Will UNESCO and the World Heritage Committee interfere with the excavation of the Qin Mausoleum? How to intervene? Even if people finally agree with us, it is still unknown. Just like the "Nubian Site International Action" initiated by UNESCO when it built the Aswan Dam in Egypt, 22 countries participated in it and intervened from 1960 for 20 years? If it is international, will foreign excavations-we only talk about this one-conflict with our existing archaeological excavation standards? For example, they have to dig underground bit by bit, inch by inch, which is extremely slow and there are so many rules. How long will it take? When the cultural relics rescue work of the Three Gorges Project was carried out, it was not without foreigners wanting to invest. Fortunately, we in China did it "quickly and economically", otherwise it is hard to say when the Three Gorges Dam can store water.
Having said that, our understanding of * * * has almost reached: the excavation of the emperor's tomb requires not only technical conditions, but also the ability of archaeological research, and more importantly, Scientific Outlook on Development with human, history and culture. If the three are not up to standard, we have no choice but to leave the mausoleum to future generations. However, if you don't dig, you can't cut across the board. Just because archaeology emphasizes leaving cultural relics for future generations to dig as much as possible, it cannot be considered scientific. Until when? If there are domestic and foreign underground cultural relics, wouldn't it be more scientific to dig them up for our study first? So it is wrong to emphasize digging blindly, but it is not necessarily scientific to never dig. In other words, not all cultural relics should be left to future generations. Some things that are easy to corrode should be dug up first, and those that are easy to preserve should be left to our descendants.
There is a problem in building a greenhouse. Why not just dig out the Qin Mausoleum and seal the soil?
Two years ago, China included archaeological work in the National "863 Plan" for the first time, and conducted underground archaeological exploration with the largest capital investment and the highest technical level in history, mainly using remote sensing and geophysical techniques. The results show that the large underground palace is located at the top of the mound and below its periphery, about 35 meters deep from the ground, about 170 meters long from east to west and about 145 meters wide from north to south. The main body and tomb of the underground palace are rectangular; The tomb in the center of the underground palace is about 80 meters long from east to west, 50 meters wide from north to south and 15 meters high, which is equivalent to a football field.
Input includes the three most important elements of manpower, material resources and financial resources, and the others are temporarily excluded. Take Pit 1 and Pit 2 as examples. The plane of the No.2 pit is rectangular, with a length of1.24m from east to west and a width of 98m from north to south. Its hall is a steel grid structure, with a plane size of 134.2, a width of106.25m and a height of14.5m. The No.1 pit is larger, with a length of 230m from east to west and a width of 62m from north to south. Almost all the halls are built in the width of 10m from the outer edge of the pit. The roof of the museum is a floor-standing three-hinged steel arch structure, with an arc length of 80m and a chord length of 67m, with a total weight of 306t and an investment of 2.45m What makes archaeologists feel most sorry is that when the main hall was built around 1975, at the end of the year, in order to save a steel arch every 654.38+10,000 yuan, three arches were built less, No.1. Although it saved 300,000 yuan, it left people with irreparable regret.
Qin Jinggong, the owner of Qin Jinggong No.1 Tomb, is the grandson of Qin Mugong IV and the 14th ancestor of Qin Shihuang. The pyramid-shaped mound of the tomb is like an inverted thing embedded in the ground. There are three steps from top to bottom, which surround the tomb wall and are 2-6 meters wide. The top of the tomb is 59.4 meters long and 38.8 meters wide, and the bottom is 40 meters long and 20 meters wide, covering an area as big as two international standard basketball courts. The pyramid-shaped mound leads to the tomb in a gentle slope, connecting the two ends of the tomb. The pyramid-shaped mound is connected with the tomb in the shape of "Zhong", with a total length of 300 meters. The bottom of the tomb is 24 meters from the horizon, which is equivalent to 8 stories high. The total volume of this tomb is more than 10 times larger than that of the Shang Dynasty tomb in Houjiazhuang, Anyang, Henan Province, and it is the largest king's tomb seen in the pre-Qin period. In the tomb of the tomb owner, 166 people, male and female, were arranged neatly and orderly and buried in boxes. In addition, 20 bones were found in the fill, which is the largest number of martyrs' tombs found in China since the Western Zhou Dynasty. During the Han, Tang and Song Dynasties, the Qin cemetery was repeatedly invaded by thieves, and as many as 247 caves were found, and many gold, silver and jewelry and bronze dings were stolen by grave robbers. However, more than 3,500 cultural relics, such as copper, iron, gold, pottery, stone, jade, lacquerware and textiles, which have been excavated one after another, are still rare treasures.
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Do you want to dig or not?
When it comes to the scale of the Qin Mausoleum, we must first look at the scale of the land seal of the Qin Mausoleum.
At that time, Qin Shihuang made great efforts to carve stones and erect monuments, but there were no stone tablets in front of his mausoleum. It seems that not many people care about this, but the wordless tablet erected by Wu Zetian is well known. One didn't leave a tablet, the other left a tablet, and there was not a word on the tablet, which left us endless guesses and associations, aroused countless studies and controversies among experts, became the headline source of newspapers and media, and became the talk material of people after dinner. There are no famous sentences, no eternal quatrains, and no famous sentences that can be recited later. Qin Shihuang once came to Jieshi in the east, asking the immortals to ask God, but later generations recited Cao Cao's "Wei Wu wielded a whip, Jieshi stayed in the east", which made a generation of fierce Cao Cao have unlimited scenery and left a name in history.
Envy Shaanxi, envy envy hate, envy to minimize, but the result that can be minimized is still great. This is the scale, thickness and style of a cultural relic province. It seems that to dig people is a big move, to disturb the people and; As if discussing who to dig, it can't be limited to the industry in the province, but must be expanded to the whole country; It seems that where there is discovery, it is no longer local, but national. In the 5000 years after the rise of Chinese civilization, a Shaanxi has occupied at least 1000 years of glory; A Xi 'an contains the unparalleled prosperity of China during the Han and Tang Dynasties, which can't be matched by any ancient capital. Shaanxi should be in the forefront of cultural relics than people in other provinces; While being proud, it also shoulders greater responsibilities than other small cultural relics provinces.
The scale of the Qin Shihuang Mausoleum determines the scale of archaeological facilities, and the protection of archaeological facilities is not in place. Digging the Qin Mausoleum is unthinkable.
Deciphering the underground palace of Wu Zetian's Ganling: Why can't the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang be dug? -World Heritage List of the World Heritage Committee
On Sohu. Com, there is a question "should we dig the tomb of Wu Zetian at present?" After that, the positive proposition is:. If it can be opened, Ganling will become the largest and most ornamental museum in the world. It takes manpower and material resources to put it there without digging. Excavation is conducive to archaeological discovery, which is a huge gain, and is conducive to enhancing the national image and enriching the connotation of Chinese civilization in the real thing. The proposition of the opposing side is: no, be careful of what your ancestors left behind. At present, under the limited scientific and technological conditions, it is better not to dig than to dig. Archaeologists, the first thing to do is how to better and more completely preserve history, master or restore the original appearance of history, instead of digging graves everywhere to satisfy their curiosity. Most of these netizens are on the opposite side.
Shaanxi's imperial spirit is still condensed on the imperial tomb. Even the two most unusual people in China, a man and a woman, also settled in Sanqin. Isn't this the Emperor Wu who propped up the big man and the male peak between them? When we sum up China's ancient heroes with poems, we should mention Qin Huang, Hanwu and Tang, and only Song Taizu and Genghis Khan are equal to them. In the world 100 archaeological discoveries, the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is among them. Among the top ten archaeological discoveries in the world, China is the only country shortlisted for the Terracotta Warriors. Most of us may know that the Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit is only a small part of the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang, which is more than 50 square kilometers. Most of us may not know that around 2004, the Qin Mausoleum was also facing the crisis of being removed from the list, and it was almost included in the List of Endangered World Heritage. It is said that UNESCO and the World Heritage Committee sent a letter saying that the situation was not optimistic after a field investigation of the Qin Mausoleum, and asked for further implementation of the World Heritage Convention. Therefore, the country has begun to thoroughly repair the Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses and the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang, and the site park of the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang and the surrounding projects of the Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses are being implemented. The mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor belongs to a large tomb site. Because it is close to the city and has a strong reputation, the construction method of the site park can combine cultural relics excavation, scientific research and tourism, which is a kind of exploration of large sites. No matter what you dig, it is not enough for a big site like the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor. Delineating the scope is conducive to all-round research, but it may also bring about unreasonable engineering construction of cultural relics.
Looking forward to the future, when our children and grandchildren thank us for the material heritage we left them, they will cherish the heritage we passed on to them, which will make them more useful and will do it. The cost and price we really want to calculate can actually be reflected in the inscription often engraved on bronzes in Shang and Zhou Dynasties: "Future generations will always cherish and enjoy." This is like what ordinary people often say when advocating and doing public welfare: "For our children and grandchildren." (Little teacher)
In this case, we should first build a greenhouse with a span of not less than 500 meters, and then dig, otherwise it is impossible to dig out the Qin Mausoleum.
Such a large-scale excavation requires a huge amount of money, and without sufficient financial support, the excavation work cannot be carried out at all. At present, building a provincial museum in China, excluding land and relocation costs, will cost at least 100 million yuan according to the current construction cost. An example before us is the Suzhou Museum designed by Mr. I.M. Pei. Its construction area is only about110 of the underground palace of the Qin tombs, with a total investment of 339 million yuan. How much investment is needed to dig the Qin Mausoleum? How much will it cost to build the Qin Mausoleum Museum after it is dug? How much investment does it take to build a museum? I'm afraid this is beyond the budget of this book.
Fourth, how long did Wu Zetian decipher in the underground palace of Ganling: Why can't the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor be dug? Have you finished digging the Qin Mausoleum?
Some people say that since it is difficult to build a greenhouse on the sealed soil and it is impossible to dig it out, why not find a tomb door on the mausoleum and dig a hole down to the underground palace? The question is, where is the underground palace? How big is the underground palace?
Should we wake up the emperors who are sleeping underground? There have been endless arguments and proposals for decades. According to the Shanghai Oriental Morning Post, at the "Academic Seminar to Commemorate the 300th Anniversary of Wu Zetian's Burying in Gan Ling/KLOC-0" held in Xi 'an in 2007, some experts once again proposed to excavate Gan Ling, but many experts were against it. As Shi Xingbang, the Archaeological Society of Shaanxi Province, said, this debate representatively shows the difference between the value and harmony of cultural relics in the contemporary context.
Everyone knows how different Qin Shihuang was. He used the word "I" widely used in the pre-Qin period as a proper name. Some people also said, "I started with it, and then the number of people, two or three generations to thousands, spread endlessly." Wu Zetian seems to be more different than Qin Shihuang. She couldn't accomplish the grand task of unifying the characters of Qin Shihuang, so she simply created the word 19, one of which was named "",and no one could use it.
Qin Shihuang and Wu Zetian are different, both of them are very different. One was the first man who proclaimed himself emperor in China, and the other was the first woman in China, so they suddenly became different from others, even very different.
"Han Chu Yuan Wang Chuan" said: "It is fifty feet high, which is more than one week and five weeks." In the Qin dynasty, one foot was about 23 cm, and fifty feet was about 1 15 m. In the Qin Dynasty, one mile was 4 14 meters, and five miles was 2070 meters. This is probably the original scale of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum. However, after more than 2000 years of nature and man-made, the existing enclosure is much smaller than the original enclosure. In order to understand the actual size of the original sealed soil accumulation, the archaeological team of Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses found that the original sealed soil foundation was approximately square, and its circumference was close to the data of "Friday Li" in Hanshu, which was 2000 meters, 5 15 meters long from north to south and 485 meters wide from east to west.
It can be seen that the reason for not digging graves lies not only in how much technical ability we have, but also in how much digging ability and cognitive ability we have. This is the key or essence of the matter. The former is technology, while the latter involves our cultural maturity. In other words, the technology has been achieved, can we still dig? If our archaeologists can't adapt to the process of human cognition, lag behind the general cognitive stage of archaeology now, and can't ask more and deeper questions to ancient times, then no matter how good our technology is, even if it is world-class, it is better not to dig.
Undoubtedly, if 1974 had not been discovered, thousands of pottery figurines on this archaeological site might still be sleeping underground. Qin Shihuang, the first person to unify China, died in 2 10 BC and was buried in the center of the mausoleum, surrounded by famous clay figurines. The complex structure of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum was designed and built according to the model of Xianyang, its former capital. Those terracotta warriors and horses, chariots and weapons, which are slightly smaller than human figures, have become the perfect masterpieces of realism, while retaining high historical value.
On the other hand, if a wide variety of cultural relics are really unearthed after excavation-not just pottery products such as terracotta warriors and horses, how much effort will it take to restore them? How complicated is it? How many technologies need to be overcome? It is also a series of problems that we can't avoid. Look at the following example of carefully restoring terracotta warriors and horses, and you will know that mountains and rivers are difficult to keep. Even if it is easy to dig, how difficult is it? Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses were destroyed by human activities and fires. After more than 2,000 years of earth covering, each terracotta figure and horse had to be bonded with dozens or hundreds of pieces of broken pottery.
The excavation of the underground palace involves a series of survey, drilling, excavation and restoration techniques. We have no precedent for scientifically exposing the tombs of civil buildings, and we lack the experience of direct excavation. Who can say that the mistakes made by archaeologists will not happen? The reason why we can't dig now is almost that the technology is not too hard. It is always said that there is the possibility of silk induration and discoloration, which gives people the feeling that once these technical problems are overcome, we can work hard. From the perspective of archaeology, what promotes the progress of archaeology is the discovery itself and the method of discovery-missing the discovery can leave the opportunity for future generations with stronger technical ability, but because of the mistakes and limitations of our current methods or research capabilities, this is historic and regrettable. Faced with this non-renewable resource, who dares to simply say "pay tuition"? Who will pay the bill? Who are you responsible for?
Throughout the ages, most well-known people were themselves before their death and were killed after their death. I myself, that is, I did many different things before my death, and there are too many mysteries to be settled, so I can't decide. So later generations followed suit and solved the mystery. To put it bluntly, it is to continue them and make them restless after death. The greatest feature of later generations is that in the past, it was a crime of belittling and praising merits and judging gains and losses; Nowadays, it is popular to avoid reality and empty it, that is, dig graves. To put it mildly, it's called attention, but it's about different issues.
When repairing, carefully remove the dirt and stubble stuck on the pottery, then clean it with clear water, dry it in the sun or dry it in the sun, and put it together according to the number when unearthed. After the pieces are assembled, the pottery pieces should be gradually bonded from bottom to top along the stubble. During the bonding process, the figurines should be divided into several parts for reinforcement to prevent the colloid from falling off. The stubble of the clay figurine's leg is supported by steel bars. The body cavity and pedals of the terracotta figures are laid flat on the summer planting site with pasted small pieces of cloth. After the glue dries, repair the cracks on the surface of the characters, and finally carry out the old treatment.
The second thing about Wu Zetian's underground palace is that digging up the earth will make the ground landscape of Qin Mausoleum disappear.
Previously, more than 70 villagers in Nanzhong Village, Fengxiang County, Baoji City, Shaanxi Province spontaneously raised more than one million yuan to build the first Qin Gong No.1 tomb site museum founded by farmers in China. However, South Zhang Cun, a remote village with a per capita net income of only 1000 yuan, cannot afford to invest several million yuan to build a large arch shed in a tomb pit. At the bottom of the tomb pit more than 20 meters deep, the reporter found that due to long-term immersion in rain, there were obvious signs of large-scale collapse on the south side of the tomb wall, and the main coffin room at the bottom of the tomb pit also collapsed due to long-term water accumulation, and the shape of the tomb frame was gradually disappearing. The director of the museum said that if sexual measures are not taken again, the "Autumn of the East" will cease to exist within ten years.
The reason couldn't be simpler. The structure of the Qin Mausoleum consists of two parts, one is the underground palace, and the other is the earth seal on the surface. Of course, people are most concerned about the underground palace, hoping to see that the remains inside are really different as Sima Qian said, and even the remains and relics that Sima Qian did not record can be unearthed. To dig out the underground palace, we must first dig out the sealed soil with a length of 5 15 meters from north to south and a width of 485 meters from east to west. Don't say that this is an imperial mausoleum as a world cultural heritage, just a general mausoleum. According to the rules of archaeological excavation, it can neither be bombed nor pushed by bulldozers, nor can it be dug by excavators. In a word, it is impossible to dig fast, so we can only take it slowly, that is, bit by bit. It takes a long time to dig bit by bit, going through spring, summer, autumn and winter, and facing wind, frost, rain and snow. In this way, it is necessary to build a greenhouse first, just like digging a pit of terracotta warriors and horses, which is conducive to the excavation and excavation of cultural relics. Otherwise, even if people can work in the open air, they can fight against the sky and carry forward the fearless underground spirit. What can we do? We can't let it rain and wind.