These scenes are painful and unforgettable ... but people always think of the word "war" People living in modern times simply can't imagine peace and happiness. It was the war that killed their beautiful vision.
Then let us open the scroll of history, witness this thrilling picture, listen to countless painful * * *, and feel the "power" of this war. The first Opium War was a war between China and Britain.
The influx of opium made the people of China addicted to opium, without any morale, leaving a stain on history. In the Second Opium War, the British and French allied forces burned the Yuanmingyuan, and a magnificent world miracle suddenly turned into ruins. British and French soldiers burned and looted land in China, which made countless China people miserable and displaced. Countless cries for help and tears have become the things in the bag of war demons, leaving only piles of white bones, skeletons and pools of bright red blood.
During the Nanjing Massacre in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the enemy paved the road with the bodies of Chinese sons and daughters, stepped on it with their blood-stained feet and threw evil smiles. The pungent words "rivers of blood are terrible" are not enough to describe the Nanjing Massacre.
It has opened a deep and painful wound in history and will never heal. Looking at the picture of history, this war will never stop. This is incalculable. Terrible war demons always like to reach out to people.
In the picture of history, wars again and again, life and death again and again, have exceeded people's burden, and my eyes are full of tears, but can these tears drown out that terrible history in people's hearts? Can't! Then let us become guardian angels, doves of peace, and make every corner of the world full of happiness and hope. Let history draw a perfect full stop, open a new world for history and cast a new world! Come on! .
Second, write 200 words starting with "Opening the door of literature, we enter a magical world". The sea breeze blows the sea, blowing the vicissitudes of life without a thousand years. Under the cultural accumulation of 5,000 years in China, literature shines with amazing light in unprecedented exploration. In the literary world, it seems that there are countless outstanding literati. In fact, there will be a wild horse running in the literati's body. The unruly bangs are elegant and gradually shed tears. Dada's horseshoe will step on the flower of literature. In the long pavilion, the drunkard's intention is not to drink, sighing about the geometry of life, and heroically chanting Li Bai's "I was born useful". Numerous scholars have sincerely inspired countless younger generations. "Looking around, cold and lonely, sad and painful ..." Literature with a variety of amorous feelings and frown is worth all of us. Confucius. They dared to criticize the feudal society at that time with pens and did what scholars should do. Now, I also like literature. I will use my pen to create a more brilliant tomorrow for my motherland. Li Qingzhao, an ancient talented woman, wrote her own poems on a rainy night ... Two schools, majestic and graceful, like a pair of domineering dragons and phoenixes, took off in the historical sky. Let us be proud and admire. Looking forward to the future journey, we are full of confidence. There are more schools in the blending of eastern and western literature. Sentimentalism began with Stern in England, Renaissance led by Dante, naturalism and so on. A few years later, Andersen, a master of European mythology and literature, and Tagore, an aesthete poet, appeared. In the sacred eastern fields, talents like Hu Shi and Lu Xun have trudged out. They turned the tide of literature ... time flies and crossed the threshold of the new century. After the 1980s, groups of outstanding young writers emerged, such as Han Han, Jiang,, and Teng Ping. Gorky once said, "Literature is the study of people." Indeed, literature is the study of people. However, when it comes to human beings, writers on the road will feel lonely and miserable. But that's the truth. Only after the death of the great literary master Ba Jin, fewer and fewer people really love literature. This topic has attracted the same attention in the literary circle. Yu Jie also said, "Contemporary literature lacks the greatness of grief and indignation in the ancient Greek Renaissance." Revive the glory of the former literary world. Literature-just a few words, but what a heavy word. Zhao Ceng, a famous contemporary writer, said that literature is an important door in the process of seeking knowledge and reading the world. She once said that after many years, I still remember it vividly-"Literature is the richest and most vivid expression of human feelings and the most vivid interpretation of human history. A nation's literature is its history. The outstanding literary works of an era are the epitome of this era, the newborn of this era, the social genre painting and humanistic landscape of this era, and the crystallization of the spirit and emotion of this era. " I once wrote an article called "I love literature". At that time, I was full of curiosity about literature. Today, the article I wrote is still called "I Love Literature". My heart is full of hopes and longings for the future. I believe that as long as I love literature, I am not far from it. Literature is actually by my side. When everything is over, I will turn over the essays of the past, because literature can withstand the wandering of time and space. The ancients once described literary works like this: "Their writings are like the day when the sun rises, the breeze is like a cloud, the smoke is like a forest, and it is like twilight." Literary works are a true portrayal of a person's heart. The most direct way for a writer to know each other is to look at each other's literary works, so it is better to evaluate them. In the field of literature, there is always an indefinable dependence. This has been bothering me. For example, a writer's attitude towards another writer is definitely different from a writer's attitude towards a non-writer. When you meet a strange writer, there is always a strange belief and dependence. I think this may be the subtle influence of literature on people. There are always many people around us who think that people who study literature are very nervous. This is the fatal reason why people who study literature commit suicide. Often, the more you look at things, the more you think, and the brain will always explode under too much pressure. As the philosopher Zhou said, "If you look at the world beyond a certain distance, it is difficult to become an ambitious man of the hour." Therefore, we need to keep a certain distance from the world. "Literature takes a certain amount of time to read certain literary works." Soon, this statement appeared again. Nowadays, many real literati who cook words day and night to cure diseases ignore the length of life, the amount of money, the gains and losses of fame and fortune. They seek a pure and bright heart like bright moonlight shining on the dark and long night road with "indifferent ambition, peace and tranquility" That is contentment. There is still a long way to go. Although I know that I will never reach the other side of literature, I will never stop moving forward, be a boat and drift in the harbor of literature, just for the oath when I was young-"I love literature!" " Reading is a pleasure for me. I don't think everyone can appreciate this kind of enjoyment. In my opinion, it takes fate to enjoy reading. It seems that I have become a bookworm and silly. It is useless to open a book because it is shallow. As the old saying goes, "It is never too old to learn"; Since ancient times, how many great men have embarked on the road to success through reading? Su Qin, Zuying, Cao Xueqin, etc. read widely, and Wang, etc. taught themselves, which set a good example for future generations.
Third, open the door of literature, we walk into a magical world, open the door of literature, we walk into a magical world.
In full bloom in the cold, first frost is proud. "Scattered into mud and ground into dust, only the fragrance remains." That is the resolute wintersweet.
Swaying with the wind, mighty and unyielding. "It is still strong, and there are winds in the east, west, north and south." That's carnation green.
Slim and elegant, totally clean. "Sludge is not sticky, clear but not demon." That's the noble Xiang Lian.
Walking on the literary road left by the ancients, slowly learning, slowly mastering, and gradually accumulating in the alternation of the sun and the moon, in the accumulation, let us follow Daiyu's hand to hoe flowers and clean up the pieces of red: let us turn into rain butterflies. Follow butterfly lovers's butterfly road, spread your wings and fly, gradually approach the palace of literature, and find your own "Godot" in your heart.
Opening the door of literature, we entered a magical world.
In the process of accumulation, I gradually got to know him-Zhuangzi. In the face of this old man named Huang Wei, what I see is not only his grotesque and aloof, but also his open-mindedness, gentleness and generosity in cold and sharp, as well as his complacency and speciousness, which makes us have to respect this old man at the peak, love him and follow him happily into the literary hall.
Opening the door of literature, we entered a magical world.
In the accumulation, I saw him, a warrior standing on the wave of fire-Xin Qiji. I saw his cry that he could only "squat on an old horse" in the face of the fatuous and incompetent Emperor Wen, and saw his pride that "the horse was made like thunder", and I saw his pain. "I saw Wu Gou, and I filmed the whole column. No one will visit. " Seeing this general under the banner, I can only watch the sword at night. Facing Xin Shuai, in the literary hall, I realized his determination never to give up after his career was not smooth.
Accumulation, let us step into the palace of literature.
In the accumulation, I saw him on the edge of the great river-Su Shi, and saw his openness. "The river of no return, the waves are exhausted." Seeing its unhappiness, "Ask heaven for wine." At the same time, I also saw his greatness. "I will live forever."
Yes! "A misty rain will last a lifetime." Accumulation, let us step into the palace of literature, in the starry sky of literature, I saw the fortitude of the ancients. I realized the sadness in the euphemism of ancient poetry, and also saw Godot in my heart.
Four. 1978 "Opening China's Door to the World" What major historical event happened? The First Opium War, which Britain usually calls the First Anglo-American War or "Trade War", is the beginning of China's modern history.
[1] After the "closed door", Manchu gradually fell behind the world trend, but in foreign trade, it was always in a trade surplus position. In order to reverse the trade deficit with China, Britain began to smuggle drugs and opium to China for huge profits.
1838 (18th year of Qing Daoguang) In winter, Daoguang Emperor sent Lin Zexu, governor of Huguang, as an imperial envoy to Guangdong to ban opium. After Lin Zexu came to power, he seized more than 20,000 boxes of opium and destroyed them all at Humen Haikou.
It has dealt a blow to the arrogance of British smugglers and also affected the interests of Britain. In order to open the door to the China market, Britain decided to send an expeditionary force to invade China on this pretext, and the British Parliament also passed the war appropriation bill for China.
In June,1840,47 British ships and 4,000 army personnel, led by Major General Anthony Blaxland Stransham and Charles Eliot, arrived outside the Pearl River estuary in Guangdong, blocked the Haikou and started the Opium War [2]. Although this war is only a part of the Opium War, it is sometimes called the Opium War.
The war has been going on intermittently, during which a series of battles and military actions are irrelevant. [2] In the early stage of the war, China soldiers and civilians rose up to resist and dealt a heavy blow to the British invaders, but the decadent feudal system could not resist the British aggression, and the war ended in China's failure and reparations.
China's first unequal treaty, treaty of nanking, was signed. China began to cede territory, pay reparations and negotiate tariffs to foreign countries, which seriously harmed China.
The Opium War made China a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, lost its independent status and promoted the disintegration of the natural economy. At the same time, it also opened a new chapter in the history of modern China people's resistance to foreign aggression.
The failure of the Opium War and the signing of a series of unequal treaties brought about fundamental changes in the social nature of China: politically, the Manchu dynasty gradually became a tool for the powers to rule China. As China's territory, territorial sea, justice, customs and trade began to be seriously damaged, China gradually changed from an independent country to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal country. [3 1] [32] Economically, with the dumping of products in China and the acquisition of agricultural and sideline products such as silk and tea in China, China has gradually been involved in the world market; The dominant self-sufficient natural economy has been strongly impacted, and China has increasingly become a part of the world capitalist market.
This has objectively promoted the development of China's commodity economy and contributed to the rise of China's national capitalism. However, foreign capitalism further intensified class contradictions and led to the outbreak of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement to a certain extent.
[3 1] [32] Ideologically and culturally, after the Opium War, some intellectuals began to abandon outdated ideas, pay attention to the world, explore new knowledge, and seek ways to defend the country from aggression, sprouting a new trend of thought to learn from the West, which had a certain impact on feudal thought. In terms of social contradictions, with the change of social nature, the main contradiction in China society has changed from the contradiction between the landlord class and the peasant class to the contradiction between foreign capitalism and the Chinese nation, feudalism and the masses of the people.
The revolutionary task of China people has changed from anti-feudalism to both anti-feudalism and anti-aggression. Thus, China's transition from a feudal society to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society was the beginning of China's modern history and China's old democratic revolution.
[3 1] Foreign capitalism ceded Hong Kong Island from China, paid compensation of 2 1 10,000 silver dollars, opened five ports of Guangzhou, Fuzhou, Xiamen, Ningbo and Shanghai for trade, and agreed on a series of privileges such as customs rights, consular jurisdiction and one-sided MFN treatment, which seriously damaged China's independence. After the signing of treaty of nanking, the United States and France followed suit, seized the opportunity to claim privileges, and forced the Qing Dynasty to sign a series of unequal treaties.
The Opium War marked the beginning of China's modern history. Since then, China has suffered more and more, and the people of China are facing more complicated and tortuous struggles. [3 1] The victory or defeat of the Opium War in politics and diplomacy reflected the huge gap between the East and the West in science and technology at that time and broke the dream of "de-China" in the Qing Dynasty. Domestic troubles and foreign invasion followed one after another, and the feudal society fell into crisis, which prompted a group of feudal intellectuals with keen political vision to further explore and find a good way for China society to get rid of the predicament and crisis.
They rely on traditional Confucian classics, take rectifying the current situation and saving the world as their own responsibility, and advocate internal rectification of official management and reform of shortcomings; Advocating learning western learning and resisting aggression, thus gradually forming a social trend of thought among the landlord class. Many learned people, such as Lin Zexu and Wei Yuan, began to pay attention to the progress of western science and technology and wrote books to introduce western things [33].
However, the vast majority of people, including the imperial court, did not change their views on the West because of the Opium War, let alone learn from the "foreigners" who have always been despised. The defeat of the Qing court did not make it reform, but continued to implement a conservative policy of closing the country to the outside world, which led to the emergence of self-improvement and national salvation movements such as the Westernization Movement after the Second Opium War.
The economic and people's livelihood and the Qing court did not react violently to the inequality of treaty of nanking, but they were uneasy about the adoption of equality system in Chinese and English documents [33]. But economically, foreign trade has grown rapidly, and China's market is also open to the outside world.
After the five-port trade, the customs and tax rates of the Qing Dynasty were controlled by Britain, and the tariffs were destroyed. Only a low tax rate of 5% is levied on imported goods, and a large number of foreign goods are dumped in China, which cannot guarantee the development of domestic industry and commerce in China. Opium continues to be sold, silver flows out, and the price of silver rises, making the situation more severe.
British goods imported into China have greatly increased. 1837 The total value of British goods exported to China was over 900,000 pounds, and by 1845 it had reached 2.394 million pounds. As foreign investors set up factories in China, a group of domestic bureaucrats, landlords and businessmen began to invest in modern industries.
[35] Among the five newly opened trading ports, Shanghai, located in the Yangtze River estuary, is the closest to the origin of silk and tea, and is located in the rich areas of Jiangsu and Zhejiang. At the same time, it is the intermediate station of domestic north-south shipping. British and American businessmen and comprador employed in Guangzhou set up foreign firms one after another. Britain, the United States and France successively set up concessions along the Huangpu River, and continued to expand, forming the Shanghai Public Concession and the Shanghai French Concession.