The policy of rest and recuperation means that after the great turmoil or long-term war, the rulers do not waste people's money and impose harsh laws, but adopt a policy of lenient punishment and thin taxes to safeguard people's strength and multiply population, so as to achieve the purpose of restoring and developing the economy and stabilizing their rule. Since Emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty, after several emperors (Hui Di, Lv Hou, Wendi and Jingdi), the policy of recuperation has been implemented for 60 or 70 years. The result is "all rivers run into the sea, and the national strength is considerable." Ban Gu said, "Han Xing, clean up your troubles and share the interest with the people; As for filial piety, it is a combination of courtesy and frugality; Xiao Jing follows the industry. Between 50 and 60 years, as for changing customs, CoCo Lee is mellow. "

Emperor Wen of Chinese (202 BC-65438 BC+057 BC)

Emperor Wendi, the son of Emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty, was first appointed as the acting king. After Lv Hou's death, Zhou Bo and others put down various rebellions, and he became the emperor. He was in office from 180 BC to 157 BC. He vigorously promoted the policy of rest and recuperation, attached importance to agricultural production, and advocated extravagant taxation. In the second and twelfth years of Emperor Wendi, the land rent was reduced to thirty taxes and one tax twice. In the 13th year (167 years ago), the land rent was completely exempted, and it was not until the first year of Emperor Jingdi (156 years ago) that it was restored to the 30-tax one, which became the custom of the Han Dynasty. Wendi also reduced the calculation tax (poll tax) from per person per year 120 yuan to 40 yuan. The corvee has also been reduced accordingly, from serving one month a year to "one thing every three years" He also advocated lenient punishment. In thirteen years, he ordered the abolition of the law of sitting next to relatives and some harmful corporal punishment, such as tattooing on the face, cutting off the nose, cutting off the feet and so on. Paying taxes lightly, reducing punishment and promoting the recovery and development of agricultural production. Emperor Wen paid attention to thrift (there are examples of stopping the construction of terraces in the small print) and advocated clean government. Once, someone gave Deng Wendi a swift horse. Wendi said: The emperor had a ceremony before going out, and there was a car behind him. I walk 50 miles a day. Where can a person ride a swift horse? He returned the horse to the man who sent it, paid the fare and told him to go back. He also ordered: "I won't give it, so I told Sifang not to come." Emperor Wen made great efforts to govern, paid attention to thrift, saved financial expenses, formed a clean government atmosphere, and reduced the burden on the people. So at that time, Caihai made great achievements.

Han Jingdi (former 188- former 14 1)

Han Jing is the eldest son of Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty, Liu Qi. Former 156- former 14 1 year in office. Jingdi attached importance to agriculture, and once worked with officials to make suggestions for agriculture, and let the queen supervise mulberry planting, sericulture and weaving. Emperor Jingdi wrote: "Agriculture is the foundation of the world, and the golden pearls and jade are hungry and clothed in cold ... It makes the county government advise farmers to plant trees and get clothes and food." Jingdi also reduced the flogging of Wendi (Wendi changed to flogging after corporal punishment). Whipping is flogging prisoners with bamboo boards. Prison break is lighter and prison affairs are simple. The oppression of the people was obviously less than that of the Qin Dynasty. At that time, the kingdom expanded, and Jingdi used Chao Cuo to cut the princes. Later, the rebellion of the seven countries was put down, which weakened the power of the kingdom and strengthened the central government. Wendi and Jingdi reigned for forty years, which is called "the rule of Wenjing" in history.

Lujia

Rujia, a native of Chu, ruled the world from Emperor Gaozu. Often around Emperor Gaozu, he made suggestions or sent ministers. When he spoke in front of Emperor Gaozu, he often quoted words from Confucian classics such as The Book of Songs and Shangshu. Emperor Gaozu cursed: "I will get the official residence right away. What about the poems and books?" Lu Jia replied: "Since I got it right away, why not treat it right away? ..... both civil and military skills are also long skills. " Emperor gaozu said: write me some articles and analyze why the Qin dynasty lost the world and why I can win it. So Lu Jia wrote 12 and presented it to Emperor Gaozu, which was called Xinyu. "Every time a piece is played, Emperor Gaudi calls it good" (see Book of Han, Volume 43, Biography of Lu Jia). "Nothing is the fourth" on the volume of Xinyu: "Qin Shihuang designated it as a punishment for cracking the car to suppress evil. Building the Great Wall for Moon Lake in Jingrong. Impose a lot and swallow a little, which is a great shock to the world. ..... The more annoying things are, the more chaotic the world is (referring to the peasant uprising); The more laws there are, the more treacherous they are (the more complicated the laws, the more people break the law); The more troops there are, the more enemies there are. Qin Fei doesn't want to be cured. The loser is violent (cruel and annoying) and uses Tai Chi (excessive). " There is something like "the strong plow the fields" in the Ninth German School, which advocates that farmers should have time to farm.

Let the soldiers demobilize and avoid years of hard labor. ...

According to the Book of Emperor Gaozu, in May 202 BC, "the soldiers returned home. According to the imperial edict, the son of a vassal will be twelve years old when he is in Guanzhong (Kanto people who entered Guanzhong to annihilate Qin want to stay in Guanzhong 12 years) and will be six years old when he returns (willing to return to his hometown for six years). In front of the people, gather Bao Shanze (people who fled to Shanze during the war) and let them return to their counties, (restore) the old Jue and Tian Zhai. ..... Anyone who sells himself as a maid because of hunger is exempt from becoming a Shu Ren. The title of military officer ... those who have no title and are dissatisfied with doctors are called doctors. Therefore, the title given by the doctor is one level higher. All the seven doctors and above (officials with seven products or above) are food cities. Anyone who is not under the seven doctors should return to their homes and do nothing (the following seven doctors are exempt from their own and their families). "

The historical achievements of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty mainly include

First, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty implemented some political systems to strengthen centralization, which consolidated the unity and development of the Western Han Dynasty.

When Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty first ascended the throne, his grandmother Dou Taihou held the power. In 135 BC, Dou Taihou died, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty began to hold all power in his own hands to show his political ambitions. He first attacked the consort Tian, the prime minister, and then strengthened the position of the minister who sent and received documents around him, making the prime minister a nominal position. Since then, Zhongshu and Shangshu have become the central institutions that give orders.

In order to strengthen centralization and thoroughly solve the problems of vassal States, he ordered the kings of vassal States not to pass on the fiefs only to the eldest son who succeeded to the throne, but also to set aside some of them for other sons, and they were not unified. As a result, the land of the vassal States is getting smaller and smaller, and their strength is getting weaker and weaker, so they can't compete with the central authorities. This is a clever move by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also strengthened the original supervision system and established a new system of selecting officials. He adopted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion, ordered each county and township to honor one person's loyalty every year, and adopted the method of "writing a letter on the bus" so that officials and people could write a letter to the emperor and suggest state affairs. If the opinion meets the requirements of governing the country, it will be awarded an official position according to the author's specialty.

Second, in order to strengthen and consolidate his rule, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone", which consolidated the unity and centralization of the country and had a long-term impact on later history.

Dong Zhongshu believes that the emperor manages the people according to God's will, and God has given him the power to rule the people, which can never be violated. This statement just catered to the wishes of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, who regarded this thought as a tool for ruling ideology and maintaining the feudal system. When Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty took the exam, he did not take other schools of thought, but only took the exam of Confucian scholars. Therefore, if you want to be an official, you have to accept Confucianism, and scholars have become Confucian scholars.

Third, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent troops to crusade against the Huns, which made the regime of the Western Han Dynasty more consolidated and the country more unified, and created extremely favorable conditions for the economic and cultural development of the Western Han Dynasty.

From 133 BC to 1 19 BC, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent troops to carry out many large-scale battles with the Xiongnu, and finally won an all-round victory over the Xiongnu, which fully reflected his great talent and excellent military command ability. In the process of fighting against Xiongnu, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also enriched the frontier defense and developed production through a large number of immigrants.

Fourthly, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions twice, which strengthened the economic and cultural exchanges between the Han Dynasty and the West.

In BC 138, Zhang Qian, a famous and great explorer in the history of China, was ordered by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to go to the Western Regions, with the purpose of uniting with the Dayue family to defend and attack the Xiongnu forces. In BC 1 19, Zhang Qian was ordered to go to the Western Regions for the second time. Subsequently, countries in Central Asia and the Western Regions often visited and traded in Chang 'an in the name of tribute. The exchange of personnel and trade between China and other countries in the western regions lasted for more than 1000 years, starting from the Western Han Dynasty, passing through the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties and finally the Tang Dynasty.

Fifth, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty opened up the southern and southwestern territories, which made the Yue ethnic group, the southwest ethnic groups and the Han nationality better integrated.

After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty assigned the three tribes of the Yue nationality to the Han Dynasty, they moved to the Yangtze River, Huaihe River, South China Sea and other places, and lived together with the Han nationality for a long time, and gradually merged with each other, forming a "great unification" situation that has not been completed since the pre-Qin period. In the process of developing southwest China, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty spread iron tools and high Han culture to these areas, which more or less broke the occlusion of these areas and promoted the development of local economy and culture.

Sixth, vigorously build water conservancy and develop agricultural production.

During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Cao Canal, Bai Canal and Longshou Canal were built, and six auxiliary canals were opened next to Zheng Guoqu, which was opened in the Qin Dynasty, to irrigate highlands. In BC 109, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty recruited tens of thousands of soldiers to block the breach of the Yellow River. After this operation, there was no major flood in the lower reaches of the Yellow River for about 80 years.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also vigorously promoted reclamation and other major measures to develop agriculture. He also vigorously promoted the method of replacing cultivated land and new farm tools, which greatly promoted the development of agriculture.