1953 In February, Watson and Crick saw a very beautiful X-ray diffraction photograph of DNA crystal taken by Franklin in June of1951+0/,which inspired them. They not only confirmed that DNA must have a spiral structure, but also analyzed helix parameter. They adopted the judgment of Franklin and Wilkins and supplemented it: phosphate formed the skeleton of two polynucleotide chains on the outside of the helix, in opposite directions; The bases are inside the helix and correspond to each other.
For several days, Watson and Crick happily built models with iron wires in their offices. 1953 On February 28th, the first molecular model of DNA double helix structure was finally born.
The significance of the double helix model is not only that the structure of DNA molecules has been proved, but more importantly, it also suggests the replication mechanism of DNA: because adenine is always paired with thymine, ornithine is always paired with cytosine, which shows that the base sequences of the two chains are complementary. As long as the base sequence of one chain is determined, the base sequence of the other chain is also determined. Therefore, only one chain can be used as a template to synthesize and copy the other chain. Its successful determination initiated a new era of modern biology.
Crick insisted from the beginning that "the principle of DNA specific pairing will immediately remind people of the possible replication mechanism of genetic material" should be added to the paper published on April 25. He believes that if there is no such sentence, it will mean that he and Watson "lack insight to see this."
Shortly after the paper on the double helix structure of DNA was published, Nature published another paper by Crick, which clarified the semi-conservative replication mechanism of DNA.
1, a human skull fossil from Yunxian County, Hubei Province.
Age: Paleolithic Age
Excavation site: Liangzi, Quyuan Hekou School, Yunxian County, Shiyan City, Hubei Province.
Excavation units: Hubei Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Yunyang Area (now Shiyan City) Museum and Yunxian County Museum.
Introduction:
As early as 1975, ancient human tooth fossils were discovered in Yunxian County, Hubei Province. 1989 found another human skull fossil. 1990, Hubei Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology conducted an archaeological excavation and found another skull fossil. Two skull fossils preserved a complete skull and a basically complete facial skull, and the second one was more complete. According to the characteristics of the skull, it belongs to the type of Homo erectus and is named "Homo erectus in Yunxian", which is called Yunxian people for short. According to the paleomagnetic method, the fossils were about 800,000 to 900,000 years ago.
After many excavations since 1990, 24/kloc-0 stone tools, such as stone cores, stone chips, cutters, scrapers, stone hammers, etc., as well as a large number of percussion fragments and gravel with percussion marks, have been unearthed in its cultural layer, and double-sided artifacts similar to hand axes have been unearthed. Mammalian fossils associated with human fossils are very rich, and the number of complete skulls and mandibles is rare in other sites.
The discovery of Yunxian human fossils and their culture is of great scientific value to the study of human evolution. Yunxian people are very old, even comparable to Lantian people, but the fossil composition of Yunxian people shows many characteristics of early Homo sapiens, which provides important physical data for studying the development relationship between Homo erectus and early Homo sapiens and the cultural relationship between North and South.
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2. Shandong Chengziya Longshan and Yueshi Cultural Sites
Times: Neolithic Age (Longshan Cultural City Site), Xia Dynasty (Yue Cultural City Site)
Excavation location: Chengziya, Longshan Town, Zhangqiu City, Shandong Province
Excavation unit: Shandong Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology.
Introduction:
Chengziya site is the remains of Longshan culture in the late Neolithic period, with a total area of 220,000 square meters. It is the first ancient city site in China discovered, excavated and published by archaeologists in China. Chengziya site is rich in connotation and has a long history. The accumulation layer is divided into three layers, the upper layer is Zhou Dynasty culture layer, the middle layer is Yueshi culture layer, and the lower layer is Longshan culture layer. A large number of cultural relics of various eras have been unearthed. Xialongshan city site is about 530 meters long from north to south and 430 meters wide from east to west, covering an area of about 200,000 square meters. The city site is rich in cultural layers, including houses, wells, caves and other sites. Pottery is mainly black pottery and gray-black pottery. Most stone tools are ground. And bones. Two excavations were carried out in 1928 and 1930, and the Longshan culture (originally called "black pottery culture", later named "Longshan culture" after the site, and now named "Shandong Longshan culture") characterized by exquisite polishing of black pottery was revealed for the first time. In addition, the remains of a rectangular rammed earth wall were found around the site, which may be the base address of the city wall at that time. Yueshi Cultural Site is directly superimposed on Longshan Cultural Site, covering an area of 6.5438+0.7 million square meters. The rammed layer of the city wall is regular and the rammed soil is solid.
During the period of 1990, the Shandong Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology explored and excavated Chengziya site, and found that Chengziya site was formed by the overlapping of Longshan cultural site, Yueshi cultural site and Zhou Dynasty site, which clarified the controversy about the age of Chengziya site in recent 60 years. Among them, the site of Longshan Cultural City covers an area of more than 200,000 square meters, which is the largest in this period. The site of Yueshi Cultural City is the only Xia Dynasty city site discovered so far. This discovery is of great significance to the study of the development of ancient cities in China and the origin of Chinese civilization, and the Longshan culture revealed from it has greatly promoted the understanding and research of the Neolithic culture in China. The excavation of Chengziya site provides important information for the study of prehistoric city sites and the origin of civilization in China. Chengziya and its surrounding ancient sites formed a basically complete ancient cultural area from Neolithic Age to Han Dynasty. The Longshan cultural city site in Chengziya has the embryonic form of an early city, which shows that it has become the center of power, economy and culture at that time. The discovery of the ruins of Yueshi Cultural City in Chengziya fills the gap in urban archaeology in China. Prior to this, the site of Xia culture had not been found between Longshan cultural city site and Shang cultural city site. The discovery of the ruins of Yueshi Cultural City in Chengziya provides important information for studying the origin of Chinese civilization, the history of China's urban development and the relationship between Yi and Xia.
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3. Tomb Guojiazhuang 160 in Yinxu, Henan.
Time: Late Shang Dynasty
Excavation location: Guojiazhuang, Anyang City, Henan Province
Excavation unit: Anyang Archaeological Team, Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.
Person in charge of excavation: Yang Xizhang
Introduction:
1990 65438+1October 14-23, Anyang team excavated the tomb at 160 in the north of Guojiazhuang cemetery, and found that the tomb had not been excavated. 353 pieces of bronze, pottery, jade, stone, bone, tooth, bamboo, lacquer and other cultural relics were unearthed. Among them, there are 29 bronzes1piece and 38 carved bronzes. Bronzes include ritual vessels, musical instruments, tools, utensils, weapons and miscellaneous vessels. , a complete range, mainly weapons, including cymbals, knives, knives, spears and so on. There are more than 200 pieces, more than 900 pieces of cymbals and 4 1 piece of sacrificial vessels, including Ding, Sui and Gui. 33 jade articles and one bamboo basket were unearthed. Academics believe that the tomb belongs to the third phase of Yin Ruins culture, and the owner of the tomb should be a prominent military commander.
The discovery of Tomb No.0/60 of Yin Ruins fills the gap in the study of Yin Ruins in the third period. Among the bronze ritual vessels in Tomb 160, there are many square vessels, among which the square vessel and the four-legged tripod with lid beam are rare. Most bronze vessels are luxuriantly decorated and exquisitely made. The unique combination of bronzes provides a good perspective for understanding the life and funeral customs of Shang nobles. The analysis of its bronze composition has important historical value for studying the development of bronze casting technology.
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4. Zhouji Fruit Tomb in Shangcunling, Sanmenxia, Henan Province
Time: Late Western Zhou Dynasty
Excavation location: Shangcunling, Sanmenxia City, Henan Province
Excavation units: Henan Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Sanmenxia Archaeological Team and Yellow River Water Conservancy Archaeological Team.
Introduction:
Ji Guo's tomb, namely Tongbunuo. 200 1 is a rectangular tomb with vertical holes, and the funerary objects are single coffins and double coffins. The funerary objects are rich and varied, and placed orderly, with specifications of 7 pots and 6 reeds. The funerary objects include a large number of bronze ritual vessels and jade articles. Bronze ritual vessels include Wei, Fang Hu, Dou, Pan, Zun, Jue, Fu, Fang Yi, chime, chime, weapons and chariots and horses. Jade articles mainly include jade bags and ornaments, and a group of precious ornaments were found around the waist of the deceased. The unearthed iron sword with jade handle and copper core is made of iron, copper and jade, and it is beautifully made. It is the earliest artificial iron smelting product unearthed from archaeological excavations in China, which advances the era of artificial iron smelting in China by nearly two centuries and is known as "the first sword in China". The jade mask is made of 14 pieces of jade symbolizing the five senses, with vivid image and exquisite workmanship. It is the earliest form of "printing" found in China, and it is also the embryonic form of gold thread and jade clothes in Han Dynasty. A set of eight bronze bells with inscriptions is the only and most complete set of clocks unearthed in the archaeological excavation of tombs in the late Western Zhou Dynasty. The gold belt ornaments composed of twelve kinds of gold wares are the earliest gold ornaments in China. The whole woolen suit was only seen in the excavation of tombs at the same time in China; Leather vests and shields were also found for the first time in China. The calligraphy written in ink on more than 0/0 tortoise-shaped tablets in/kloc is the earliest calligraphy treasure discovered in China. More than 300 bionic animal jade carvings, with both form and spirit, are lifelike, covering almost all the biological species in the northern temperate zone of China at that time.
According to the inscription on the artifacts, the owner of the tomb is Ji Guo, the king of the late Western Zhou Dynasty. In addition to unearthed cultural relics, there are three chariots and horses pits buried with Ji Guo, Ji Guo's wife Liang Ji and a prince of a certain rank, which are closely connected and are the largest chariots and horses pits excavated in China.
A large number of physical materials obtained from the excavation of Guo cemetery, especially the excavation of bronze ritual vessels and combined jade articles, provide important information for understanding Guo's cultural features in the late Western Zhou Dynasty and early Spring and Autumn Period, and the long inscriptions on bronzes also provide first-hand documents for the history of the researchers. It has enhanced the understanding of the aristocratic burial system and funeral customs in vassal States, and provided a foundation for further study of the ancient ritual and music system.
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5. Tomb No.2 of Warring States Period in Chemakeng and Zihedian, Hou Li, Shandong.
Time: Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period
Excavation location: Houli Village, Qiling Town, Linzi District, Zibo City, Shandong Province
Excavation unit: Shandong Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology.
Introduction:
Hou Li Chunqiu Chemakeng is located in Houli Village, Linzi District, Zibo City. In which 1 Chemakeng is 3 1m long from north to south, 3.6-4m wide from east to west, and 1.2- 1.7m deep. Vehicles 10 and 32 horses were unearthed in the pit. Horses and chariots should be neatly matched, with horses in front of the car and their heads facing west. The wood of the vehicle rotted, but the traces were clear, and the horse skeleton was well preserved. Six of them have four horses in front of each car, and the other four have two horses in front of each car. There are two kinds of vehicles: chariots and trench vehicles. The wheels of the chariot are small, and a bronze sword spear was unearthed in front of the No.4 chariot. The vehicle has copper components, and the horse body and horse head have copper, horns, bones and shells. Horses are beautifully decorated and have their own characteristics. No.2 Chemakeng is 7.6 meters long from north to south, 3 meters wide from east to west and 2. 1 meter deep. Six horses died, and the burial style is different from that of 1 pit. They were buried under the car, and then immediately, immediately buried under the car. Judging from the unearthed artifacts and strata, it should be the burial pit of kings or nobles in the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period or earlier.
The No.2 Tomb of the Warring States Period in Zihedian is located near the tomb of Qi Wang in Qiling Town, Linzi District, Zibo City. It was found in the tomb area of Qi State. It has an "A"-shaped tomb and a closed mound. Although it was stolen many times, a considerable number of imitation bronze pottery vessels and bronze and stone musical instruments were unearthed. More than 100 pieces of bronzes and pottery were unearthed. Pottery and ritual vessels are well assembled, with seven tripods and six springs. Bronze and stone musical instruments are matched in groups, with a total of 58 bronze chimes, including three types and five combinations of chimes, Yong bells and Niu bells. Stone chimes are arranged in groups of 8 pieces, and there are 24 pieces in three groups. Weapons include ge, spear, sword, halberd, arrow, etc. One of them has bronze kudzu. It is a great achievement to find more than 20 unicycles in the tomb. According to the structure and use of trucks, they can be roughly divided into three categories: personnel carriers (light trucks), safety trucks and service trucks (stacking trucks). In particular, many prototype specimens cast with gypsum during excavation provide important material data for studying the structure of ancient single-axle vehicles and the system of vehicles during the Warring States period. A large burial pit with 69 horses was found on the north side of the tomb, which is one of the tombs with the largest number of funerary objects preserved in the tombs excavated in Qi State.
6. Tomb pits and painted pottery figurines of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty unearthed in Yangling, Han Jing, Shaanxi.
Times: Western Han Dynasty
Excavation location: Zhangjiawan, Zhengyang Town, Weicheng District, Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province, and North Xianyang Yuan, Hougou Village.
Excavation unit: Han Tomb Archaeological Team of Shaanxi Institute of Archaeology
Introduction:
Yangling is the graveyard where Emperor Jing of the Western Han Dynasty and the Queen were buried together. Yangling is divided into south and north areas from the tomb pit. The south area is located in the southeast of the mausoleum, and the north area is located in the northwest of the mausoleum, each with 24 burial pits.
The cultural relics unearthed in Yangling burial pit include copper, iron, gold, jade, stone, pottery, lacquer, wood, bone, mussel, silk and hemp, as well as various food samples such as wheat, millet, millet and so on. Among them, the largest and most distinctive are all kinds of pottery products, including all kinds of pottery figurines and beasts.
Yangling pottery figurines are mostly nude figurines. This kind of nude figurine is also called clothes-style pottery figurine, which is different from plastic clothes-style pottery figurine. It is characterized by pottery bodies and wooden arms, and decorated with clothes. Judging from the buried pottery figurines, there are rich varieties, complete categories and a large number. Mainly based on all kinds of samurai figures, it fully shows the military scene of the Han Dynasty.
Yangling pottery figurines are not only a direct reflection of the military system of the Western Han Dynasty, but also a carrier of all-round information on politics, economy and culture in the Western Han Dynasty, which is of great historical value for studying the history of the Han Dynasty. The pottery figurines themselves are vivid and vivid, and have high artistic value, which marks the development of ancient sculpture art in China to a new stage.
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7, Shaanxi Han Chang 'an City ceramic kiln kiln site
Times: Neolithic Age (Longshan Cultural City Site), Xia Dynasty (Yue Cultural City Site)
Excavation location: Chengziya, Longshan Town, Zhangqiu City, Shandong Province
Excavation unit: Shandong Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology.
Introduction:
Chengziya site is the remains of Longshan culture in the late Neolithic period, with a total area of 220,000 square meters. It is the first ancient city site in China discovered, excavated and published by archaeologists in China. Chengziya site is rich in connotation and has a long history. The accumulation layer is divided into three layers, the upper layer is Zhou Dynasty culture layer, the middle layer is Yueshi culture layer, and the lower layer is Longshan culture layer. A large number of cultural relics of various eras have been unearthed. Xialongshan city site is about 530 meters long from north to south and 430 meters wide from east to west, covering an area of about 200,000 square meters. The city site is rich in cultural layers, including houses, wells, caves and other sites. Pottery is mainly black pottery and gray-black pottery. Most stone tools are ground. And bones. Two excavations were carried out in 1928 and 1930, and the Longshan culture (originally called "black pottery culture", later named "Longshan culture" after the site, and now named "Shandong Longshan culture") characterized by exquisite polishing of black pottery was revealed for the first time. In addition, the remains of a rectangular rammed earth wall were found around the site, which may be the base address of the city wall at that time. Yueshi Cultural Site is directly superimposed on Longshan Cultural Site, covering an area of 6.5438+0.7 million square meters. The rammed layer of the city wall is regular and the rammed soil is solid.
During the period of 1990, the Shandong Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology explored and excavated Chengziya site, and found that Chengziya site was formed by the overlapping of Longshan cultural site, Yueshi cultural site and Zhou Dynasty site, which clarified the controversy about the age of Chengziya site in recent 60 years. Among them, the site of Longshan Cultural City covers an area of more than 200,000 square meters, which is the largest in this period. The site of Yueshi Cultural City is the only Xia Dynasty city site discovered so far. This discovery is of great significance to the study of the development of ancient cities in China and the origin of Chinese civilization, and the Longshan culture revealed from it has greatly promoted the understanding and research of the Neolithic culture in China. The excavation of Chengziya site provides important information for the study of prehistoric city sites and the origin of civilization in China. Chengziya and its surrounding ancient sites formed a basically complete ancient cultural area from Neolithic Age to Han Dynasty. The Longshan cultural city site in Chengziya has the embryonic form of an early city, which shows that it has become the center of power, economy and culture at that time. The discovery of the ruins of Yueshi Cultural City in Chengziya fills the gap in urban archaeology in China. Prior to this, the site of Xia culture had not been found between Longshan cultural city site and Shang cultural city site. The discovery of the ruins of Yueshi Cultural City in Chengziya provides important information for studying the origin of Chinese civilization, the history of China's urban development and the relationship between Yi and Xia.
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8. Dongque Site of Yingtianmen in Sui and Tang Dynasties, Luoyang City, Henan Province
Time: Sui and Tang Dynasties
Excavation site: between Zhougong Temple and Luoyang Daily in Luoyang, Henan Province.
Excavation unit: Luoyang Tang Cheng Team, Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.
Introduction:
Luoyang City in Sui and Tang Dynasties was the eastern capital of Sui and Tang Dynasties, which was founded in the first year of Yang Di Daye (AD 605). The East Capital consists of Guo Cheng, Imperial City and Miyagi. Miyagi and Imperial City are built in the northwest corner of Guo Cheng. Yingtianmen is the south gate of Miyagi.
Yingtianmen was rebuilt in Tang Gaozong in the first year of Qing Dynasty, and different architectural projects in Sui and Tang Dynasties can still be distinguished. Among the unearthed cultural relics, there are both Sui Dynasty, Tang Dynasty and many Song Dynasty. After several months of careful cleaning, the Dongque site has shown its former grand style. This is a huge "door"-shaped building complex, which consists of a gatehouse, a flowery building, a que building and a corridor between them. It is the most well-preserved site of Luoyang City in Sui and Tang Dynasties, which was found at that time. It is also the first palace que site excavated during the Sui and Tang Dynasties.
The discovery of Yingtianmen site provides valuable information for studying the organizational characteristics of Dudong City Gate in Sui and Tang Dynasties. From the perspective of architectural history, it also has a far-reaching impact on the capital construction of later generations, which has great historical and academic value.
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9. Xixia Cultural Site in Tiangong, Hongfo Pagoda, Ningxia
Times: Xixia
Excavation location: Wangcheng Village, Panchang Township, Helan County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region
Excavation unit: Ningxia Cultural Relics Management Committee
Introduction:
The Red Buddha Pagoda, commonly known as "Wangcheng Pagoda", is located in an abandoned temple in Panchang Township, Helan County, Ningxia, with a residual height of 28.34 meters. Due to years of disrepair, it was seriously damaged. 1990 was approved by National Cultural Heritage Administration and repaired according to the demolition and reconstruction plan.
The top floor of the Red Pagoda is the Heavenly Palace. When it was demolished step by step, a large number of Xixia cultural relics were found. There are 14 silk paintings; Dozens of painted clay Buddha statues and a large number of fragments and fragments; Painted wood carvings of bodhisattvas and female geisha; There are more than 2000 kinds of woodcarving versions in Xixia. There are also small wooden pagodas, wooden slips, Xixia silk books, porcelain bowls, porcelain beads, architectural structures and so on.
The painted silk Buddhist paintings in the collection of the Red Pagoda and the Temple of Heaven have smooth lines and skillful brushwork, and have the characteristics of Tibetan Buddhist paintings. The colored sculptures unearthed from the Red Pagoda and the Heavenly Palace are plump, robust and lifelike, reaching a high artistic level. The cultural relics unearthed from the Red Pagoda are of great value to the study of Xixia studies, Buddhist art and ancient printing in China.
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10, Shuiguan Site in Jinzhong, Beijing
Time: Kim
Excavation site: Yulin Community outside You 'anmen, Fengtai District, Beijing.
Excavation unit: Beijing Institute of Cultural Relics.
Introduction:
Shuiguan site has six layers of strata accumulation. The third floor is divided into two floors, A and B. On the first floor, blue-and-white porcelain pieces of Qing Dynasty were unearthed, and on the second floor, the stratum of Ming and Qing Dynasties was found. The fourth layer was accumulated at the end of Yuan Dynasty. The fifth floor is the late Jin Dynasty, with unearthed ceramic relics of the Jin Dynasty. Bronze mirrors of the Jin Dynasty and a small amount of porcelain fragments were unearthed on the 6th floor, which is the alluvial sand layer of the Jin River. There are bronzes, pottery, porcelain and stone tools unearthed in Shuiguan, but few of them are complete.
Shuiguan site is the bottom of Shuiguan building foundation. The remaining part of Shuiguan is composed of four parts: culvert bottom, stone wall behind culvert, water inlet and outlet waves and rammed earth wall above Shuiguan, with a total length of 47.4 meters. The distance between the stone walls of the hatchback is 7.7m, and the maximum residual height is 1 m.. Judging from the unearthed relics, Shuiguan Building was destroyed in the middle and late Yuan Dynasty when it was built in Jindu (that is, from the third year of Jintiande to the first year of Zhenyuan, AD1151-153).
The discovery of Jinzhongdu Waterway can basically restore the origin, flow direction and location of an important water system in Jinzhongdu in history. It is confirmed that the buildings in Jinzhongdu are basically modeled after the official practice of Bianjing in Song Dynasty. Shuiguan site is an important relic of the water supply and drainage system in the ancient capital, and it is also of great significance to the study of historical geography in Beijing.