Huian stone carving craft
Huian county is located on the west bank of Taiwan Strait. The prominent part of the southeast coast of Fujian Province lies between Quanzhou Bay and Meizhou Bay.
Hui 'an stone carving technology originated from the Central Plains culture in the Yellow River valley, absorbed the technical essence of Fujian-Vietnam culture, marine culture and foreign culture introduced along the Maritime Silk Road, and accompanied with architectural art, after more than 1000 years of reproduction and development, it formed its own unique artistic style. During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, Hui 'an stone carving technology was very developed. After the end of the Ming Dynasty, Hui 'an stone carving technology became more mature and became the representative of the Southern School stone carving art. After the founding of New China, the Southern School stone carving entered its heyday, with hundreds of thousands of stone carving artists spread all over more than 20 provinces and cities in China. There are many famous teachers in the past dynasties, and there have been records of pedigree inheritance since the Southern Song Dynasty, with many schools and unique styles.
Hui 'an stone carving includes five series: stone tablet processing, environmental garden sculpture, building components, craft sculpture and practical utensils. Its crafts include round carving, relief carving, line carving, re-carving and shadow carving, which are mainly practical works of art. ..
Hui 'an stone carving has strong nationality and distinct times. As a representative of Southern School stone carving art, it influenced half of China stone carving art and spread overseas earlier. It is highly respected in Taiwan Province Province and Southeast Asian countries, and the domestic sculpture community generally agrees that there is Hui 'an in the south and Quyang in the north.
nanyang jade carving
Nanyangyu, also known as dushan jade or Nanyu, is produced in Dushan, north of Nanyang. It is one of the four famous jade in China. Dushan jade is hard and dense, delicate and soft, with transparent luster and various colors. There are six kinds of pigments, including green, white, yellow, purple, red and white, and 77 kinds of colors, which are the first-class raw materials for jade carving.
Dushan jade carving has a long history. 1959 The jade shovel produced in the Neolithic site of Huangshan Mountain near Dushan proves that our ancestors knew and used dushan jade as early as 5,000 years ago. The site of Yujie Temple at the foot of Dushan Mountain is the place where jade articles were carved in Han Dynasty. In the Qing Dynasty, the Records of Newly-built Nanyang County recorded that the residents in the northern part of the old county made a living by managing jade articles. In old China and Nanyang, jade carving has formed a big industry. There are more than 80 workshops in the city, most of which are located in the back, with shops in front, selling their own carvings. Jade carving products mainly include figures, flowers, birds and beasts, landscapes, statues, furnace smoke, jewelry and so on 120 varieties. Jade carving alone is crystal clear and exquisite, and it is a famous product in Nanyang. Zhenping county holds a large-scale international jade carving festival every year, which attracts many domestic and foreign merchants. Nanyang jade carving enjoys a high reputation in the world.
When it comes to Nanyang jade carving, we can't help but mention dushan jade and dushan jade, which are the "treasures of towns and cities" that Nanyang people are proud of and one of the four famous jade in China. They are named after Dushan Mountain in Nanyang City, Henan Province, also known as Du Yu. Nanyang basin is rich in jade resources, excellent in texture and has a long history of mining, carving and management. Known throughout the country, it is known as the "hometown of jade carving in China" and occupies an extremely important position in the history of Chinese jade culture development.
1. Nanyang jade carving history: it began in the Neolithic Age 6000 years ago.
Nanyang dushan jade has a long history of production. Duyu shovel and Duyu yellow unearthed from Neolithic sites such as Huangshan Mountain, Xinye Phoenix Mountain, Zhenping and Sheqi in Nanyang City show that in the Neolithic Age 6000 years ago, hardworking and intelligent ancestors here began to use and carve Duyu, and jade culture began to sprout and initially prosper. By the Han dynasty, Nanyang jade had been mined and carved in large quantities, which was quite grand. There is a settlement for processing and carving jade, and there are two rows of workshops on a street, and the sound of cutting jade is endless. At least in the Western Han Dynasty, Nanyang jade carving had reached a considerable scale, and now Shagangdian at the foot of Dushan still retains the site of the "Yujie Temple" in the Han Dynasty. After the Tang and Song Dynasties, Nanyang jade carving gradually developed from a simple tribute for dignitaries to an ornament and a daily utensil. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, Nanyang jade carvings were very rich in variety. After the Qing Dynasty, Nanyang jade carving has formed a big industry. The development and utilization of dushan jade has been attached great importance, and great progress has been made in the research, mining, carving and marketing of mineral deposits. Especially since the reform and opening up, the prestigious Nanyang jade carving industry has attracted a large number of people inside and outside the industry, thus making dushan jade known, appreciated and accepted by more people.
Nanyang jade carving has many colors, including red, orange, yellow, green, cyan, blue and purple. Bright color, high hardness, good luster, fine texture and high transparency. It is a good raw material for carving jade, comparable to jade, and was once called "Nanyang jade" by Germans. The varieties of jade carving products can be divided into four categories: figures, flowers, birds and animals. Most of the characters are based on myths and legends and ancient drama stories. There are 23 kinds of flowers and birds, such as birds flying towards the phoenix, magpies playing with plums, phoenix peony and long-tailed bird screens. Animals include lions, elephants, tigers, cows, horses and so on. 16 species; Pavilion smoked jade bottle, Yuhuan, converter, pavilion furnace, jade tripod, etc. 120. According to different techniques, sculpture can be divided into two categories: flower-shaped, flower-shaped, converter, bird, animal and lady. Exquisite carving skill, complex knife method and profound meaning; Plain life is like rings, bracelets, earrings, etc. Modern artists not only inherit the traditional sculpture, but also integrate the painting styles of Chinese painting, such as landscapes, figures, flowers and birds, and have experienced the painstaking research of jade carving artists, gradually forming the vivid and colorful characteristics of flowers.
Second, Nanyang jade carving art: from "desecrating mountains and rivers and jade seas" to "Jiulong Village"
Through the excavation and arrangement of traditional skills by jade carving artists and scientific and technological workers and the absorption of foreign experience, Nanyang jade carving technology has been continuously improved and gradually formed its own unique artistic style, which is famous for its flexible techniques and high colors. Wu Shuo, chairman, general manager and senior arts and crafts artist of Nanyang Tuo Baoyu Appliance Co., Ltd., because the unique jade is rich in color and both in depth, a stone is often mixed in color. This requires the sculptor to consider all aspects, not only to have wonderful layout ideas, but also to skillfully use various colors to make the whole work interesting and natural, so that viewers can't help but marvel. Wolong Mountain, produced by Nanyang Jade Carving, is the largest giant jade carving in China at present. It is a rare artistic treasure with strict layout, clever color, exquisite carving and magnificent momentum. It weighs 3.8 tons, is 2.5 meters long and is 1.6 meters high. The five-ring furnace and flower incense made in dushan jade were selected, which absorbed the characteristics of ancient bronzes and other handicrafts. The yellow flower incense was used to create a multi-layer rotating ball with simple and dignified shape and exquisite craftsmanship, which won wide acclaim at the international handicraft exhibition held in France. Nanyang people used abundant raw materials in jade carving, including jade from Liaoning, jade from Myanmar, white jade from Afghanistan, jasper from Canada, white jade from Russia, coral, agate, hibiscus, crystal stone, amethyst, ruby and sapphire.
Indeed, the jade carving industry, which has flourished for thousands of years, has formed a rich and profound Nanyang jade carving culture, and has nurtured Nanyang jade carving artists who have been handed down from generation to generation, emerging endlessly and with superb skills. While inheriting the traditional crafts, Nanyang jade carving masters constantly introduce, absorb and innovate artistic design and carving techniques. It is the combination of a long history, profound cultural heritage and unique jade resources that makes Nanyang jade carving, an artistic treasure, passed down from generation to generation and carried forward, and amazing works are constantly coming out. Up to now, more than 40 masterpieces designed and carved by Nanyang jade carving masters, such as Wolong Mountain, Kowloon Swirling Flower Scene, Liuhe Tongchun, Wan Li Great Wall and Jiulong Pavilion, have won national and provincial awards successively, and many products have been collected as rare treasures by the Palace Museum, art galleries and collectors. Jiulong town's gift is 199cm long, 1 10cm wide, 80cm high and weighs 500kg. The design style of the gift is novel and unique, and the idea is ingenious and ingenious. The unique colors of Nanyang dushan jade are skillfully used, and various carving techniques such as relief, through carving, hollowing out and line carving are adopted. Nine dragons surround the sundial, which shows that the sons and daughters of China in Kyushu are closely United and live in harmony, and also expresses the meaning of 99-99 reunification. The whole work symbolizes national unity, national prosperity and reunification of the motherland, and expresses the deep affection of 90 million people in Henan Province to welcome Macao's return.
Known as a "national treasure" and weighing 3500 kilograms, the jade article "Look down on mountains and jade seas" was a gift given to the three armed forces by Kublai Khan in the Yuan Dynasty. It is the earliest and largest giant jade carving in the history of China, an epoch-making artistic treasure of China and a rare masterpiece in the history of gem development in the world. However, since it came out more than 700 years ago, its jade quality has been debated and failed to be identified. Recently, the China Gem and Jade Culture High-level Forum sponsored by the China Traditional Culture Promotion Association of the Ministry of Culture and the Asian Jewelry Federation was held in the Great Hall of the People. At the forum, after careful observation and research by more than 20 well-known experts in jade archaeology and collection in China, and repeated comparison and identification with samples of dushan jade mine in Nanyang, it was determined that the Yuan Dynasty jade material "Dushan Yuhai" currently displayed in Tuancheng of Beijing Beihai Park was dushan jade in Nanyang. At this point, a "eternal unsolved case" was finalized.
Third, Nanyang jade carving industry: "the hometown of jade carving" deserves its reputation.
Nanyang jade carvings travel all over the world. This is a true portrayal of the world-famous Nanyang jade carving. Before the reform and opening up, Nanyang jade carving has initially entered the stage of large-scale development. 1974 The total sales of jade carvings in zhenping county reached14.9 million yuan, making it the first county in the province with foreign trade exceeding 10 million yuan. After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, Nanyang jade carving industry has mushroomed. Large and small processing enterprises with hundreds of people, dozens of people or even one household have developed rapidly, increasing to more than 1. 1 10,000 in just 10 years. Nowadays, no matter in all directions, in other places or other places, as long as there is jade, it is related to Nanyang. Nanyang jade carving people have spread all over the country in large and medium-sized cities and many towns and villages, where they process, produce and sell products.
Zhenping is now the largest distribution center for jade carving production and processing in China. Except Nanyang jade, its raw materials come from all over the country and 12 countries and regions such as Myanmar and Afghanistan, with more than 200,000 employees and more than 4,000 processing enterprises, forming more than 20 processing and sales belts with different characteristics and scales, with an annual output value of 654.38 billion yuan. Zhenping county Jade Carving World, Jade Carving Bay Market in Shifosi Town, Jade Agate Boutique Market, Yushuzhuang Jade Bracelet Market, Hezhuang Decoration Market and other professional jade carving markets enjoy high reputation at home and abroad.
It is understood that one-third of the people who do jade business in China are from Zhenping, Nanyang City. Speaking of zhenping county, we have to mention a small town known as "the hometown of jade carving", that is Shifosi Town. "Every village is ringing, and every family has the sound of jade carving" is a true portrayal of the town. Kloc-0/992, the largest professional jewelry and jade market in Asia, was established, with a total investment of 6.5 million yuan, covering an area of 32 mu and a building area of 24,000 square meters, accommodating more than 800 merchants, receiving thousands of merchants every day and annual sales exceeding 240 million yuan. In recent years, the town has 16 jade carving professional villages, 4 professional markets, more than 20,000 employees, and more than 4,000 jade carving processing enterprises (households). The annual production and sales of jade carving products130,000 pieces, with an output value of 560 million yuan, is the largest distribution center for jade carving processing and sales in China.
Nowadays, in zhenping county, jade carving has become a pillar industry of the county's economy. 85% of the townships in the county have jade carving processing industry, and there are nearly 100 professional villages. Stone Buddha Temple, Chaopi and other eight towns and villages can hear the sound of carving. There are more than1.1.million jade carving processing enterprises in various forms, such as state-owned, collective, individual and Sino-foreign joint ventures, and there are1.7 million employees. In China, relying on the reputation and quality of Nanyang jade carving products, more than 65,438+10,000 operators have opened 5,000 sales stores in almost all large and medium-sized cities in China, and many tourist attractions have Nanyang jade carvings for sale, which makes the jade carving products continuously enter the domestic market, and the annual sales output value exceeds 1 100 million yuan.