basic document
Nationality: Manchu
Name: Zai Tian, Aisinggioro
Temple number: Dezong.
Honorary title: Tian Tong Chongyun, the land of the masses, Wen Wei, Wu Renxiao, intelligent, frugal and diligent.
Posthumous title: Jing (Emperor)
Full name: Dezong worships Dazhong Sheng, Wen Wei, Wuren, Xiaozhi, Duan Jian, Kuan Qin Jing and Emperor.
Tongzhi was born on June 28th (1871August 14), and was born in Huaiyin Zhai, Xitaipinghu Winery in Xuanwumen.
Zodiac: sheep
Date of death: On October 21st, the thirty-fourth year of Guangxu (1908 1 14), he died at the Hanyuan Temple in Yingtai at 1: 15.
Died of: acute arsenic poisoning.
On-the-job: 1875-1908 (34 years)
At the age of 38.
Mausoleum: chongling (Qing Xiling)
Father: Yi Xuan (Prince of Alcohol)
Mother: Ye Henala (the sister of Cixi)
First marriage:/kloc-married at the age of 0/8, with three spouses, including Yenara.
Empress: Ye Henara (daughter of Gui Xiang, deputy commander-in-chief, niece of Cixi).
Empress: tatara Xi (the second daughter of the left assistant ministers Chang Xu, Jin Fei and Zhen Fei)
Child: No children.
Successor: Xuan Tong (Aisin Giorro Puyi, known as "inheriting Tongzhi and Jianguang Guangxu", Guangxu's half-brother and the eldest son of Zai Feng, Prince of Alcohol).
Teacher: Weng Tonghe
Proud: Presided over the reform movement of 1898.
Most frustrated: the main battle of the Sino-Japanese War failed.
The most unfortunate thing is:1imprisoned after the coup in 898.
The saddest thing: treaty of shimonoseki was signed, and Princess Zhen was killed.
Best at: art things.
The least favorite kind of drama: Bangzi Opera, because he thinks Bangzi Opera is very sad.
[Edit this paragraph] Historical evaluation
"The Draft of Qing History" said: When the Germans were in power, they were rich in the Spring and Autumn Period, with lofty aspirations, and they wanted to attack as a national shame. I have been defeated by master and apprentice and lost my land. Therefore, I brought in new junior officials and determined to make greater progress in order to strive for self-improvement. But a prestigious person, reckless and conceited, forgot to throw the boat at the boat and sympathize with him, which can be said to be for the city. After hanging the curtain, I hid myself in front of the stage. Foreign aggression is coming, and the trouble comes from within. The pawn made the eight countries even soldiers, and the six dragons hunted in the west. After the Boxer Rebellion, depression damaged, the general election led to depravity, and the national luck also fell. Alas, isn't it heaven? After Guangxu's death, he died in the third year of Qing Dynasty.
Emperor Guangxu, as a young and strong monarch, put the country first and carried out political reforms. In order to protect himself, he did not give in and compromise easily. On the contrary, at the critical moment, in order to reform my faith, I put my life and death at risk. This is beyond the value choice of a puppet emperor's behavior, and even from the perspective of personality, it is commendable. Perhaps, as an emperor, he has been neglected and criticized for a hundred years, and some even accused him of being "weak and incompetent", but as a person, as a pioneer of the bourgeois reform movement, his character showed some bright colors, which goes without saying. The final result of the reform was a failure, but it played a positive role in the social development at that time. It broke the ideological imprisonment of feudal absolutism and opened China's ideological emancipation. Economically, Guangxu accepted the reformists' idea of developing national capitalism, which cleared the way for the development of Chinese national capitalism. In terms of culture and education, opening schools, reforming the imperial examination system and sending people to study abroad have broadened the horizons of intellectuals and brought some advanced western ideas, theories and technologies to this long-closed country. Emperor Guangxu was the first enlightened emperor in modern China to imitate the West and transform China.
Guangxu's feelings for Zhen Fei are equally touching. "A leaf fell from the golden well, next to the desolate Yao Temple. The residual branches are still there, and there is a glow in the sun. Hate, dress, heartbreak. What is the grass on the bank of Zehe River? You still have to stay in Yuanyang. " Every time we read this poem, we are in tears.
Zai Tian is the nephew of Empress Dowager Cixi and the son of Prince Chun, my nephew. He was only four years old when he became king. Empress dowager cixi, or ci' an, means "listening to politics behind the curtain" By the age of Guangxu 16, Cixi was still in power. In the twentieth year of Guangxu (AD 1894), she was Wu Jia years old. On July 1 day, China and Japan officially declared war. After the defeat of the Qing court, treaty of shimonoseki was signed, which was called the Sino-Japanese War. After the defeat of the Sino-Japanese War, people with lofty ideals in the ruling and opposition parties advocated reform and political reform. Kang Youwei, its leader, advocated political reform by writing books and publishing Chinese and foreign bulletins, and repeatedly wrote to Guangxu asking for political reform. Liang Qichao, a student, edited the current political newspaper in Shanghai and advocated reform and strengthening the country. In the 24th year of Guangxu (A.D. 1898), Dezong wrote a letter to reform, and promoted the New Deal with Kang Youwei and Tan Sitong. However, the old school, mainly Empress Dowager Cixi, opposed the political reform and launched a coup. Arrested and imprisoned, Kang and Liang fled to Japan.
Because it only lasted 103 days, it was called the Hundred Days Reform. Because it was 1898, it was called the Reform Movement of 1898. In the 26th year of Guangxu (AD 1900), the Boxer Rebellion and foreign vendettas led to the allied forces of Britain, Russia, France, Germany, the United States, Japan, Italy and Austria capturing Beijing, and Guangxu and Cixi fled to xi 'an. After that, in the 27th year of Guangxu (A.D. 190 1), Cixi executed the beloved princess Zhen Fei of Guangxu. Guangxu was placed under house arrest in Yingtai and eventually died of resentment.
[Edit this paragraph] Childhood without maternal love
The medical records of the Qing Dynasty do tell people that Guangxu died of illness. But from the day Guangxu died, people suspected that he didn't die of natural causes, which is also natural. Although Guangxu is commensurate with Cixi as a "mother and son", it is not actually Cixi's own. Emperor Guangxu, surnamed Ai and Zai Tian, was the cousin of Emperor Tongzhi and the nephew of Emperor Xianfeng. Ten years of Tongzhi (187 1 August 14), he was born in Liu Yin Village, Wang Mi, a spring county near Taiping Lake in Xuanwu Gate. His father, Prince Yi Xuan of Spring, is the seventh son of Daoguang and the younger brother of Emperor Xianfeng. His mother, Ye He Na La, is the sister of Empress Dowager Cixi. Judging from these relationships, he is both the nephew of Cixi and the nephew of Cixi. In the 13th year of Tongzhi (1875 65438+ 10/2), the Tongzhi emperor died of smallpox on the fifth day of December. Emperor Tongzhi was only 19 years old when he died, and there were no children behind him. According to the convention of "brothers and sisters", his brother can be enthroned. But the Tongzhi emperor, as an only child, should choose his closest relative to inherit the throne. The best suggestion made by ministers is that his uncle, Daoguang's eldest son Sun Pulun, is his heir and he acceded to the throne. But Empress Dowager Cixi disagreed, ostensibly because Zai Feng, Pu Lun's father, was not Yi Wei's own son, but was also adopted by a sideline. In fact, this is because if Zai Chun's son and nephew inherit the throne, she, as a grandmother, has no right to face North Korea as the queen mother. A country cannot live without a king for a day. The next day, Empress Dowager Cixi suppressed public opinion and decided to let Zai Tian, who was only four years old, enter the palace to claim the throne. Zai Tian and Guangxu became emperors, on the one hand, because after the death of Emperor Tongzhi, the biological son of Cixi, there was no heir to the throne; More importantly, Cixi's desire for power is suffocating, and finding a child can create another opportunity for the emperor to listen to politics.
On the 20th day of the first month of Guangxu (1February 25th, 875), four-year-old Zai Tian officially acceded to the throne in the Hall of Supreme Harmony. From this day on, Guangxu was seized by Cixi, either as a sharp weapon for power and profit, or as a scepter to show majesty. More often, Guangxu is regarded as an indispensable ornament on her imperial plan, or a puppet that can be manipulated at will. This is naturally the need of Cixi's autocratic politics. Guangxu, who entered the palace, grew up alone and had complicated court etiquette. Cixi often reprimands her severely. Without maternal love, her diet is cold and warm, and no one really takes care of it. She should advocate what should be taboo, and no one pointed it out. Without the joy of childhood, he was depressed and unhappy since childhood, which made him weak and difficult to resist the attack of disease, leaving an incurable root cause. Tian Tuo said in Manchu unofficial history: When people were young, they were cared for by their parents, taking care of their trips, cooking for them and comforting their warmth and coldness. Even orphans will be taken care of by their relatives and friends. Only Emperor Guangxu dared to approach. ..... The emperor has three meals a day, and there are dozens of kinds of meals, which are full of console tables, but most of the meals that are a little far away from the emperor are stinky and don't change for several days. Although the food near the emperor is not smelly or rotten, it can be heated many times and is no longer delicious. ..... Since Zai Tian was a teenager, although he became a son of heaven, he was not as good as an orphan. Later, he suffered from chronic diseases, which was due to his lack of food and clothing in his teens. Although it is unofficial history, its content is similar to that described in the biography of chongling: "It is forbidden to remember the former emperor Yu Yu not only for a short time, but also for a long time, which finally damaged his life. There is no love between mother and son, no love between husband and wife, no pleasure of courtiers and attendants. The blessing of peace and harmony between people, there are people who are stronger than one person. " Roughly similar. It shows that the reason why Emperor Guangxu was weak and sickly was related to the poor aftercare of Empress Dowager Cixi under the influence of childhood.
[Edit this paragraph] Marriage without love
According to the rules left by the ancestors of the Qing Dynasty, the emperor was in charge of Korea at the age of sixteen. With the growth of Guangxu's age, his wedding and personal rule are approaching, and it is inevitable that Cixi will withdraw her curtain and return to her place and hand over power to Emperor Guangxu. However, Cixi was unwilling and helpless, so she made arrangements in advance, restricted the power of Emperor Guangxu in many ways, and secretly manipulated state affairs. In the 15th year of Guangxu (1889 February 19), the 19th-year-old Emperor Guangxu held a wedding.
During Guangxu period, a queen and two concubines were the masters of Cixi, and the queen was none other than Ye Lashi, the daughter of Cixi's younger brother Gui Xiang.
The queen is ugly (but dignified), with a tall horse face, a thin hunchback and prominent eyes and teeth. Guangxu was extremely dissatisfied, but he was helpless. Cixi chose her niece as the queen, so that after the imperial affairs were handed over to Guangxu, she could also use the queen to control and manipulate the emperor, at least through the queen to monitor and master the emperor's every move.
The two concubines in Guangxu period were Jin Fei and Zhen Fei respectively. They were sisters, but their looks and personalities were quite different. Jin Fei looks ordinary, far less than Zhen Fei, and has a fragile personality; Princess Zhen is beautiful and dignified, cheerful, lively and alert, and quite insightful. Princess Zhen entered the palace like a stone thrown into a stagnant pool. Her sympathy and consideration for Guangxu aroused Guangxu's longing and enthusiasm for the future. At the same time, Zhen Fei recommended her teacher Wen Shiting to Guangxu. This famous honest official always comments on current politics and cares about state affairs. He is very talented and insightful. After being reused by Emperor Guangxu, it had a great influence on Emperor Guangxu, which triggered his desire to reform politics, get rid of bondage and make a difference. In the years after their big marriage, Emperor Guangxu and Princess Zhen * * * had a relatively easy time in their lives. The result also triggered his desire to get rid of the shackles and make a difference in politics. But this is the last thing Cixi wants to see.
"I won't plant flowers with my heart, but I don't care." According to the original kiss of Cixi, in order to control the original intention of Emperor Guangxu, his niece was made queen. However, the result of coercion is counterproductive. At that time, the Tongzhi emperor chose his own queen, Arut, but Cixi made the Tongzhi emperor like Hui Fei, which led to discord between mother and son. This time, Cixi chose Ye Heshi as the queen for Guangxu, but Guangxu loved Zhen Fei Tara, and the result can be imagined. At that time, Guangxu clearly knew that if he loved Zhen Fei, he would offend the queen. If he disagreed with the queen's opinion, he would offend Empress Dowager Cixi. However, Cixi can force Guangxu to submit to everything, but she can't impose what she wants on others in love and affection.
According to "Ride the Dust and Regret Zhai Yi", one day in the eighteenth year of Guangxu (1892), in Xia Zhishi, Guangxu and Yulong quarreled over trifles and ran to Cixi to cry about it. Cixi was furious and said to the people around her, "I made the emperor. It's really ungrateful. Yulong is my nephew, and insulting the queen is the biggest disrespect for me, which is really unbearable. " For several days, Guangxu went to the palace to pay his respects, and Cixi said nothing. Since then, the bad blood between Guangxu and Cixi has been formed.
[Edit this paragraph] Depressed imperial life
After Guangxu took office, 53-year-old Cixi retired to the Summer Palace to live her own life, but in fact, her power remained the same, ruling the state affairs, as always. On the one hand, she restricted Guangxu's rights everywhere, and state affairs must be handled in accordance with her imperial edict; On the one hand, he secretly monitored Guangxu's whereabouts through his niece, queen and trusted eunuch Li. It is also stipulated that Guangxu must go to the Summer Palace every other day to report government affairs to her and wait for instructions. As a result, Guangxu often had stars on his head and the moon on his head. He is always busy and has important things to ask for instructions at any time. He is called the emperor, but in fact he is a puppet. Guangxu's political ambition could not be realized. As time went on, his spirit became more and more depressed, and his mood became more and more depressed. He could not get rid of his old illness and added new worries.
Judging from the "pulse case", although Guangxu's physique has not improved for quite some time, diseases such as nocturnal emission and back acid precipitation continue, but the frequency of medical treatment is relatively reduced. This is mainly because Guangxu tried to do something politically to save his precarious regime. He is busy with government affairs all day and pays attention to political reform. In addition, he has to cope with the reprimand of Cixi at any time, and he is too busy to take medicine.
The first major event of sick Guangxu was the Japanese invasion of Korea, and then China. Emperor Guangxu, against his mother's will, was determined to aid Korea and resist Japan, but the corrupt system led to the failure of the war, forcing him to sign the treaty of shimonoseki and compensate for the lost land. Although this made him suffer a great blow and deepened the discord between mother and son, it also inspired his ambition to reform politics and enrich the army. Under the influence of Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao and others, and with the active support of Zhen Fei, on April 23rd, the 24th year of Guangxu (1June 898 1 1), Emperor Guangxu promulgated "The Kingdom is the Imperial Decree", announced the political reform, emphasized learning from the West, carried out the New Deal, and granted Kang Youwei the privilege of "specialized books". Those conservative pro-nobles were afraid that Emperor Guangxu would touch their position in the political reform, so they took refuge in Cixi and tried their best to provoke their "mother-child" relationship. Cixi is also deeply worried that the success of Guangxu reform will affect her dictatorship. In this way, the "post-party" and "imperial party" appeared among courtiers, and the two sides launched a fierce struggle.
The ten years of Guangxu's personal rule was a decade of political and power struggle between him and Cixi. From the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1898 to the Reform Movement of 1898, the contradiction between the two sides became increasingly acute. On July 29th, 24th year of Guangxu, Emperor Guangxu went to the Summer Palace to see Empress Dowager Cixi. Empress Dowager Cixi made it clear that she wanted to abolish Emperor Guangxu, and plotted to launch a coup by Rong Lu, Governor of Beiyang, to abolish Emperor Guangxu when the Emperor and Empress Dowager Cixi went to Tianjin for military parade in early September. The situation is critical. On the same day, Emperor Guangxu sent a secret letter to Yang Rui, a member of the Imperial Party: "I only think that the times are difficult, and keeping the law unchanged is not enough to save China. I want to use conservative and absurd ministers, I want to use brave and fearless people, and I can't reform. The empress dowager disagreed, and I remonstrated many times, and the empress dowager was even more angry. I am in danger. There are Kang Youwei, Yang Rui, Xu Lin, Tan Sitong and Liu Guangdi. You can get together quickly and try to save me. I can't wait. Special instructions. " Yang Rui was timid and kept the secret information from others. Guangxu couldn't wait for the answer and was desperate. On the first and second day of August, he summoned Yuan Shikai twice in a row, promoted him to assistant minister, and asked him to train specially, in order to make Yuan Shikai grateful and loyal to the emperor. At the same time, Emperor Guangxu sent a secret telegram to Xu Lin on August 2nd, asking him to tell Kang Youwei to leave Beijing quickly. Xu Lin also sent two secret orders to Kang Youwei, Tan Sitong and others. Everyone is very touched, but they are all helpless. Finally, they felt that only Yuan Shikai was invited by Tan Sitong. Immediately the soldiers killed Rong Lu and returned to the Summer Palace. On the surface, Yuan Shikai readily promised to return to Tianjin on August 5th, but on August 6th, he immediately reported to Rong Lu.
On the fourth day of August, Empress Dowager Cixi returned to the city from the Summer Palace, lived in a Luan Hall in Zhongnanhai, sacrificed the silkworm god the next day, and then returned to the Summer Palace. Back to the park, I received a telegram from Rong Lu, and immediately took a light sedan chair back to the city and went back to Yingtai in the South China Sea. After returning to Yingtai, Guangxu was immediately sent to see him. When Empress Dowager Cixi saw Guangxu, she cursed him for ingratitude and ingratitude.
Under the opposition and repression of the conservative forces headed by Cixi, the political reform movement finally failed, Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao fled, Tan Sitong and other "six gentlemen of the Reform Movement" were killed, and Guangxu himself was also placed under house arrest in Yingtai, Zhongnanhai, and his political career actually ended. Since then, Guangxu spent ten years as a prisoner without personal freedom.
Although he still maintained the title of emperor in name, he actually lost the power of emperor. After the failure of the Reform Movement of 1898, Cixi imprisoned the imperial concubine of Guangxu in the third house of Houbei, Zhongcui Palace, and made a rule for her not to see the emperor in the future.
Yingtai in the South China Sea, together with Shuiyun Xiedao and Qionghua Island, is located in Taiyuichi Sanhai, symbolizing the abbot of Penglai, Yingzhou and Sanxian Island in the East China Sea. Yingtai is surrounded by water, and only a slab bridge is erected at the northern end, leading to the shore. There is a movable section in the middle of the slab bridge. After Guangxu was imprisoned, Empress Dowager Cixi ordered the Banqiao to be demolished to prevent Emperor Guangxu from leaving Yingtai Island.
The central building of Yingtai is Hanyuan Hall, followed by Hanyuan Gate, and outside is Xiangluan Pavilion. You are a wooden suspension bridge. In front of the temple is the Xiangyi Hall, with a single floor in the north and two floors near the lake in the south, named Penglai Pavilion. Guangxu lived in Hanyuan Temple. Every day, when the eunuch delivers meals, he puts up a bridge and comes to Yingtai. After eating, he removed the bridge board. Guangxu was very depressed, so he wrote poems such as "If you want to fly without wings, you want to cross without a boat". The three seas are frozen in winter, and you can reach the shore from the ice without crossing the wooden bridge from Yingtai.
It is said that Guangxu once left Yingtai with a little eunuch on the ice. After being discovered, Li, the eunuch in charge, immediately ordered the ice to be cut to prevent Guangxu from leaving. Guangxu missed his beloved Zhen Fei very much, and there were rumors that he asked the little eunuch to secretly deliver letters to Zhen Fei and meet her secretly. At this time, he hated Yuan Shikai who betrayed himself even more. He said nothing when he died. In the air, he wrote a vertical axis of "Song Sima Guang told people how to use people". The postscript is: "Guangxu Bingwu (1906) was recorded in October, and I am loyal to the book." There are also some plaques and squares, and the next paragraph says "I am loyal to books." In fact, these are all imperial pens of Guangxu. The reason for this writing is that Guangxu tried to exchange his loyalty to Empress Dowager Cixi for Lafayette's understanding. But how can Empress Dowager Cixi let Guangxu lead the government again at this time? Since Guangxu's twenty-four years, his illness has gradually worsened, which is directly related to the failure of the Reform Movement of 1898. After Guangxu was imprisoned in Yingtai, Empress Dowager Cixi wanted to abolish it and set up another portal. Guangxu also knew his intentions and was afraid day and night. Later, due to various reasons, although this move was not realized, Guangxu could not escape from the cage of imprisonment. Knowing that there is danger, I can only do nothing, and I am very sad. He once looked up at the sky and sighed: it is not as good as Han Xiandi! Therefore, the illness is getting worse and worse, which goes without saying.
In the 26th year of Guangxu (1900 August 15), Eight-Nation Alliance invaded Beijing on July 21st. Cixi fled hastily. According to legend, he did not forget to dispose of Zhen Fei before he left, so that the eunuch Cui Yugui pushed Zhen Fei into the well outside Ningshou Palace and killed her. Guangxu learned of the death of Princess Zhen, and his spirit completely collapsed. His old illness recurred and became more and more serious, and he could never recover. It can be seen that Guangxu's illness gradually worsened from childhood to youth, which was closely related to his political situation and spiritual life. It can be seen that the long-term suppression and attack of Cixi is an important reason for Guangxu's illness. From this point of view, the folklore that Cixi killed Guangxu is not unreasonable. Especially in the ten-year imprisonment after the coup in 1898, he was pessimistic and disappointed, on the other hand, he was worried and nervous day by day, and his life was neglected, and his condition became worse and worse, and he finally died. But whatever the cause of Guangxu's death is, it is directly related to the control and blow he suffered in the Qing court, the suppression and destruction of spirit and will, the torture of body and mind, and even the separation of flesh and blood. It can be said that Guangxu never lived a comfortable day in his life. In fact, this is the root of his illness. Therefore, it can be considered that the death of young Guangxu is closely related to the dark corruption of the Qing Dynasty under the control of Cixi.
If Guangxu entered the palace to be emperor out of a political need, then his death may not be the inevitable result of political corruption in the Qing court.
[Edit this paragraph] Guangxu wedding
The weddings of emperors in Qing Dynasty are more luxurious than those of emperors in previous dynasties, which is extremely luxurious and extravagant. Emperor Guangxu was the last emperor in the Qing Dynasty to hold a big wedding normally. At present, the information is relatively complete, so we can do some perspective and analysis.
In the fifteenth year of Guangxu (A.D. 1889), Emperor Guangxu was married on the 27th day of the first month, at the age of 19.
The wedding cost * * * 5.5 million taels of silver. Among them, all kinds of "foreign affairs" expenses, * * * is 6.5438+0.05 million yuan, accounting for about 20% of the total wedding expenses; By the "imperial court" emperor, later applied crown clothing, beads, hairpin, gold and silver jewelry and jade articles, utensils used in the position, the dowry of the queen, and gold and silver utensils used in the harem. * * * is more than 4 million taels of silver, accounting for about 80% of the total consumption.
These silver coins are mainly collected from provinces and tax authorities and are found all over the country. Although Empress Dowager Cixi, the supreme ruler of the Qing Dynasty, falsely said to the preparatory work for the Guangxu Grand Ceremony: "The state funds are regular, and there are many holes in the funds to rectify military equipment at present. The provinces are sometimes affected by disasters, especially the people are in trouble. They cherish material resources and the court is frugal, ranking first in the world. Ministers and the like, the top priority is to respect the truth and China, and strictly accept all the staff. In principle, they are serious and not allowed. However, the actual practice is just the opposite. The funds for the wedding ceremony are not "frugal", but gradually increase. On May 20, the thirteenth year of Guangxu, Cixi issued a letter requesting funding for Guangxu's wedding. " The Ministry of Housing first plans to have two million taels of silver, and the provinces "allocate two million taels in advance". Six months later, on the 17th day of the first month of the 14th year of Guangxu, Fu Kun, the minister in charge of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, issued an imperial edict: "Four million and two thousand yuan is not enough for the wedding, and the household department will raise another one million and two thousand yuan". On September 26th, he was ordered to "continue to raise 502,000 yuan". Three times * * * raised 5.5 million taels of silver.
According to the records of the Ministry of War of the Qing Dynasty, the grain prices of Shuntianfu, Daming and Xuanhua in Zhili in the first half of the 15th year of Guangxu were calculated on the basis of millet, sorghum and corn, with an average of 124 cents and 60 cents per warehouse. If the ration per person per year is calculated by two stones, it will be 229 points. Guangxu's wedding cost 5.5 million liang of silver. According to the current food price, you can buy nearly 4 million Liang of grain, which is enough for 6.5438+0.9 million people to eat for one year.
At that time, the Qing dynasty was in the midst of civil strife and foreign invasion, natural disasters and man-made disasters, and such a luxurious and luxurious emperor wedding was held under such circumstances. In June of the 10th year of Guangxu (A.D. 1884), the Shandong River burst, which washed away Licheng, Qidong, Lijin and other dikes, causing extensive disasters. The Qing government only allocated160,000 taels of silver for disaster relief. In the 11th year of Guangxu, Cixi only ordered 62,000 silver for relief. In the 12th year of Guangxu, the North Canal burst and flooded, and governments at all levels in Yongping suffered greatly. The imperial court only allocated 1.22 million silver for emergency. In the 13th year of Guangxu, Zhengzhou River burst into the Huaihe River in the south, which affected a large area of Henan and Anhui. The Qing government only withheld 302,000 yuan from Beijing for disaster relief. In the 14th year of Guangxu, due to the approaching of the emperor's wedding day, there were many disasters such as water, fire, rain, hail, earthquake and epidemic in this year, but there was no record of allocating silver for disaster relief, only taxes and money and grain in some areas were exempted, and 1.3 million stone warehouses and dried rice were reserved for disaster relief. This contrast shows that the Qing dynasty spent little on people's livelihood, but the wealth squeezed from the people was incalculable.
[Edit this paragraph] Recommended bibliography
Blood and tears in Yingtai Deling
The second year of Qing Dynasty-Deling
The memory of the empire
Guangxu biography-sun Zhu
Chongling Yun Ding Yu Chuan
"1908 Empire Past"
Talking about Qing Dynasty-Sunset Emperor-Ye Sheng
An anecdote about the old shadow of the Qing Palace-Left
Speaking of Cixi-Sui
The Man of the Late Qing Dynasty: Emperor Guangxu
Cixi and Guangxu-Hedelan
Cold Spring: The Legend of Empress Guangxu-Zhang Jian 'an
On Guangxu-Xu Che
Emperor Guangxu-Lu Jianzhong
Zhen Fei of Emperor Guangxu Wang Shanpu
Emperor Guangxu VS Emperor Meiji-Wang Rigen
Biography of Emperor Guangxu
The first half of my life-Puyi
On the Twelve Emperors of Qing Dynasty-Yan Chongnian
-In addition, when Emperor Guangxu/Kloc-was 0/5 years old, he also wrote a famous imperial article: To be a man, you must love the people first, and then care about the people. Love is deep, so I am anxious. Worried, so a person is hungry and says I am hungry; If a person is cold, call me cold. What the people can do, they will work hard to do it; What the people can't do is to respect wholeheartedly.
[Edit this paragraph] Guangxu cause of death
Guangxu, a scientific report released by multi-department 65438+10.2, did die of arsenic poisoning (Source: Yangcheng Evening News).
There have been different opinions about the cause of death of Emperor Guangxu in the late Qing Dynasty for nearly a hundred years. This mystery finally reached a scientific conclusion before its centenary. This morning, the National Compilation Committee of the Qing Dynasty Engineering held the "Investigation Report on the Cause of Death of Emperor Guangxu in the Qing Dynasty" in Beijing. A cross report using modern criminal investigation and high-tech means showed that Guangxu died of arsenic poisoning.
The Report on the Death of Guangxu also has the signatures of the Qing Xiling Cultural Relics Management Office, the Reactor Engineering Research and Design Institute of China Institute of Atomic Energy and the Forensic Medicine Identification Center of Beijing Public Security Bureau. According to the standardized requirements and methods of forensic examination, they successively extracted two hair, bone and clothing samples from Guangxu.
The results show that Guangxu's hair contains high concentration of arsenic, and the content varies greatly in different parts. The peak of 1 hair arsenic appeared in the section of 10, and the peak of secondary arsenic appeared in the sections of 26 and 45. At the same time, the hair arsenic content detected by comparison is 0. 14-0.59 μ g/g for contemporary people, 9.20 μ g/g for the Jade Dragon Empress who was buried with Guangxu, and 18.2 μ g/g for the hair of a forage official in the late Qing Dynasty.
According to the existing literature, Guangxu took Chinese medicine during his imprisonment in the palace and Yingtai, among which realgar, orpiment and cinnabar could lead to excessive use of arsenic and mercury poison. Theoretically, this reason may also lead to Guangxu chronic poisoning, until the disease died. However, in the case of chronic poisoning death, the poison content in the hair roots of the poisoned person will be higher than that in the middle and ends of the hair, while the situation in Guangxu is the opposite, which also proves that Guangxu did not die of chronic poisoning due to long-term use of traditional Chinese medicine.
At the same time, experts combed the situation of Guangxu's death 10 day, and combined with the discussion of arsenic poisoning by modern forensic doctors, discussed the types of arsenic poisoning in Guangxu, as well as the lower limit and upper limit of poisoning time.
But who poisoned Guangxu? In terms of the conditions and environment at that time, no one dared and could not poison Guangxu without the instigation and inspiration of Cixi, who had the motive to murder Guangxu. So Cixi is the murderer who poisoned Guangxu, which is the truth of history.
Note: it is naturally poisoned, so it can't be aboveboard. How can you be inspired by Cixi? I prefer Yuan Shikai's poisoning theory.
Cixi and Guangxu are political struggles. As a politician, she knows very well that it is impossible to continue to follow the established strategy after her death, and she will also understand that maintaining political reform and even social improvement is a historical necessity. A few years before her death, she actually did a lot, opening a parliament and establishing a cabinet, and the reform was far stronger than Guangxu's political reform. Her seizure of power is a political ambition and a need to protect vested interests. Therefore, there is no need for her to hurt Guangxu. Even if she dies and Guangxu regains power, she still deserves to enjoy the ancestral temple and cannot move her authority. This is inevitable. On another level, after all, Cixi and Guangxu are still related by blood. They are her sister's son and her adopted son. No matter how vicious Cixi is, she can't be poisoned. Yuan Shikai is different. He was a courtier, and Emperor Guangxu was put under house arrest for ten years because of rebellion. As an emperor, this revenge must be reported. Yuan Shikai had a motive to kill, and he was in charge of Beiyang at that time, and the minister of military affairs also had the conditions to murder the emperor.
Therefore, the historical truth cannot be said that Cixi harmed Emperor Guangxu, at least not yet.
[Edit this paragraph] Guangxu's imperial poems reflect his thoughts.