The central system includes: ① the number for centers; (2) the number of complementary areas (i.e. the area served by the center); ③ the radius of complementary region; ④ the area of complementary region; ⑤ Provide the type and quantity of goods in the center; ⑥ The standard crowd in the center; ⑦ The standard population of the complementary area, etc. The theoretical model of the central place will change with the changes of population, living habits and technology. At the same time, with the difference of population distribution, population density, or the price of central commodities, the size of complementary regions is also different. The central system can be formed according to the optimal principles of market, transportation and administration respectively. There are grades and grades in the central place. A larger central market area always contains three market areas one level lower than it. Each higher central place summarizes all the functions of the lower central place, and divides the central place in Nande into seven grades.
From 65438 to 0940, German scholar A.Lsch demonstrated and developed the central place theory and put forward the economic landscape of production location. After World War II, the central place theory was recognized in the United States and northwest Europe, and applied to the planning of residential area network and transportation network. 1960 was highly praised at the international geographical congress and the international urban geography seminar. The main limitations of this theory are: its nature is static, and it does not consider the historical development process and future development trend of urban system; It ignores the horizontal functional (functional) relationship between two or lower-level central areas that are not part of the same small system and between residential areas at the same level in the same small system. In addition, the spatial distribution of towns and other conditions it assumes are also out of touch with reality.
Because the theory is based on many hypothetical conditions, it can't be realized in practice, the layout of urban system can't be completely in accordance with the theory, and the scale, quantity, distance and proportion of towns can't be a strict and mechanical mathematical relationship. However, the central areas in the region are different in level, scale and function. The higher the level, the larger the scale, the fewer the quantity and the more complicated the function. This universal law can be used as the principle of urban system layout, that is, the larger the town scale, the farther it attracts, the wider the scope of services, and the larger the town, the less the number.
[Edit this paragraph] Meaning
First of all, Krzyzewski's central place theory is the direct reason why geography has changed from the traditional description of regional individuality to the discussion of spatial laws and rules, and it is the foundation of the development of modern geography. As a geographer, Karl Marx introduced deductive thinking method into the laws and principles of geographical research space for the first time, which is undoubtedly a great revolution in geographical research thinking method. Because of this, he was honored as "the father of theoretical geography" by later generations.
Second, the central place theory is the theoretical basis of urban geography and commercial geography. It is embodied in the following aspects: first, the study of urban hierarchy system; Second, the study of urban-rural interaction; Third, the study of socio-economic spatial patterns within and between cities; The fourth is about the location and scale of the city, as well as the spatial and temporal distribution of the city with function as the medium; Fifth, the location layout, scale and spatial model of retail and service industries are studied.
Thirdly, the central place theory is one of the theoretical foundations of regional economics research. The relationship between central area and market area (which can also be regarded as hinterland) is of great significance to the study of regional structure. In regional planning, according to the central place theory, the public service facilities and other economic and social functions of the region can be rationally laid out. In this regard, Germany's research results and practical experience can be used for reference.
[Edit this paragraph] Create a background
Since the 20th century, due to the rapid development of capitalist economy, the process of urbanization has been accelerating. Cities are becoming more and more important in the whole national economy and social life, and gradually occupy a dominant position. Various economic activities, such as industry, commerce, trade and service industry, began to gather in cities due to agglomeration benefits. Therefore, the study of cities is becoming more and more important, mainly to study the spatial distribution, quantity and scale level of cities. 36860 . 4866868666 1
Similar to Du Neng's agricultural location theory, the central location theory was put forward by Crystal on the basis of a large number of field visits. He conducted research in all cities and rural areas in southern Germany and accumulated a lot of basic data and detailed information. The central content of this theory is to explore the relationship between the rank, scale and function of towns in a certain area and the regularity of their spatial structure, and summarize the relationship between the rank and scale of towns with hexagonal schema.
[Edit this paragraph] Basic concepts
1, the central place, is a place to provide all kinds of goods and services to residents in the surrounding areas. The central commodities are produced in the central location and provided to the residents in the central location and surrounding areas for consumption. The function of the central place means that the central place has the function of providing central goods to surrounding areas.
2, centrality, refers to the surrounding areas, the relative importance of the center, or the degree to which the center plays a role. Numerically equal to the number of central commodities supplied by the center to the surrounding areas, that is, the total number of central commodities supplied by the center and the number of central commodities supplied by the center itself. C=B 1-B2。
3. Supplementary area, the area centered on the center is called the central supplementary area, also known as the market area or the central area. Specifically, it is the area around the central area, which receives the supply of central goods from the heart. In the central area, there is a surplus of central commodities, while there is a shortage of central commodities in the surrounding areas. The rest of the central goods in the central area are used to supplement the shortage of central goods in the surrounding areas. When the two (supply and demand) reach a balance, the regional scope becomes a supplementary area.
4, the scope of goods and services, there are two upper and lower limits. The upper limit of the scope of goods and services is determined by the demand of central goods, and a central commodity in the center can reach the spatial boundary of consumers. Theoretically, the upper limit of the scope of goods and services is the boundary of supplementary areas. The lower limit of the scope of goods and services is the boundary stipulated by the central commodity supply angle. The minimum demand for goods that a center must meet to supply a certain center commodity, also known as the demand threshold, is the minimum spatial scope of the center.
5. Economic distance is an important factor to determine the supply range of goods and services at all levels in the central region. It is a geographical distance converted from monetary value, which is mainly determined by three factors: cost, time and labor, but the behavior of consumers also affects the size of economic distance.
[Edit this paragraph] The hierarchy of the central and local governments
1, the central and local governments mainly provide trade, finance, handicrafts, administration, culture and spiritual services. The types of goods and services provided by the central place are divided into high-level central goods and low-level central goods according to the scope of central goods and services. Advanced center products refer to the center products with large upper and lower limits of service, such as high-end consumer goods, brand-name clothing, gems and so on. , and low-level central goods in the service range of the upper and lower limits are very small.
The central function of providing high-level center goods is high-level center function, and vice versa. For example, brand-name clothing stores and jewelry stores that operate gems are high-level central functions, while retail stores that operate small department stores are low-level central functions.
A center with a functional layout of an advanced center is an advanced center, and vice versa. Low-level centers are characterized by large number, wide distribution, small service scope, low level of goods and services provided and few types. High-level centers are characterized by a small number, a wide range of services and a wide variety of goods and services. There are some intermediate centers between the two. The range of goods and services it provides is somewhere in between. Residents' daily necessities can basically be met in the low-level central area, but they must go to the middle or high-level central area to buy high-level goods or services. The distribution order and spatial structure between central areas with different scales and grades are the central topics in the theoretical research of central areas.
2. Features
The grade of the central place is determined by the grade of the goods and services provided by the central place.
The grade of the central place determines the number, distribution and service scope of the central place.
⑶ The number and distribution of central places are inversely proportional to the level of central places, and the service scope of central places is directly proportional to the level.
(4) There is a central place with a certain level, which not only provides goods and services of the corresponding level, but also provides all goods and services below the level.
5. The hierarchical nature of the central place is that each high-level central place is attached with several intermediate central places and more low-level central places to form a central place system.
[Edit this paragraph] The equilibrium mode of the spatial distribution of the central place-hexagonal network
Basic premise
Crystal believes that the spatial balance of central place formed on the basis of market principle is the foundation of central place system. Put forward the following basic premise:
1, and the central distribution area is a plain with the same natural conditions and uniform distribution. The population is evenly distributed, and the income, demand and consumption patterns of residents are the same.
2. With a unified transportation system, cities of the same size have the same level of transportation convenience. Freight is proportional to distance.
3. Consumers use the nearest central location to buy nearby to reduce transportation costs.
The price and quality of the same goods and services are the same in any central location. The actual price of goods and services purchased by consumers is equal to the sales price plus transportation costs.
5. The function of the goods in the supply center should be arranged in a few central places as far as possible, and meet the configuration form of supplying all the spaces.
Balanced mode
On the premise of meeting the above conditions, the centers are evenly distributed on the plain, and the distances between centers of the same level are equal, and the service scope is a circular area with the same radius. There is a blank area between every three adjacent B-level centers, and the goods and services provided by any of the three centers cannot be obtained. Therefore, there will be 1 sub-K-level centers in the center of this blank area to meet the consumption of residents. Every three K-level centers,
Because of the existence of competition mechanism, each center wants to expand the service area, and the adjacent center service areas will overlap. According to the principle of shopping near the center, consumers in overlapping areas will be attracted by the nearest center with the center line as the boundary, so the service area of each center becomes a hexagon with the most stable spatial structure. The center of each sub-level becomes six vertices of a hexagon, and the centers of all levels form a multi-level hexagonal figure with regular descent, forming a central space in a generally balanced state.
[Edit this paragraph] Three principles of central place and spatial model of central place system
Crystal believes that the spatial distribution of the central place is restricted by market factors, traffic factors and administrative factors, forming different spatial patterns of the central place system.
Market principle and central system
In areas with obvious market functions, the distribution of central sites should be based on the principle of providing goods and services. According to the equilibrium model, the goods and services provided by each central site B to the surrounding markets are realized through six secondary K-level central sites. Therefore, each K-level central site accepts goods and services provided by three B-level central sites at the same time. All these, the total service provided by each B-level central site to the surrounding six K-level central sites is 6× 1/. That is, the service volume of two K-level centers, and there are also 1 K-level centers. Therefore, each B-class center has three K-class centers. Therefore, according to the market principle, different levels of spatial center systems are formed, which are arranged in the order of K=3, that is, the three secondary markets to which the primary center belongs share 1 primary center. Its distribution is triangular. The ranking order of market regions is 1, 3, 9, 27, 8 1 ..., and the formula is K=3n- 1. The subordinate relationship of centers at all levels is 1, 2, 6, 18, 54. ...
Traffic principles and central system
In areas with obvious traffic influence, the traffic principle limits the hierarchy of central places, and the central places at all levels should be located on the traffic line between the higher-level central places. However, from the perspective of equilibrium mode, the connection between two B-class central places cannot include K-class central places, which is not in line with traffic principles and needs to be adjusted. Starting from the convenience of transportation, krebs paved the central places at all levels with six vertices of a hexagon at the midpoint of six sides of the hexagon. In this way, the traffic lines between any first-level centers can connect lower-level centers, forming a new model. The total amount of services provided by each B-class center to the surrounding six K-class centers is 6× 1/2=3, and the 1 included by itself forms a sequence with K=4, and the formula is K=4n- 1.
Administrative principles and central level
In areas where administrative functions are obvious, administrative principles restrict the hierarchical system of the central and local governments. Krebs believes that each central place can only be subordinate to a high-level central place in administration, and cannot be influenced by two or three high-level central places at the same time like market principles or traffic principles. A hexagon has seven administrative units, of which 1 high-level administrative unit exercises the management power of six grass-roots administrative units, thus forming a K=7 sequence. The formula is K=7n- 1, and the ranking order of administrative districts is 1, 7,49,343 ... The subordination order of central and local governments at all levels is 1, 6,42,294.
Three principles and applicable conditions
Among the three principles, the market principle is the foundation, and the traffic principle and the administrative principle can be regarded as the revision of the central place system formed on the basis of the market principle. He further analyzed the scope of application of the three principles.
The market principle is applicable to the supply of goods in central places composed of markets and market regions, such as the period of free competition in capitalism. The traffic principle is applicable to newly developed areas, traffic transit areas or areas with linear distribution of residential areas. In areas with high educational level, large industrial population and high population density, the traffic principle is more effective than the market principle. The administrative principle is applicable to the era when the ruling institutions are strong, or the social life based on such administrative organizations during the socialist transition period. In addition, self-sufficiency and separation from cities.
In addition, Shashevsky also believes that high-level central places have great requirements for long-distance transportation. Therefore, the layout of the high-level center is based on the traffic principle, the middle-level center plays a greater role according to the administrative principle, and the layout of the low-level center is more reasonable to explain with the market principle.
[Edit this paragraph] Evaluation
Main contribution
1 Based on the static local equilibrium theory of classical location theory, this paper discusses the static general equilibrium location theory, which opens the way for the later dynamic general location theory.
2. Using deductive method to study the spatial distribution pattern of central place, combining the regionality and comprehensiveness of geography with location theory, the research of location theory has gradually expanded to the field of geography and become an important part of modern theoretical geography research.
3. A systematic urban location theory is established, which expands the research object of location theory from agriculture and industry to cities, laying a foundation for the research of market location theory.
4. It promotes the metrological revolution of geography, contributes to the application of system theory and system analysis method in geography, and promotes the development of urban geography, urban planning and regional planning.
exist problem
1, it is difficult to meet the hypothesis put forward by krebs in reality.
2. Kirkhner's theory lacks a detailed analysis of the lower limit of the supply range of goods and services, but only focuses on the analysis of the upper limit, and accordingly arranges the central and local governments at all levels.
3. The K value of Kirkhner's central system is fixed in a system, which is difficult to conform to the reality.
He regards consumers as "economic men" and thinks that consumers use the nearest central place first, but in reality, consumers tend to use advanced central places to go out.
5. Shashevsky ignored the agglomeration benefit and only paid attention to the appearance of facilities at all levels, but not their appearance.