1, burning Yuanmingyuan
In the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), after the British and French allied forces captured Beijing, they occupied Yuanmingyuan. China's defenders were outnumbered, and Wenfeng, the chief minister of Yuanmingyuan, committed suicide by throwing himself into Fuhai. Chang Ai, who lived in the garden, was scared to death.
With the support of British Prime Minister Pa Max Don, British leader Elgin ordered the burning of Yuanmingyuan. 3,500 British and French troops rushed into Yuanmingyuan and set fire to it. The fire didn't go out for three days.
Yuanmingyuan and its nearby Qingyi Garden, Jingming Garden, Jingyi Garden, Changchun Garden and Haidian Town were all burned into ruins. In Anyou Palace, nearly 300 eunuchs, maids-in-waiting, and craftsmen were buried in the sea of fire. It turned this world-famous garden into ruins and became a rare atrocity in the history of world civilization.
2. Changes outside Sakurada Gate
The change outside Sakurada Gate was a political assassination on March 3rd, the seventh year of Anzheng in Japan (1March 24th, 860). Dissatisfied with the shogunate, the radical rogue of Mito Francisco and the main owner of Yengen Francisco raided Naoki's team preparing to enter the city outside Sakurada Gate in Edo City, and Naoki died tragically on the spot.
3. Sign the Beijing Treaty
The Beijing Treaty, including the Sino-British Beijing Treaty, the Sino-French Beijing Treaty and the Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty, was an unequal treaty signed by the Qing government, Britain, France and Russia in Beijing after the Second Opium War in 1860.
The Qing government appointed an imperial minister Yi? As a negotiation and signing representative. The signing place is in the yamen of Beijing Ritual Department, which is the southeast corner of Tiananmen Square today.
These three treaties and conventions are now in Taiwan Province Province, and kept in Shuangxi Palace Museum on the outskirts of Taipei. The signing of this treaty further deepened the degree of semi-colonial and semi-feudal society in China.
4. Battle of Baliqiao
On September 2 1860 and 2 1 day, the Qing army and the British and French allied forces fought fiercely at Baliqiao, and the commander-in-chief monk Qin and others took the lead in escaping, causing the whole army to shake and suffer a fiasco.
Baliqiao Battle is a classic battle between modern army and feudal army. At that time, the British and French allied forces had experienced the tempering of the Napoleonic Wars and the test of the latest Crimean War. These soldiers are compulsory military service and professional officer corps.
They are not only equipped with front chamber flintlock guns and muskets equipped with bayonets. Some of them have been used, and the latest wired-bore guns and rifles have just been invented. The latest tactics such as hollow phalanx and infantry line three-row array are adopted.
The Eight Banners Army is a mixed army of cold and hot weapons, while the green camp Army is equipped with a small number of imported and imitation old muskets, homemade shotguns, old guns, mountain guns, broadswords, spears and other cold weapons.
In the19th century, modern armies in Europe won many overwhelming victories in the face of feudal armies all over the world. In the Battle of Baliqiao, more than 30,000 Qing troops suffered more than half of the casualties, while only 1 10,000 British-French allied forces were killed.
5. The Third Battle of Dagukou
The third battle of Dagukou was the decisive battle of the Second Opium War, which took place in 1860. After the war, Dagukou was completely controlled by the British and French allied forces. The participants were the Qing dynasty, Britain and France, and finally the British and French Coalition forces won.
On August 23, British general Hob went to Tianjin in the north, and Governor Hengfu rushed out. The Qing government sent Gui Liang, Hench and allied representatives to Tianjin to make peace.
Baidu encyclopedia-burning Yuanmingyuan
Baidu Encyclopedia —— Changes outside Sakurada Gate
Baidu Encyclopedia-Beijing Treaty
Baidu Encyclopedia-Battle of Baliqiao
Baidu Encyclopedia-The Third Battle of Dagukou