Similar to the Long March, strategic shift. The Huang Chao Rebellion, also known as the Huang Chao Civil Rebellion in recent years, was the longest-lasting, most extensive and far-reaching war turmoil in the late Tang Dynasty. The Huang Chao Rebellion continued the Tang Dynasty, resulting in 8.3 million deaths, which led to the great decline of national strength in the late Tang Dynasty. Directory [hidden] 1 Wang and Huang 2 fought in the south of the Yangtze River 3 Northern Expedition 4 proclaimed himself 5 perished 6 Ending 7 Historical Evaluation 8 Notes [Editor] Wang and Huang Huang Chao, born in Shandong (now southwest of Heze), were good at riding and shooting, and were good at pen and ink [1]. He once organized a salt gang to smuggle. In the second year of Ganfu (875), Wang Xianzhi, Jean Shang and others set out for Changyuan (now northeast of Henan Changyuan). Huang Chao (now southwest of Heze) and his nephews, Huang Yi and Huang Enye, set out to respond to Wang Xianzhi. In July of the third year (876), our time enabled Wei Song to defeat the Wang Xianzhi army at the gates of Yizhou (now Linyi, Shandong), and Wang Xianzhi led the remnants to escape. Wei Song then reported to the court that Wang Xianzhi had died. Wang Xianzhi turned to Lu Yu and other places, and captured eight counties such as Yangzhai (now Yuxian, Henan Province) and Tancheng (now Jiaxian, Henan Province); March into Ruzhou (governing Linru, now Henan Province). In September of the third year of Ganfu (876), he conquered Ruzhou, killed General Dong of the Tang Dynasty, seized the shackles of Ruzhou and directed at Luoyang, the eastern capital. 1 1 month "slightly release the fourth army, recapture the second state, the wilderness is on fire, and many foreigners are tired." Wei Song followed closely behind Wang Xianzhi and made no gesture. Yes, Zeng said, "When Pang was destroyed, Kang was offended. Although my family is successful, can it avoid disaster? It is better to stay a thief, but unfortunately I am the son of heaven and I am a hero. " . Wang Tie is the cousin of Prime Minister Wang Duo, and Wang Xianzhi is very kind to him. Wang Tie wrote to Pei Mao, the secretariat of Wang Xianzhi, expressing his willingness to accept "harness". At the end of the year, Pei Mao lured him into detaining his teeth and supervising the empire for the left army. Huang Chao resolutely opposed it and cursed Xian Zhi, "I made a big oath with you at the beginning to sweep the world." Now that you have taken the official position alone, where will these more than 5 thousand people go? "[2] Afterwards, Xian Zhi was injured in the head with a stick, and her head was broken, which caused a great uproar. Failing to win over, Pei Luo and qi zhou, the secretariat, fled to Ezhou. Soon, the two armies split, more than 3,000 people plundered qi zhou from Xianzhi, and Huang Chao led 2,000 soldiers north. In February of the fourth year of Ganfu (877), Huang Chao led an army to capture Yunzhou (now Yuncheng, Shandong Province) and killed our time Xue Chong. In March, Yizhou broke again. Xianzhi once attacked Ezhou (now Wuchang, Hubei). In July, Wang and Huang joined forces to attack Songzhou (now south of Shangqiu, Henan Province), with the intention of cutting off the canal traffic, and soon split. Xianzhi turned to attack Yunzhou (now Zhongxiang, Hubei Province), and Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty recruited Yang, the deputy governor of An, to induce him to surrender again. The Xian Zhi merchants negotiated with Chu to surrender, but they were hijacked in the middle of the Tang Dynasty's surrender and lied about their victory. Shang and others were transferred to Chang 'an and killed. Xianzhi was furious and tried to surrender to the enemy again. On the grounds of Wei Song's "long-term killing", the imperial court put down "reactive power", relieved him of his military power, promoted Zeng to be the ambassador to surrender, and transferred Gao Pian to be my ambassador to Jingnan. At the beginning of the fifth year of Ganfu, the Xianzhi army attacked Luocheng in Jingnan (now Jiangling, Hubei Province), but due to the arrival of Shatuo reinforcements, it burned Jiangling and defected to Shenzhou. In February, he was defeated in Huangmei (now northwest of Huangmei, Hubei Province) and was beheaded. The rest rushed to Bozhou (now Bo County, Anhui Province) to take refuge in Huang Chao, promoted Huang Chao as the yellow king, called himself "General Tian" and moved to Huanghuai. [Editor] In March of the fifth year of Ganfu in the south of the Yangtze River (878), Huang Chao troops attacked the border (now Kaifeng, Henan Province) and Song (now Shangqiu, Henan Province), and were blocked by Zhang Zimian, and moved to Weinan (now northeast of hua county, Henan Province), Ye (Ye County, Henan Province), Yang Zhai (Yuxian County, Henan Province) and other places, where the imperial court called for conscription. Huang Chao then led the army to cross the river south, echoing the old army Wang Chong, and captured Rao, Xin and other states. In the same year1February, he entered Fuzhou (now Fujian) and transferred to Guangdong. In September of the sixth year of Ganfu (879), he conquered Guangzhou and captured Li Tiao, the envoy of Lingnan East Road in the Tang Dynasty. He also divided his troops to take Guizhou (Guilin, Guangxi) from the west, controlled Lingnan, called himself "Commander in Chief of the Rebel Army", and issued an obituary, denouncing the court's "officials for handling cases honestly, being filthy and sloppy, and referring to the failure of ministers and middlemen to pay fees and brain drain. "Guangzhou is the largest foreign trade port and one of the important wealth suppliers in the Tang Dynasty. Huang Chao's army wantonly killed innocent people in Guangzhou. According to Abu-Said Hassan's Indian in China, more than 200,000 Muslim businessmen and Jewish businessmen such as Arabs and Persians were killed. [Editor] During the Northern Expedition, due to the hot and humid climate on the ridge, Huang Chao troops suffered from the plague of death, and the generals "advised them to return to the north to benefit Italy". The morale of the peasant army was low, and Huang Chao decided to return to the north. In, I made a raft from Guizhou, went down the Xiangjiang River, advanced on Jiangling, and went north to Xiangyang. When Tang learned that Huang Chao was going north, he sent Prime Minister Wang Duo as the commander-in-chief of Nanying, stationed troops in Jiangling, and appointed Li Weiying as the deputy commander-in-chief and Hunan observer to station hundreds of troops in Tanzhou (now Changsha, Hunan), "taking the road of Xiling North and refusing Huang Chao". At this time, Huang Chao's army even went to Yongzhou (now Lingling, Hunan) and Hengzhou (now Hengyang, Hunan) and arrived at Tanzhou at the gates. Li got a fright and closed the door. Huang Chao led troops to fight, and one day he went to Tanzhou, where 100,000 people in Tang Jun bloodbath Xiangjiang River. Or allowed to attack Jiangling with five hundred thousand troops, Wang Duo rushed to Xiangyang (now Xiangfan, Hubei Province), and Huang Chao occupied Jiangling without bloodshed. Huang Chao's army moved northward to Xiangyang. Liu Jurong, the host city of Shannan, joined hands with Cao Quanqi, the secretariat of Zizhou, and defeated Huang Chao in Jingmen (now Jingmen, Hubei), capturing 78% of it. Huang Chao and Shang asked the rest to cross the river eastward. At this time, Liu Jurong stopped the offensive with "the court had no faith" [3]. When Cao Quanqi was about to cross the river, the court ordered Taining to replace Cao Quan with Duan. Duan was appointed as the secretariat of Langya. Huang Chao turned to plunder Jiangxi, Rao (now Boyang, Jiangxi), Xin, Chi (now Guichi, Anhui), Xuan and other fifteen states. In March of the first year of Guangming (880), Gao Pian sent veteran Zhang Lin to cross the river south to stop Huang Chao, and Huang Chao retreated to Raozhou (today's Boyang, Jiangxi). In May, Huang Chao retreated to Xinzhou (now Shangrao, Jiangxi). In the spring and summer, there was a great epidemic in Lingnan, and the Huang Chao army suffered heavy losses. " The deceased was thirteen or fourteen years old ",and Zhang Yi came after him. Huang Chao pretended to surrender and bribed Zhang Yi with a lot of gold, begging him for mercy. Gao Pian went to court, claiming that the Huang Chao army "has been uneven for several days, so please send it back.". Prime Minister Xie Lu dismissed Tang Bing in the name of the imperial court. Huang Chao learned that Tang Dynasty soldiers crossed the Huaihe River in the north, and immediately broke with Gao Pian. In May, he went north again and seized Zhou Mu (now Jiande, Zhejiang) and Wuzhou (now Jinhua, Zhejiang). Zhang Yi died in Xinzhou. In June, Chizhou (now Guichi, Anhui Province), Zhou Mu (now Jiande, Zhejiang Province) and Wuzhou (now Jinhua, Zhejiang Province) were conquered successively. In August of the first year of Guangming (880), Huang Chao army defeated Cao Quansheng in Sizhou, crossed the Huaihe River, and Huaibei was in an emergency. Gao Pian was awed by his power and stayed in Yangzhou (now Yangzhou, Jiangsu) to preserve his strength. In October, Huang Chao captured Shenzhou (now Xinyang, Henan) and entered Yingzhou (now Puyang, Henan), Songzhou (now Shangqiu, Henan), Xuzhou (now Xuzhou, Jiangsu) and Yanzhou (now Yanzhou, Shandong). In November, Huang Chao went to Ruzhou, captured Luoyang, the capital of the East, on 17th, and left Liu to meet him with officials. After more than ten days, he invaded from Luoyang to the west and fought fiercely for only six days. Tongguan (now northeast of Tongguan, Shaanxi Province) was captured on the third day of December, Huazhou (hua county, Shaanxi Province) was captured on the fourth day, and then it reached Bashang (now Bahe area, xi City, Shaanxi Province). On the fifth day (88 1 year, 1 year), he fled to Chengdu, Sichuan with eunuch Tian and other entourage. Tian was afraid that Nuozong saw the responsibility and took sole responsibility, and demoted him as a guest of honor of the Prince. Lu took the medicine and summoned up his courage. [Editor] In the first year of Zhonghe Emperor (88 1), Huang Chao's army entered Chang 'an, and Zhang Zhifang, the general of Jinwu, led the army of Huang Chao to meet them. "The nest is inlaid with gold and jade, and the guards are embroidered with robes and beautiful clothes." "Everyone walks without goods", and the masses reach a million troops. After entering the city, the military discipline was strict. Distribute property to the poor and welcome the people. In November of the first year of Guangming (88 1 year 1 year1year), it was established in Hanyuan Temple, and the Daqi regime was established, with the title of Golden Boy. The former officials kept the following four products, and the rest were dismissed, with Qiu and Zhong Shuling as the auxiliary, Gai Hong as the assistant of Shangshu, and Pi Rixiu as the academician. Soon, his subordinates "killed people all over the street, and nests could not be banned." Few people stayed in Chang 'an in the imperial clan of the Tang Dynasty, and the officials of the Tang Dynasty were in constant fear. "Fu Qin Yin" said: "Huaxuan embroidered hubs are all sold out, without a head and a half"; "The inner library is burned as splendid ash, and the white bones in Tianjie are full." They haven't collected the property of the rich family, so-called "scouring things", and all the palaces walk barefoot. The following year, Tang Jun once counterattacked Chang 'an, and the thief army temporarily retired and stationed in Pakistan. After Tang Jun entered the city, he was burned and robbed, which was unpopular. Huang Chao thief army counterattacked that night and expelled Tang Jun from the city [4]. This time, Huang Chao hated the city people for helping the loyalist, so he was in a state of war and blood became a river, which was called "washing the city" in history. Huang Chao did not send troops to pursue Tang Xizong, which gave Tang Ting a breathing space. Huang Chao's army only cares about food, but seldom builds, and the people are clean and bare. [Editor] Tang Xizong of Sichuan launched a counterattack in the year after he stepped down (882). In September, Zhu Wen, the general of the thief army, surrendered to Tang Jun in the battle with Wang Chongrong in the same state (now Dali, Shaanxi Province), and was appointed as General You Jinwu and given the name Quan Zhong. Li Keyong, a Shatuo clan, led reinforcements to help Tang, and led more than 10,000 troops south. Zhao Zhang, the general of the thief army, died, and Huazhou and Lantian fell one after another. Huang Chao withdrew from Chang 'an in April of the third year of Zhonghe and fled to Shangshan, discarding gold and jewels along the way, but Tang Jun was in no hurry to catch up. Later, Meng Kai, the general of the State of Qi, took the lead in attacking Cai Zhou (now Runa, Henan). Tang Jun commander-in-chief Qin Zongquan was defeated and surrendered. In June, the siege of Chen Zhou (now Huaiyang, Henan Province) met with stubborn resistance from the secretariat Zhao Gui. After hundreds of battles, he failed to capture and withdraw from his city. On the way to Henan, pioneer Meng Kai was captured and killed in Xiangcheng. Huang Chao was furious when he heard that Meng Jie had been killed. The troops camped in Ganshui, "digging five folds and attacking in every way", vowing to avenge Meng Jie. In order to cope with the food of the whole army, Huang Chao began to use human flesh as food and hundreds of sledgehammers at the same time, and turned it into a human flesh workshop to supply rations. All the men, women and children were taken to a huge pot, which was called "Mo Dao Zhai". [5][6][7] Huang Chao surrounded Chen Zhou for hundreds of days and ate hundreds of thousands of people. Tang Jun defeated Huang in Xihua (now Henan) nearby, and the thief army retreated (now Huaiyang North). The siege of Chenzhou has been solved. Huang Chao led the troops to Bianzhou, but he still let 5,000 elite troops match the girders (now Kaifeng, Henan). In the spring of the fourth year of Zhonghe (884), Li Keyong led 50,000 troops to cross the river from south to south, and defeated the thief army in Taikang, Bianhe and Wangmandu. Huang Chao had to move to Shandong. In March, Zhu Wen defeated Huang Chao in Wangmandu (now Zhongmou North, Henan Province), and Huang Chao's men, Ge, Huo Cun, Zhang Guiba, Zhang Guihou and Zhang Guige surrendered to Zhu Wen. The remnants of Huang Chao fled to the northeast, and when Li Keyong sealed the mound (now Henan), it was caught in heavy rain. Nearly a thousand soldiers from Huang Chao arrived in Yanzhou. "Ke Yongjun ran around day and night, and the food could not be found, so he returned it." [8]。 On June 15th, Wuning sent Shi Pu and Li Yinbing with ten thousand troops, followed by general Shang Rong. On June 17 of that year (13 July), Huang Chao was killed by his subordinate Lin Yan in the Wolf-Tiger Valley of Taishan (now southwest of Laiwu, Shandong) [9][ 10] (when talking about suicide [1 1], Huang Chao finally became a monk. Nie Jianguang, a scholar in the Qing Dynasty, wrote in the biography of Mount Tai Daoli: "Huang Chao died in Mount Tai ... There is a big tomb in the south of Jiuding Mountain, commonly known as Huang Chao's tomb." [Editor] Finally, Huang Chao is cruel, narrow-minded and likes to kill innocent people. After the conquest of Chang 'an, there was no progress, no elimination of the imperial army in the Tang Dynasty, and no economic policy. Finally defeated by Tang Jun, Huang Chao fled with his son Huang Hao, and was named "the rogue army". Day after day, when attacking Hunan, he was killed by Deng, a local tyrant in Xiangyin. At this point, the Huang Chao Rebellion in the late Tang Dynasty came to an end. In the fourth year of neutralization in Tang Xizong, in autumn and July, Nuozong held a captive ceremony in Daxuan Building. Wuning sent Shipu to Huang Chao's head, and there were twenty or thirty concubines in Huang Chao. Xuanzong asked, "You and Cao Ruo both honor their children, and the world owes the country. What are thieves?" The woman above replied: "Crazy thieves are fierce and rebellious, and the country lost millions of people, affecting Bashu; Now your majesty can't blame a woman for refusing a thief, so where do you put your official and general? " [13] Don't ask any more, they were all slaughtered in the city. Before the execution, the law enforcement officers pitied the women and asked them to be drunk before the execution. The girls cried and drank, and soon died in a drunken bed. The woman who lives alone did not cry or get drunk, but died peacefully. After the Huang Chao Rebellion, the Tang Dynasty barely maintained its national sovereignty for 23 years. The rebellion led by Huang Chao extended Yusheng, directly cut off the economic lifeline of the Jiangnan Canal in Tang Shi, and dealt a heavy blow to the rule of the Li and Tang Dynasties. God bless four years (907), Xuanwu made Zhu Wen usurp the Tang Dynasty, with the title of Liang, which was known in history. The Tang Dynasty perished and entered the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. [Editor] Historical Evaluation Huang Renyu's Great History of China pointed out: "... Huang Chao crossed the Yangtze River four times and crossed the Yellow River two times. Unprecedented hooligans found that there were countless cracks in the Tang empire for him to come and go freely. Local officials in various places only care about the security of their own regions and have never constituted an effective strategy to trap him. " After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Huang Chao Uprising was defined as "Peasant Uprising".