Macedonian Empire (ancient Greek: μ α κ ε δ ο ν? 0? 7α) is a kingdom in the northwest of ancient Greece. The most glorious moment in its history was initiated by King Alexander III (the Great). Alexander the Great is the second empire across Europe, Asia and Africa after the Persian Empire. Its territory extends from Afghanistan and northwest India in the east, Italy in the west, Central Asia, Caspian Sea and Black Sea in the north and Indian Ocean and North Africa in the south. [Edit this paragraph] The origin of Macedonia Macedonia is a province of ancient Greece, located in the north-central part of Greece, bordering Epirus in the west and Thrace in the east. Its ethnic origin is still inconclusive, and it may be a mixed-race descendant of Illyrians, Thracians and Dorians in Greece. Because it is remote and backward, and it is imperial rather than democratic, it is called barbarian by prosperous Greece. In the second half of the 6th century BC, Macedonia was unified and became a monarchy. Macedonia was attached to Persia at the beginning of the two waves of war, but secretly sent information to the Greeks behind Persia. At the end of 5th century BC, the capital moved from Aigai in the northwest mountainous area to Pera in the southeast coast. In the 4th century BC, Regent Philip II (359-336 BC) deposed his young master, established himself as king, and carried out a series of reforms. Philip II used the advanced experience of Greece for reference and adopted measures with Macedonian characteristics, such as strengthening the royal power, weakening the power of aristocratic meetings and citizens' meetings, carrying out monetary reform and adopting the gold-silver standard. The most important thing is his military reform, which established a standing army loyal to the king and built a powerful Macedonian phalanx. Later, he invaded the gold mines in Thrace and earned a steady income every year to expand his military strength. The fighting capacity of Macedonian army surpassed that of other Greek city-states. Philip also built a powerful fleet to prepare for marching into the eastern countries. Philip II invaded Greece in the south after the country became powerful and Greece was in a scuffle among the city-states. In 338 BC, the anti-Macedonian coalition led by Athens and Thebes fought a decisive battle with Macedonian troops in Cronia, central Greece, and the coalition was defeated. The next year, Philip called a meeting of all the city-states of Corinth and announced that Shrek's city-states had formed an alliance. Almost all Greece recognized Macedonia's hegemony and decided to attack Persia. In 336 BC, Philip was assassinated at his daughter's wedding banquet. The throne was inherited by Philip's 20-year-old son Alexander the Great. [Edit this paragraph] After the murder of Philip II, there was another anti-Macedonian uprising in Greek states. Alexander, who was only 20 years old, quickly suppressed the rebellion in less than half a year after he succeeded to the throne. In the spring of 334, Alexander crossed the Hellers Strait to attack the Persian Empire. Alexander's army and Persian king Darius Iii's army fought for the first time on the grani Kush River in Asia Minor. The Greek army won a great victory and occupied Asia Minor in less than half a year. In 333 BC, Alexander defeated the 65,438+Persian army led by Darius Iii in the Syrian Isus Plain, and captured Darius' mother, wife and two daughters. Darius Iii fled eastward. In 333 BC, Alexander conquered Syria and Phoenician cities. The following year, he conquered Egypt and established a new city in Egypt called Alexandria. Alexander left Egypt in the spring of 33 1 BC to continue his crusade. 10, when crossing the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, a war broke out between Abela and Darius Iii's army. It is reported that there were about 400,000 Persian troops, including the "Ma bu" or horse stance just look troops and elephant soldiers, but they were all defeated by Alexander and Darius Iii fled eastward. Alexander went on and conquered Babylon. He moved eastward from Babylon, entered Persia, occupied Susa and Persepolis in Persia, got a lot of gold, silver and jewels, and then set fire to Persepolis, killing its residents, in retaliation for the hatred of Xerxes I, king of Persia, who set fire to Athens in 480 BC. In the next three years, Alexander suppressed sporadic resistance in northeast Persia. Darius Iii, king of Persia, was also killed by his men, and Persia perished. In 327 BC, he re-entered India. He led the army from the south bank of the Caspian Sea to the east, passed through Pattaya, conquered Afghanistan, entered India, defeated the Indian rebels, pacified Punjab, and planned to continue southward along the Indus River. However, his soldiers have been fighting abroad for many years and they are eager to return home. Due to the rainy and hot weather in India, the soldiers suffered a lot and even mutinied openly. Alexander divided the conquered part of India into three provinces and returned them. At the beginning of 324 BC, Alexander established a huge empire-Alexander Empire with Babylon as its new capital. In June, 323 BC, Alexander suddenly developed malignant malaria, and died 10 days later, at the age of 33. Later generations call the land conquered by Alexander the Alexander Empire, because the rise and fall of this empire is closely related to Alexander's personal life course. The glory of Alexander is the glory of the empire, and the end of Alexander's life is the end of the empire. [Edit this paragraph] After the death of divided Alexander, the empire was divided up by four generals because of his last words: "Give the throne to the strongest man". Finally, in 30 1 BC, the battle of Ipsos in Frikia (also known as the battle of successors) ended this dispute.

Post-Alexandria territory

The Alexander Empire was originally divided into four parts (see right):

The blue in the post-Asian era is the Ptolemy dynasty in Egypt.

Yellow represents the kingdom of Seleucia.

Green is the kingdom of Macedonia in Cassander.

Orange is the Thracian kingdom of Lacey Marcus.

Kazand ruled Greece, Lucinda Marcos occupied Thrace, Seleucus I, known as the "winner", got Mesopotamia and Iran, and Ptolemy I Soter got the Levant and Egypt. Antigonus i monophthalmus established a brief rule in Asia Minor and Syria, but was quickly defeated by four other generals. The control of Indian territory was only a flash in the pan, and ended when Seleucus I was defeated by the first emperor of the peacock dynasty, Chandragupta Peacock Dynasty.

By 270 BC, the Hellenistic countries were left after the annexation war:

Cassandra dynasty centered on Macedonia and Greece.

Seleucid Empire in Asia

● The Ptolemaic dynasty that occupied Egypt and Syria.

By the first century BC, most of the Hellenistic areas in the west were annexed by the Roman Republic, while the Hellenistic areas in the east were obviously weakened by the expansion of Parthia Empire and the separation of the Greek-Bactrian kingdom (also known as Toxora).