow and chapped skin without knowing it. After entering the room, my limbs were stiff and I couldn't move. The servant gave me hot water and covered me with a quilt. It took a long time to warm up. Stay in a hotel and eat two meals a day, without fresh fat and delicious enjoyment.
When I was a teacher studying, I carried a book box and dragged my shoes in the old valley in the mountains. In the deep winter, the cold wind is fierce, the snow is several feet deep, and the skin on the feet is frozen and cracked. When I arrived at the hostel, my limbs were stiff and I couldn't move. The waiter brought me hot water to wash my hands and feet and covered me with a quilt. It took a long time to warm up. Living in a hostel, I only eat two meals a day, and there is nothing fresh and fat to enjoy.
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When Yu studied under the teacher, when I studied under the teacher. When: preposition, introducing time, can be translated as "in"; First, the auxiliary word, between subject and predicate, cancels the sentence independence; Follow: verb, follow; Also: auxiliary words, indicating a pause in a sentence.
In the ellipsis sentence, the preposition "Yu" is omitted after "Xing" and is understood as "Xing in the deep mountain valley"; Inverted sentences, belonging to prepositional phrases, are understood as "walking in a deep mountain canyon", translated as "walking in a deep mountain canyon" and can also be translated as "walking in a deep mountain canyon"
Stiff limbs. Note: "Zhi" is a common word, which, like "limb", refers to human arms and legs.
[Fill the soup with water] Wash it with hot water. Note: the ancient meaning of "soup" is "hot water", and the idiom "go through fire and water" retains this usage.
It takes a long time to warm up, but there is no translation decoration. There is also: adjective, warmth.
[Anti-travel accommodation] is omitted as "anti-travel accommodation", which means "staying in a hotel"; Inverted sentences, according to the word order of modern Chinese, can be translated into "staying in a hotel" in both ways.
Eat again every day. Serve two meals a day. Day: nouns as adverbials, every day; Again: twice, for example, "goodbye" means to worship twice; Food: pronounced √ √ √ √ √ √.
The original text was embroidered by Qi Shesheng, wearing a hat decorated with pearls and jewels, a circle of white jade around her waist, a sword on her left and a smelly face on her right. I look a little ugly in my robe. Because there are enough things in your heart to make you happy, don't feel that the enjoyment of food is not as good as others. My efforts and efforts are probably like this.
My classmates who live with me are all dressed in gorgeous silk clothes, red tassels and hats decorated with precious stones, white jade rings on their waists, knives on their left and sachets hanging on their right. They are all radiant, like immortals. I live among them in rags and rags. I don't envy them at all, because I have enough happiness in my heart, and I don't feel that food and clothing are inferior to others. This is probably the case with my diligence and hard work when I was studying.
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Embroidered by Qi, wearing gorgeous silk clothes. Be: the same as "wearing", which means wearing; Embroidery: pronounced q ǐ xi, which means gorgeous silk clothes.
[Waist] Nouns are used as verbs and worn around the waist.
Smelly sachet. Smell: pronunciation Xi, smell, here refers to aroma.
The ellipsis sentence omits the preposition "Yu", which is understood as "in the middle", meaning "in the middle of life".
No envy at all. Slightly none: none; Mu Yan: Jealousy.
Because I have enough things in my heart to make me happy. With: conjunction, because; Interviewer: pronoun, about ...
The supply of food and clothes. Know: auxiliary word, translated as "de"
The modal particles at the beginning of a sentence indicate speculative mood, which is equivalent to "probably".
The conjunction [and] indicates a coordinate relationship and is translated as "and".
Although the original text is old today, it has not been achieved. Fortunately, it is between gentlemen. However, after being honored by the emperor, he served as a counselor every day, and the four seas also mistakenly called his surname. What happened?
Now, although I am old and have no achievements, I am lucky to participate in the ranks of gentlemen. Thanks to the favor of the emperor, I follow the emperor's adult to serve the emperor every day in case of inquiry, what's more, there are people who call my name by mistake in the world!
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Old age. The Book of Rites Qu Lishang: "Eighty or ninety years old." Baptism: pronounced mào dié, meaning old age; Longevity Such as: the year of eighty; Shoudeng is very old.
I am lucky to be a gentleman. I am lucky to be a member of the official. Jude: Adverb, or, or, or. Lucky: adverb, lucky, lucky, lucky. Pre: verb, participate. Gentleman: This refers to people with official positions.
This is a modest way to follow public officials, which means to be an official in North Korea. Elliptic sentences, omitting the preposition "Yu", are understood as "sticking to the public". Affix, verb, here means "following" the Communist Youth League: it originally meant the Communist Youth League and Jiuqing. Later, it generally referred to senior officials of the imperial court. "The Analects of Confucius Zi Han": "If you are away from home, you will succeed."
Serve the emperor every day. In ancient times, the escort was called "sitting" according to the seat, and the escort was called "waiting side" according to the left and right.
[Four Seas Miscall Its Name] My name has been misnamed all over the world. This is the author's modesty. Four seas: the world, the whole country. Miscommunication: to say wrongly. Name: first name.
Besides, there are people who can surpass me. It means: an incompetent person like me can have a "hollow reputation" in the whole country. People who are more talented than me will do more after studying hard. Conditions: conjunctions, not to mention; First, the auxiliary word, between subject and predicate, cancels the sentence independence; Yu: preposition, than.
Today, all the students are studying in imperial academy, and the county officials have a little confession every day. Their parents have Qiu Ge's 20-year-old legacy and are not afraid of freezing. There is no need to escape from sitting downstairs and reciting poems; There are teachers, doctors are teachers, and those who don't ask, don't tell, ask but can't; All the books should be kept here. There is no need to record them through other people's hands and read them later. People who are not skilled in the industry and fail in virtue are not inferior in nature, so they are not dedicated to their own ears and others are embarrassed!
At present, too many students are studying in imperial academy, and the court provides meals every day. Parents send leather clothes in winter and kudzu clothes in summer, so there is no need to worry about starvation and cold. Sitting in a high room reading poetry books, there is no hard work; Some teachers and doctors don't ask, don't tell, and they don't get guidance when they ask; All the books should be concentrated here. I don't have to copy them myself as before, so I can only lend them to others. If they are still not proficient in their studies and have not developed moral qualities, then they are either less gifted or not as single-minded as I am. What's wrong with others?
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Students are studying in Imperial College London. Students are studying in Imperial College London. Student: It means there are too many students. Imperial academy: The highest institution of higher learning in ancient China. In the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, there was no imperial academy, but Guo Zi School or imperial academy.
Pay attention to the flexible use of words: "day" is a noun adverbial, translated as "daily"; "Nian" is a noun adverbial, which translates as "every year". Pay attention to the real words: "omitted" refers to the food supplied by the government on time; "Legacy" is pronounced wèi, which means "give, pay".
[Teacher, doctor] are the names of ancient scholars. The highest institution of higher learning in Ming and Qing Dynasties was imperial academy, and students who entered imperial academy were called prison students. The secretary is the deputy section chief of imperial academy, assisting the section chief to manage the wine festival; The doctor is imperial academy's teacher.
Borrow from others. Zhu: both words refer to "Zhi".
Pronouns, they.
It's not a low talent. This is a judgment sentence, and "no" is judgment. Natural quality: natural talent; One: auxiliary words, no translation.
Ma, a native of Dongyang, entered imperial academy for two years and was called a saint by later generations. Yu Ducheng, born in the same town, wrote a long book, arguing with it and making peace with it. He said that when he was young, he studied very hard and was a good learner. He was going home to visit his parents, and I told him about the difficulties in his studies. It is said that Yu Mian's fellow villagers are all scholars, and so is Yu. Those who despise me, brag about my wealth and prosperity, and be arrogant to my hometown know the rest!
Ma Junze, a scholar in Dongyang County, studied in imperial academy for two years, and his peers greatly praised his talent. I went to the capital to meet the emperor. Ma Sheng greeted me as a young compatriot and wrote a long letter as a greeting. His words are very fluent and easy to understand. Talk to him about things, with gentle words and a pleasant face. When I told myself that I was young, I studied hard and worked hard. This can be said to be good at learning. He was going back to visit his parents, and I specifically told him about the difficulties in his study. It is my original intention to say that I encourage fellow villagers to study; Slander me, brag about my proud career, and show off my pride in front of my fellow villagers. You don't know me!
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Go to Kyoto to appear before the emperor. This means that the author retired and went to the capital Nanjing to meet the emperor. Chao: See you in court. Shi Jing: Kyoto. Elliptic sentences, omitting the preposition "Yu", are understood as "facing the capital".
I met a junior fellow villager. Pujiang County and Dongyang County belonged to Jinhua House in the Ming Dynasty, so they were fellow villagers. Ye: pronounced yè, please meet.
A gift to show our respect when we first met.
[Argument] To argue or refute. Discrimination: the word is the same as "debate", debate and refutation.
Modest words, plain face. And: Conjunction is not a coordinate relationship; Yi: pronounced yí, adjective, peaceful.
He will go back to visit his parents. "Qi" is a pronoun. The first "Qi" is translated as "He" and the second "Qi" is translated as "His".
"Yu Mian's hometown is a scholar, so is Yu". This is a judgment sentence, which is judged by "……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………