Original title: After thousands of years of accumulation, the awareness of Buddha beads in our culture should be said to be very high. In daily life, we also like to say that beads are round, jade-shaped, jewelry and pearls. It's just that our understanding of beads today is a little different from that of the ancients. Today, it is generally believed that beads must be round, but there are also square beads. In addition, there are two kinds of circles, one is a standard circle and the other is a flat circle, such as abacus beads. Early beads, such as tubular beads popular in Liao Dynasty, were all long. In the Qing dynasty, officials were required to wear beads when they went to court. The picture above is a series of standard beads, and you may be familiar with the Qing Palace Opera. In the court, it was the custom of the Qing Dynasty that all emperors and ministers had to wear beads. These three little beads have a strange name to commemorate, and we don't know the specific origin of the name. Zhu Chao's composition has profound meaning. In addition to the commemorative significance, 108 amber beads represent one year 12 months. Four jade beads are called festival beads, symbolizing the four seasons of spring, summer, autumn and winter; The Buddha's head and the clouds hanging behind it symbolize the beginning of reunification. There is a very interesting phenomenon here. It hangs three strings, which are asymmetrical: one is a double string and the other is a string. Some people say that one string represents ten days, so these three strings represent one month, which is also a method of chronicle. When a man wears it, he needs double strings on the left and one on the right. Women are just the opposite, that is, men left and women right. Pay attention to the portrait of the emperor. Both strings are on the left and one string is on the right. But the queen wore it backwards, with a thread on the left and a double thread on the right. The part wearing the yellow belt is called the back cloud, which means it is at the back when it is worn. The material is amber, probably worn by officials with three products, which is equivalent to a provincial and ministerial level cadre. The material of the beads is related to the official rank, so the emperor can wear the East Pearl. The material of the beads reflects the identity of the wearer. In the Qing dynasty, there were strict rules about what kind of beads people wore. According to historical records, emperors, empresses, empresses, concubines, and officials of civil servants and military attaché s can wear this bead. However, according to different grades and identities, the texture of Zhu Chao is also different. Only the emperor, empress dowager and empress can wear the Oriental Pearl. In addition, Zhu Chao is made of lapis lazuli, tourmaline, agate, ruby, opal and other precious stones. It is difficult to buy a string of beads now, because after the demise of the Qing Dynasty, we thought that dynasty was decadent for a while, so many of its things were artificially cut off and then split up for other purposes. Now, many tapestries in Zhu Chao are not original, but are made according to the ancient system. Our research on Pearl culture is far from enough. Most people may think that it is just a bead with the characteristics of the times. But in fact, in the process of China and even human civilization, Pearl culture is not fade away. In our life, beads are everywhere. It can be round beauty, soft beauty, gentle beauty and can present all kinds of beauty. Appreciation of agate crystal beads in Liao Dynasty Tianhe stone hairpin gold beads in Liao Dynasty (above) has a history of more than 1000 years, but its decorative style was newly added later. At that time, the method of wearing beads was not like this, but was re-worn according to modern wearing methods. Qidan is a nomadic people, and nomadic people pay more attention to the decoration of the body. Their affection for Buddha beads is sometimes higher than that of farmers, so far. This is a string of Tianhe stone hairpin gold beads in Liao Dynasty (part two). It is obviously different from agate crystal beads, and it is very dim. This is a very special kind of stone, called Tianhe stone, and its wearing method is also newly designed now, which was not the case in ancient times. Note that its earrings are asymmetrical, so it is required to be made like this. This kind of bead looks dull, but many people like this kind of dullness, and not everything wants it to shine. A. The serpent gives B. The fisherman presents a treasure C. The heirloom treasure D. Ma Weidou's comments on the lost big clam: The Sui Hou here is not a vassal state of the Sui Dynasty, but a vassal state of the Sui State. During the Warring States period, there were many small countries besides the seven known countries, and Sui was one of them. Sui Hou surnamed Ji. According to ancient books, he once met a wounded serpent while traveling. According to the present statement, he loves animals very much, coated the snake with medicine, bandaged it up, and then released it. A few years later, once he was on the boat, he caught up with the strong wind and it got dark. At this moment, the river opened and a big snake appeared with a treasure in its mouth. The serpent lifted the orb and gave it to Sui Hou. Sui Hou met this big snake at night, and it was already dark. This pearl is recorded in ancient books as Yue Ming Pearl, that is, the Night Pearl. Answer: Pearl B. Silver Pearl C. Golden Pearl D. Zhu Shi Ma Weidou Comments: In ancient times, the night pearl was also called the night pearl, the bright moon pearl and so on. The Night Pearl is the most mysterious treasure in the history of China civilization, which is privately owned by the royal family. The Night Pearl has a profound historical background. As early as prehistoric times, Shennong had the king of stone balls, known as the night mine. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there were blue hanging plums and thorns, which were of high value. Qin Shihuang was buried with a luminous pearl and used candles in his mausoleum. The most famous is the night pearl protector in Cixi's mouth. It is said that this pearl can see hair within 100 step at night. So why is the night pearl so mysterious? This is very simple. Historically, the light source in the dark must use fire. One of the characteristics of fire is that it can't be directly contacted, and it will burn when it comes into contact with people. Only this kind of night pearl can be held in your hand. It has no temperature, only light, which is very important to the ancients. I tried to stick a small night pearl on paper, and its light was enough for people to see the words on the paper, so the ancients thought it was amazing. A.99b.101C.108d.180 Ma Weidou's comments: Buddha beads were a unique etiquette in the Qing Dynasty, which was only worn in the Shang Dynasty. It evolved from beads, so the number of beads kept the original number, namely 180. We mentioned the grades of Zhu Chao before. The highest grade was worn by the emperor, which was clearly recorded in the archives of the Qing Palace, Dongzhu. Dongzhu is a pearl, and Manchu is rich in white mountains and black water. Black water droplets refer to pearls produced in Heilongjiang river basin. They think Dongzhu is produced in their hometown, so they think Dongzhu is the best. Dongzhu is also called Zhu Bei because it is produced in the northeast. A. Qu Yuan B. Fu Xuan C. Bai Juyi D. Cao Xueqin's evaluation of Ma Weidou: First look at Qu Yuan. We have searched Qu Yuan's works, but we have never found this concept. Look at Fu Xuan in Jin Dynasty. He wrote a short song, in which he said that once you regarded me as a pearl in your hand and didn't want to abandon me once. In other words, you once regarded me as the apple of your eye, but today you threw me into the ditch. This is a very sad concept. Today, when we say "Eye of the Sky", we generally mean a daughter, but Fu Xuan's concept at that time was not quite the same as what we mean today. The second person who introduced this concept was Bai Juyi. Bai Juyi was one of the nine old people in Xiangshan, and lived to be 75 years old. But he has a life regret. At the age of 58, he had a son. His name is Atui, and his son died at the age of 3, that is, when Bai Juyi was 60 years old. Bai Juyi wrote that he didn't expect his sideburns to turn into snow, so he put forward the concept of pearl eye, which he mentioned more than once in his poems. He wrote in Crying Tweety: Zhang is three years old and his father is sixty years old. He said that my son died at the age of three, like the apple of his eye, but I was 60 years old and my hair was already white. Finally, Cao Xueqin, as we all know, described Lin Daiyu's parents as the apple of her eye in A Dream of Red Mansions. As can be seen from the arrangement of the whole process, Pearl is a cherished concept at the earliest, which gradually evolved from boys to girls. Today, we usually say "Eye of the Sky" only refers to girls.