The vast area from Broken Leaf City to Shuang Jie is called Sogdian area. Xuanzang crossed thousands of springs, passed through Bi Rose City, Xiaogu City, Baishui City and Gongyu City, passed through large and small stone countries, crossed large sand dunes and reached Samarkand. 755-79000, centering on Samarkand, recorded the natural environment, product customs and so on. The land of nine surnames in Zhaowu. When Xuanzang arrived, it was the sphere of influence of Turks, Zoroastrianism prevailed and Buddhism struggled to survive.
Xuan Zang painted by Silk Road Society is in travel itinerary, the Nine-Star Region of Zhaowu.
In the 5th-8th century, there were many kingdoms between Amu Darya and Syr Darya in Central Asia. They have no unified monarch and are attached to powerful forces around them. In the Tang Dynasty, they were Kang, An, Cao, Shi, Zhu, He, Huo Xun, Qi Tu and Shi, among which Kang was the biggest, the monarch of nine countries, followed by history.
These countries belonged to the Dalai Lama in the mid-5th century and surrendered to West Turkistan in the mid-6th century. During the reign of Tang Yonghui, Guo Kang and other countries were subordinate to the Tang Dynasty, which established the Kangju Duhu House, which was subordinate to Anxi Duhu House. Since 7 12 AD, the nine surnames of Zhaowu have been gradually eroded by rising grain.
Suter's Impression and the Dilemma of Buddhism
When Xuanzang set out from Broken Leaf City for Shuang Jie, he passed through Sogdian area. Su Te, a Yue family, lived in Zhaowucheng in the north of Qilian Mountain in his early years, but was forced to move westward by the powerful Xiongnu, and finally found his place over the verdant mountains. According to 1999 Records of the Western Regions of Datang, the state of Kang was "changeable in the early years, and gradually stabilized after the Han Dynasty". Although these people who migrated in the past belong to different tribes, they all take "Zhaowu" as their surname, "to show that they don't forget their roots".
The Sogdians established many oasis city-states, but they never really unified. They are all subject to or attached to other countries. When Xuanzang passed by, the Sogdians were relying on Turkish rule to maintain social stability and normal commercial development. Countries are also strong and weak, interdependent and interrelated. During the Sui Dynasty, Guo Kang, the most powerful of the nine surnames, was a Turk and married. Its king married the daughter of Turk Khan, while Anguo belonged to Guo Kang, and its king married Princess Guo Kang.
Guo Kang, Yanglin-Aerial photography of archaeological sites in the Tang Dynasty in Asia and Africa.
Xuanzang called his place names and residents "Curry", and his written language was also called "Curry Language". At first, there were fewer letters in the library, only more than 20, but the letters were arranged and combined, and more and more words were found. There are also a few classics in Sogdian, which need to be read vertically, and cultural knowledge is constantly taught by mentoring. The Sogdians "wear felt brown, fur, petticoats and emergency suits, all their hair and exposed tops, or always cut short and shave, and trim their foreheads". Sogdian is a popular language in Central Asia. The Sogdian alphabet belongs to the China-Iranian writing system and disappeared in the13rd century when Mongolia invaded.
The Sogdians "have deep eyes, high noses and many beards". They are rich in products, rich in gold and wine, rich in thousands of stones, unbeaten year after year. The Sogdians are very fond of rare treasures. Their king wears seven treasures and golden flowers, and wears clothes of "where silk and satin are worn, where silk and silk are folded in white". Cao Guo is "the king who wears the crown of goldfish and sits on the golden horse seat". In 755-79000, "the king of Persia wore a golden crown and sat on the golden lion's seat, and Fujin shaved his beard." Brocade with wreaths on it is quite similar to Persia and Sogdian areas on the south bank of Amu River at that time.
Soda is located between Wuhu River and Yaosha River, with abundant aquatic plants and pleasant environment. Qianquan, 400 miles west of Broken Leaf City, is the summer resort of Turkic Khan. There are more than 200 m
Groups of deer in the Woods run freely, obviously artificially raised, and most of them wear bells and other ornaments, which are docile and amiable. Turkic Khan loved these deer very much and ordered: "If you dare to kill them, you can't forgive them." These deer lived with the people under the protection of Turk Khan and got a good end. One hundred and forty or fifty miles west of Qianquan, you can reach the American Donkey City. Eighty-nine Li is a place where business travelers and Hu people from all over the world live together. "The land is suitable for gas, and the Datong Plain has leaves." It is also a city with a relatively suitable natural climate.
The ruins of the ancient city of Hulusi in Yanglin.
To Xuanzang's great relief, in this foreign land where Hu people and businessmen live together, there are also settlements of Central Plains residents. This is a small isolated city, located in the south of Naurus. It is unknown when this lonely city will exist. There are more than 300 China families living in an isolated town, all of which were plundered by Turks in the Central Plains. "Other families are in the same country and can protect the city together and live in China's residence." These 300 families have been assimilated by the Turks, and their clothes are already Turkish. But to Xuanzang's great relief, they still retain the etiquette and language of the Central Plains, which gives great comfort to pedestrians wandering in strange areas of Central Asia.
The small ancient city continued to the southwest for more than 200 miles and reached the "Baishui City". Baishui City in Liuqili, Fiona Fang was named Selan City in the Sui Dynasty. In the Middle Ages, it was the main city and the largest commercial center in the middle reaches of the Syr Darya River. For a long time, it was the frontier position of Muslims in northwest Central Asia, so it was located in the northeast of Tashkent. In addition, the founding of the People's Republic of China is a relatively powerful country in Central Asia, with Fiona Fang more than 1000 miles. The land is fertile, suitable for farming, and the vegetation is lush, producing apples and grapes. There are hundreds of cities in China, which do not communicate with each other. The Sogdians are good at managing land resources, and "cultivate the vegetable garden diligently and have lush vegetation". Their culture was influenced by Guishuang Empire, Quetta, Sasambos and Turks. In various forms.
In 2000, the Anjia Tomb unearthed in Daminggong Township, weiyang district, the northern suburb of Xi showed the world the colorful civilization of the Sogdians. An Jia is a Sogdian who lives in Chang 'an. The screen painted decoration unearthed in his tomb is dazzling, with scenes of Sogdians hunting, feasting, dancing and doing business. During the Sui Dynasty, Guo Kang "had a Land Rover, which was put in a temple and was fined". It has drums, pipa, five strings and a murmuring sound. Their music and dance have a great influence on the Central Plains, and Hu Xuan Dance, Hu Teng Dance and Zhezhi Dance, which the Sogdians are good at, have become popular music and dance forms in the Central Plains.
Jiamu Weiping Stone Collapse
Guo Kang, one of the nine surnames, namely Samarkand, is one of the oldest cities in Central Asia. It is the patriarch of the country with nine surnames, with the strongest strength, which means "fertile soil". Guo Kang Square Circle 16700 Li is long from east to west and narrow from north to south. Fiona Fang, the capital, is more than 20 miles, which is very dangerous and has a large population. "Different treasures gather more than this country".
Fertile land, dense vegetation, developed agriculture, "good horses", "ingenious workmanship, specializing in all countries", "smooth air order, fierce customs", "Hu Guo", this is one of them, in order to stop the prestige and get far and near. The neighbor of the king, the soldier is stronger than the horse, and the industry is rich [1]. " Samarkand was beautifully built by the Sogdians. In the 3rd century BC, when Alexander of Macedonian Empire marched into Samarkand, the king who was obsessed with building Alexandria with the same style in different regions was deeply impressed by the current prosperity.
Some scholars marvel that Samarkand's magnificent urban architecture is as magical as Sui Shu described. Guo Kang site is located in the highland 3.5km north of Samarkand in Central Asia, which was built in the 6th century BC. Kang's heyday was in the 6th-8th century, which was related to the prosperity of the Tang Dynasty. The east gate of its domestic city is called "China G"
As early as BC 138, Zhang Qian came here when he was on a mission to the Western Regions. Fiona Fang has more than 4,000 miles of territory, surrounded by mountains and fertile land. It is a good place to raise horses, "raising sheep and horses". The altitude here is high, the climate is cold, "human nature is strong and brave", the language is different from other countries, and it looks ugly. However, the internal affairs of the country are chaotic. "Because there has been no monarch for decades, Tusi Machoke has been competing, not with each other, but according to the risks in Sichuan, the capital city has been drawn in the wild." Obviously, the actual rule of West Turkistan did not completely penetrate into the governance of Sogdian countries, but concentrated these countries in a relatively scattered way of contact, using force or interests to win over and maintain a balance.
After a desolate journey of 1000 miles, Xuanzang arrived in Lisena's country, Cao Dong on the yuan dynasty history. 14,500 miles away in Cao Dong, the pesticide water comes from the east, and the pesticide water comes from the green ridge in the north and flows to the northwest. It is low in altitude, similar in terroir and phenology to the stone country, and is also a vassal country of Turkic. There is a large moraine between Cao and Jianguo in the east, which enters the moraine from the northwest of Cao. "Without aquatic plants, the road will be full. The realm is unpredictable, seek mountains, seek relics, know its meaning, and remember its way "is another order of Xuanzang after" eight hundred Li quicksand ".
Sogdian slave buying and selling literature in Tang Dynasty
After Xuanzang and his party experienced the difficulties in spreading Buddhist Sogdian, they felt a lot. Record:
More than 500 miles, until the founding of the people's Republic. Neither the king nor the people believe in Buddhism, but they all take fire as their way. There are two monasteries, where there are no monks' houses. People invited by monks will be burned to death and will not stop. When the mage first came, the king spent a long time receiving him. At night, we will talk about the cause and effect between heaven and man, praise the merits of Buddha and honor the blessings. The king is very happy. Please be quick and diligent. From the second primary school to the temple, Hu was burned out. Misha revenged himself on the king. When the king heard this, he ordered the burning man to fetch it, gathered all the people together and ordered people to cut it down. The mage wants to persuade the good, but can't bear to destroy its branches. Wang Naizhong kicked him out of Beijing. Naturally, I was awed and convinced, so I set up a meeting and went to Habitat Temple. It turns evil into evil, seduces vulgarity, really.
Zoroastrian tombs excavated by Yang Lin in Samarkand.
Although Xuanzang and his party were ready to be rejected and neglected by Zoroastrianism at the root, Zoroastrianism's behavior of "burning it with fire" surprised everyone. Xuanzang was confident in his major until the king changed his mind and became diligent. As Qian Wenzhong's "Arabian Nights" said: "Xuanzang is definitely a master of public relations. He is good at finding friends, turning enemies into friends, and turning all forces that are not conducive to his pursuit and promotion of Buddhism into forces that are conducive to his career. "
At that time, the only two temples in Samarkand were controlled by Zoroastrianism with bare hands. Without monks, monks who come to live will be driven out by Zoroastrianism with fire. So did Xuanzang's two young monks. Frightened and insulted, the young monk told the king about it. The king was obsessed with Xuanzang's teachings and immediately ordered the arrest of the expellers who were burned, gathered the people and cut off their hands as a warning. At this time, the king had a new understanding of Buddhism, and Xuanzang took the opportunity to popularize the Buddhist doctrine of doing good without hurting the limbs, which made the king more convinced. Since then, the whole country has welcomed the re-spread of Buddhism and set up public meetings.
Ren Hu tou
It is implicit to call this phenomenon "the snow mud claw of Sogdian Buddhism". The development of Buddhism in Sogdian area is difficult and tortuous, and language barrier is the biggest obstacle. "Since the 6th century, a large number of Suthep Buddhist scriptures have been translated from Chinese. Many Buddhist terms originally came from Sanskrit in India.
Sogdians have not been exposed to primitive Buddhist teachings, so they have no correct understanding of Buddhism. They are loyal to the rigid thought of traditional Zoroastrianism, which prompted them to show strong resistance to Buddhist believers. No wonder Kang Wang suddenly changed his mind after listening to Xuanzang's teachings. Perhaps to a great extent, the acceptance of Buddhist culture by the Sogdians is still limited, which makes it difficult to spread Buddhism among the Sogdians.
Rough Silk Road Trade
Historically, the image of the Sogdians who are good at doing business has been known. Xuanzang's Book of the New Tang Dynasty thinks that the Sogdians are frivolous and deceitful. This nation was born tall, but timid and sentimental. Everyone is greedy for money, taking care of each other, mercenary, bullying the weak and fearing the hard, even between father and son.
Quoted from The biography of Master Sanzang in "The End of the Year" and "Xuanzang's Journey to the West": "Kang people are good. One should start learning books at the age of five. If he is not proficient, send him to learn from Jia. It is better to earn more. " Yun: "(Kang) is a good businessman and profitable. Her husband will take advantage of anything when he goes to neighboring countries on New Year's Eve. " Wealth has become the only criterion to measure the level of urban residents. Rich people are the most expensive, regardless of family background. The greedy nature of the Sogdians limits their pursuit of quality of life, and collecting money has become a hobby. Some people "eat coarse grains" even though their families are rich in resources. According to Xuanzang's records, half of the residents in this city are doing business.
Sogdian merchants in Tang dynasty
Sogdians are good at doing business, and they have their strongholds from the Western Regions to the Hexi Corridor and even to Chang 'an and Luoyang. Running back and forth on the long Silk Road, bringing precious gold and silver jewelry to Chang 'an, Luoyang and other places in exchange for rich profits, and then bringing back silk and other things from the Central Plains. 755-79000: "Good businessmen, many foreigners".
Through the silk road full of possibilities, the civilization of the western regions had a far-reaching influence on the social life, economy, culture, politics and military affairs of the Tang Dynasty. Tang style bragged about the year of Samarkand, and Zi Ying pointed out that there were also images of the Sogdians in Zizil murals. They were rescued by Guanyin Bodhisattva on the dangerous Silk Road, so they were grateful and became providers of Buddhist grottoes.
In fact, the Sogdians have mixed feelings about their business status, and they prefer to describe themselves as soldiers. Ge Nai pointed out in "The Story of the Western Regions in Datang", "In the murals of the local films of the Sogdians in Kent, Abu and Frasi, the self-image of the Sogdians is a noble warrior wearing gorgeous clothes and drinking with a sword, which seems unwilling to reveal that the wealth of the city actually comes from the Silk Road caravan; However, in the Sogdian tombs of the Northern Dynasties in China, it vividly shows the descendants how the leader of the Sogdian caravan, with the help of nomadic Khan, crossed the snowy mountain grassland and hunted for survival.
"The Sogdians may not want to tell people about their difficult journey on the Silk Road. What they value is whether the wealth gained by this road can be exchanged for higher social status and identity. In other words, in that era when there was no monarch and the world was in chaos, the Sogdians deeply admired the warriors and strength and yearned for a stable and prosperous era.
For a long time, Sogdian has been a region where civilizations of different tribes flourished and eventually collapsed. The direct or indirect rule and threat of Huns, Tatars and Turks forced the Sogdians to change their hair styles and costumes to meet the requirements of the new rulers.
Murals of Sogdian Palace excavated by Yang Lin at Afrasiab site.
The misfortune of fate is sometimes more violent than the joy of getting rich. The turmoil in the Central Plains is hard to prevent, and foreigners trample on it wantonly, and sometimes they treat these businessmen rudely.
During the period of 1907, Stan discovered seven pieces of quicksand bamboo slips in Dunhuang, which were called "Sogdian ancient books". These letters were written by Sogdian merchants stranded in Dunhuang in 3 13 A.D., when the Western Jin Dynasty was already teetering. Chang 'an, Luoyang and even Yecheng were in chaos, and Xiongnu soldiers burned and looted, even Sogdian businessmen were spared. They were looted. Sogdian merchants stranded in Dunhuang are in a desperate situation.
After the Anshi Rebellion, the Tang people put the catastrophe account book on Sogdian. The article "Rongjiang Tongdian" points out that the word "An" is
It is also said that after he took Youzhou from the rebels, he took revenge crazily. "Whoever kills Hu in the city is rewarded, so he kills it and his son is thrown into the air. Many people died because of their high noses. "
At this time, the Sogdians stranded in Chang 'an are facing the embarrassment of where to go. Maybe they don't want to venture back to their hometown, the Islamized Sogdian area, or they are determined to stay in the Central Plains and integrate into the social life of the Central Plains. It is said that there should be a clan of Sogdians in Hebei Province today.
In fact, in the 8th century, when big eaters invaded Sogdian, this land without monarch immediately fell into hot water. According to the contents of Xifan Ji, "Page 1, Page 2 and Page 3.
14000 people's blood flows in this city. There are only wild bones and no crows in the city. "Sogdians, with the help of Tuqishi, rose up against the massacre of big food, but they could not protect themselves after all. In addition, their original allies, have it both ways and Stone Kingdom, fell to a big food, and the Sogdians had to give in and were gradually Islamized.
The ancient Silk Road witnessed the busy commerce of the Sogdians and left Xuanzang's footprints. In the long journey of more than a year, Xuanzang also formed an indissoluble bond with the Sogdians.
As early as seeing his brother Taitai off, Taitai sent Shi Huanxin to escort Xuanzang to break the leaves. Perhaps, when they passed through Shiguo, Shi Huanxin revisited his old haunt and explained many local conditions and customs to Xuanzang, which became the material of the later "New Tang Book Biography of the Western Regions".