According to the different mineral compositions, xiuyan jade can be divided into three types: serpentine jade, tremolite jade, serpentine jade and tremolite jade mixture, of which serpentine jade is the main one. According to the infrared absorption spectrum curve, it shows the composition of serpentine jade, and contains a small amount of chrysotile and colloidal serpentine. Tremolite is mainly tremolite, and chlorite jade is mainly chlorophyll. With the help of microscope, transmission electron microscope, X-ray diffraction analysis and differential thermal analysis, xiuyan jade can be divided into serpentine jade, colored jade and green mud jade.
The mineral composition of serpentine jade is different, such as: ① green serpentine jade, mainly composed of serpentine; ② Yellow serpentine jade, mainly composed of serpentine, also contains chrysotile and serpentine; ③ White serpentine jade, mainly composed of sphalerite.
Jade with different colors can be divided into variegated jade and flowered jade: variegated jade refers to white jade with more green patches, the green patches are composed of chlorophyll, and the white part is tremolite. The white color of Huayuzhi has gray, black and blue-purple patches, which are composed of black minerals and magnesite, and the white part is sphalerite.
Green mud jade is dark green, green and light green, mainly composed of monocline.
Because of the differences in mineral composition, genesis, granularity and genetic relationship of different stones, the jade structure in xiuyan jade is quite distinctive. Observed by polarizing microscope, the most important is the fine-grained crystal structure, such as the fibrous scale crystal structure of serpentine jade, the fibrous columnar crystal structure of tremolite and the scale crystal structure of chlorite jade. Metasomatic texture is also widely developed in xiuyan jade, and the common ones are metasomatic residual structure, metasomatic marginal structure and metasomatic dissolved structure. However, according to the electron microscope observation, xiuyan jade is mainly interwoven structure, in which minerals are interwoven, crossed and inlaid. If this structure is well developed, the particle size of minerals will be finer and more uniform, and the hardness of xiuyan jade will be greater. The structure of xiuyan jade is mainly dense and massive, especially high-quality jade. Jadeite with vein-like interpenetrating structure, flake structure and fracture structure is of poor quality or completely does not meet the quality requirements.
In terms of chemical composition, due to the different mineral compositions and * * * combinations of different jade species in xiuyan jade, their chemical compositions are also quite different (Table 12-30, according to team 7 of Liaoning Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources): serpentine jade is relatively rich in magnesium, rich in silicon and poor in aluminum. Tremolite is relatively rich in silicon, calcium and magnesium, while chlorite jade is relatively poor in magnesium, silicon and aluminum. Serpentine is different from its gangue minerals, so its chemical composition is different. Generally, the chemical composition of pure serpentine jade is often close to the theoretical content of serpentine minerals, while the content of serpentine jade with more gangue minerals changes greatly. If it is rich in silicate minerals, the content of SiO 2 and CaO will increase and the content of MgO will decrease. For example, tremolite serpentine jade containing tremolite contains SiO 2 56.8%, MgO 24.36%, Cao 12.70%, Al 2O 3 0.5 1%, H 2 O 1.20%, and so on. The research shows that the chemical compositions of serpentine jade, tremolite jade and chlorite jade are close to those of sphalerite, tremolite and chlorophyll respectively, especially the serpentine jade with good transparency is closer to the theoretical content of sphalerite. As far as trace elements in xiuyan jade are concerned, serpentine jade is characterized by high boron content (10~20 times) in serpentine and magnesite near the mining area. Among other trace elements that can be detected, arsenic, antimony, cadmium, germanium, silver and zinc are obviously larger than Clark value, and their contents are similar to those of surrounding rocks near the mine. The general change trend is that the contents of boron, chromium, copper and zinc gradually decrease from ore body to surrounding rock, in which the carat value is obviously less than 3 times of chromium, 1 times of nickel and 1 times of cobalt.
The colors of xiuyan jade are dark green, green, light green, yellowish green, grayish green, tan, brown, dark red, sallow, white, yellowish white, greenish white and grayish black. The existence of such rich colors often makes xiuyan jade have extremely beautiful "clever colors". The depth of color is related to the iron content. When there is iron, the color is generally dark, and vice versa. Jade also has a strong waxy luster, glass luster, and some show oily luster; Slightly transparent to translucent, a few display. Its transparency is related to mineral composition and chemical composition. When xiuyan jade is composed entirely of serpentine, the transparency is high. If the impurity content reaches 5% ~ 10%, the transparency is poor. When the iron and magnesium content in xiuyan jade is high, the transparency is often poor; On the contrary, transparency will increase. The refractive index is 1.49~ 1.57. The hardness is 4.8-5.5, and the density is 2.45-2.48g/cm3. The research shows that its hardness is related to its own structure, and the cross section of parallel fiber is harder than that of vertical fiber. For example, serpentine jade has a hardness of 5.82 parallel to the fiber direction and 5.61perpendicular to the fiber direction; The hardness of chlorite jade parallel to the fiber direction is 2.9 1, and the hardness perpendicular to the fiber direction is 2.86, and so on. Moreover, the hardness of xiuyan jade is also related to its chemical composition. For example, the greater the iron content, the smaller the magnesium content and the higher the hardness. Among the jadeites known in China, xiuyan jade belongs to the middle grade jadeite, and a few jadeites with excellent texture belong to the middle grade jadeite.
List of chemical constituents in xiuyan jade, Liaoning Province
Silicon dioxide, aluminum, iron trioxide, calcium trioxide, magnesium oxide, water and nitrogen
Serpentine jade 40.55 0.05 0.82 0.963 42.7411.6513.5965
Tremolite jade 57.140.57 2.4210.42 25.37-3.241
Chlorite jade 32.7415.92 0.51.59 36.50 0.51.13.242.
Allocation of resources
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Xiuyan jade is located at the western end of Yingkou-Kuandian paleouplift in Liaodong Tailong, China-Korea platform, where paleostratigraphy is developed, structure is complex and metamorphism is strong, which provides good conditions for the formation of xiuyan jade deposit. Jade ore bodies are mainly lenticular, occurring in magnesium-rich carbonate rocks of Dashiqiao Formation in Guliao Group, and controlled by certain horizons, especially dolomite marble-magnesite horizon, which is the most important jade-bearing horizon. The genesis of the deposit belongs to stratabound metamorphic hydrothermal metasomatic jade deposit.
It is understood that xiuyan jade is widely distributed in Liaodong Peninsula, with great output. As far as Xiuyan county is concerned, its famous Beiwagou mining area is a mining area with rich resources, long mining time and large annual output. In addition, there are more than 10 deposits or occurrences in Xiuyan county. Xiuyan jade deposits, occurrences or mineralization clues have also been found in Kuandian, Fengcheng and Dandong. The ore-bearing strata are also carbonate-rich strata in Dashiqiao Formation of Liaohe Group in Proterozoic.
abstract
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The name "Xiuyu" in the national standard GB/T 16552- 1996 "Jewelry and Jade Names" refers to Xiuyu produced in Xiuyan County, which has the concept of local names.
Xiuyu is produced in Hadabei Town, Xiuyan Manchu Autonomous County, Liaoning Province, 2 1 km away from the county seat, and distributed in Beiwagou and Wangjiapuzi.
1992 a jade block weighing 260.76 tons was found in hadabei township and transported to Anshan city. 1995 carved into a jade Buddha with exquisite craftsmanship. 1996, the Jade Buddha Garden in Anshan, covering an area of 20,000 square meters, was officially completed and became a famous tourist landscape. 1June 1996 18 On the hillside of Wagou Mountain in Wagou Village, Hadabei Town, a jade article with an outcrop height of 25 meters, a maximum diameter of 30 meters, a volume of about 24,000 cubic meters and a weight of about 60,000 tons was discovered, which is the largest jade article ever discovered in the world.
The jade pebbles in the river are called Muyu, which is a kind of jade material left over from quality.
Mineral rocks in Xiuyu
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1, mineral assemblage:
Serpentine, fibrous serpentine, collophanite, talc, magnesite, tremolite, calcite, dolomite, Yingshi, chlorite, brucite, limonite, hydromica.
2. Mineral parameters:
antigorite
Composition: magnesium hydroxide siloxane 10.
Crystal system: rhombus
Luminance: 2v (-) 20-90.
Np= 1.555- 1.564
Nm= 1.562- 1.573
Ng= 1.562- 1.575
C/Z : b// Nm，c// Np，a// Ng
Ng= light green, Nm and Ng= colorless, light yellow green.
accomplish
Crystal form: flake
H=3.5，D=2.5
Fibrous serpentine
Composition: magnesium hydroxide silicon 10.
Crystal system: diamond?
Luminance: 2v (+) 10-90.
Np= 1.542， 1.532- 1.552
Nm= 1.543
Ng= 1.555， 1.545- 1.56 1
C/Z : b// Nm，c// Np，a// Ng
Ng= yellow green, Nm, Ng= colorless, light yellow green.
poor
Crystal form: flake
H=2.5，D=2.4
Colloidal serpentine
Composition: magnesium hydroxide silicon 10.
Crystal system: amorphous
Luminance: 2v (+) 10-90.
N= 1.500- 1.570
Crystal form: gelatinous, surrounded by sphalerite.
Rock characteristics of Xiuyu jade
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1, altered serpentine
Microscale fibers have crystal structure, diorite crystals are distributed in microscale, orientation or disorder, and there are dense fibrous serpentine in some areas, and cryptocrystalline colloidal serpentine is sometimes distributed around diorite. The serpentine content is still 98%, and the rocks are mostly green, yellow and yellow-green, with high transparency and waxy luster.
2. Altered tremolite serpentine
Micron fibers have a crystal structure. Sphalerite crystals are micro-scale, oriented or randomly distributed, and local fibrous serpentine is dense. The tremolite around diorite is sometimes distributed in fiber bundles, sometimes dense and sometimes scattered, with yellow-green color and opaque-translucent.
3. Altered magnesite serpentine
Micron-scale fibers have crystal structure, sphalerite crystals are micron-scale, oriented or disordered, and local fibers are dense and serpentine. There are magnesite residues in diorite, and diamond-shaped residual crystal structure can be seen, which is a mixture of yellow, green and yellow-green, opaque-translucent.
4. Altered dolomite serpentine
Micro-scale fibers have crystal structure, sphalerite crystals are distributed in micro-scale, orientation or disorder, local fiber serpentine is dense, and dolomite remains in sphalerite. The residual crystal structure is diamond-shaped, mixed with yellow, green and yellow-green, and opaque-translucent.
Xiuyu folk jade species
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Emerald: single green, moist texture, crystal clear, delicate, solid and transparent, which is an excellent material for making jade bracelets.
Topaz: Yellow is single, the texture is moist, crystal clear, delicate, firm and transparent. It is an excellent material for making jade bracelets.
Ink jade: single pure black block is few, and its texture is moist, crystal clear, delicate, compact and opaque. This is a small piece of jewelry.
Brown jade: Brown is single and less, mostly light brown, light yellow brown, delicate in texture, solid and opaque, and mostly used as ornaments.
Flower jade: light green, green, dark green, yellow, yellow-green, black, light brown, light tan and gray are mixed with each other, or one or two colors are dominant.
Xiuyan jade has a long history.
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1983, in the human cave site of Xianren Cave in Xiaogushan, Haicheng, three pieces of Xiuyan tremolite jade choppers10.2 million years ago were unearthed, which are the earliest jade articles made and used by human beings so far. The book "Ancient Jade Articles in China" contains: "The earliest jade articles in China appeared in the early Neolithic site of Chahai, Fuxin, Liaoning about 7500 years ago." "As the hometown of xiuyan jade, Chahai, Fuxin, Liaoning and Xinglong Valley, Inner Mongolia took the lead in opening the chapter of ancient jade civilization in China." The peak of xiuyan jade's ancient development and utilization was in the Hongshan Culture period from 5,000 to 6,000 years ago, among which the most famous three-star Tara Yulong in Inner Mongolia was called "the first Yulong in China". "China Cultural Relics Appreciation Jade Volume" contains: "For thousands of years, China people have never stopped using xiuyan jade, and the most representative jade materials of Hongshan Culture unearthed in western Liaoning are xiuyan jade. From the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the Spring and Autumn Period, the Warring States Period to the Western Han Dynasty, until today, xiuyan jade products can be seen everywhere.
Xiuyan mainly includes tremolite jade (old jade, Hemo jade, Shi Baoyu), serpentine jade (Xiuyu jade, Huayu jade, topaz, etc. ) and mixture of tremolite jade and serpentine jade (Cui Jia). Xiuyan jade is glittering and translucent, moist, fine in jade quality, diverse in color, resistant to high temperature and corrosion, and good in carving and polishing, which is suitable for carving large and medium-sized jade articles. Xiuyan jade's prospective reserves are about 3 million tons, ranking first in China. After the implementation of production restriction, the annual output still accounts for 60% of the national total output. Especially since the birth of xiuyan jade King, Zhongjing Jade King, Hemo Jade King and the "Four Jade Kings" weighing about 60,000 tons, it has produced a sensational effect. 1960 After the discovery of the Jade King in July, Premier Zhou personally instructed: "This is a rare national treasure, so we must protect the Jade King."
Exquisite Xiuyan jade carving
The production of nearly ancient jade in Xiuyan began in Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty and flourished in Daoguang and Xianfeng years. After the founding of New China, xiuyan jade entered a new stage of prosperity and development. Xiuyan jade carving industry continues to prosper and develop, and Xiuyan has become a world-class jade-producing county. Modern Xiuyan jade carving technology has won the true biography of the famous Beijing jade carving master. It not only draws lessons from the southern craft essence, but also casts the northern jade-making characteristics, forming a jade carving style with China characteristics. Xiuyan jade carving craft ornaments have been well-known at home and abroad and sold well all over the country.
Xiuyan jade carving crafts, vivid in shape, meticulous and round in carving, can use various techniques to turn defects into yoga. The "Huaxia Lingguang Pagoda" carved by Xiuyu won the highest gold cup award in the fifth national arts and crafts Hundred Flowers Award appraisal and was rated as a national treasure; Giant relief-vicissitudes of life Liaoning has become a beautiful landscape of Liaoyuan in Kunming World Expo Park; The giant jade carving "Confucius Temple-The Life of Confucius" is a masterpiece of jade carving made of more than ten tons of fine jade and spent 45,000 working hours. It is the largest jade carving work in the world today and is rated as the best in Guinness World. As a national gift, Jade Wall is a souvenir of China's entry into WTO, which was given to world celebrities such as heads of governments and international business leaders immediately after China's entry into WTO. From 65438 to 0999, when Macao returned to the motherland, the central government presented the "September 9th Circle Map" carved by Xiuyu to the Macao SAR government, symbolizing the happy reunion of China families.
The booming industry in xiuyan jade.
After the reform and opening-up, xiuyan jade's industries recovered rapidly. Xiuyan has successively established six jade markets: Du Yu, Lianhua Jade Market, Northeast Jade Trading Center, Jade Carving Boutique Garden, Wanrun Jade Carving Garden and Hada Jade Street, and jade collectors and dealers at home and abroad have gathered in Xiuyan. In order to develop Xiuyan jade stone characteristic economy, Xiuyan local government established Xiuyan jade stone management bureau to supervise resources, processing, market and technology. At the same time, Xiuyan Gem Association, an industry self-discipline organization, was established.
"Pian Yu is worth 10,000 yuan at home", and it has become a new fashion to collect, appreciate and use jade. It is the knowledge of jade lovers to invest in modern jade, especially the preservation and appreciation of fine, precious and top-grade jade. In this social background, the grade and output value of xiuyan jade's processed products have steadily increased, and it has accelerated its rise in the domestic jade carving industry, occupying an important position. In 200 1 year, the annual output value of Xiuyan jade stone industry reached 400 million yuan, creating a profit of more than 20 million yuan, and its products were exported to more than 40 countries and regions. During the tenth five-year plan period, Xiuyan established three world firsts: the world's largest jade carving handicraft distribution center; The world's largest "giant county" develops tourist attractions; The world's largest jade carving handicraft Expo center has injected new vitality into the booming industry of xiuyan jade Stone.