Father Ma incident, also known as "Xilin religious case", is one of the excuses for France to launch the second opium war. 1853 (the third year of Xianfeng reign in Qing dynasty), a French Catholic priest, Male, illegally sneaked into Xilin County, Guangxi, China, and put on a religious cloak to commit aggression.

1856 (in the sixth year of Qing Xianfeng), Zhang Mingfeng of Xilin County arrested 26 people, including Malai and illegal believers, and sentenced them to death according to law, and the rest were punished according to their crimes.

The French government used this as an excuse to provoke the war of aggression against China. 1857 United Britain to send troops to invade China.

2. The Taiping Army broke the Jiangnan camp for the first time.

1On the morning of June 20th, 856, Taiping Army launched a general attack. The Taiping rebels in the direction of Xianhemen went out and surrounded the enemy camp. On the other hand, 2000 or 3000 Taiping troops crossed Zijinshan and went straight to the camp from the back road.

At the same time, thousands of people were sent out of Tongjimen, Tianjing City, and headed for the Seven Bridges urn. Xiang Rong personally led 1200 brave soldiers to the Seven Bridges urn, which was called resistance, but in fact it was to prepare for escape.

At this time, four or five thousand Taiping rebels came down from Linggu Temple on Purple Mountain, broke through the camp of Manchu cavalry and set fire to it. At the same time, the Taiping rebels in Hongwu (now Guanghuamen) and Chaoyang (now Zhongshan Gate) also attacked separately, connecting more than 20 Qing army camps and then breaking through the Xiaoling Wei camp.

The Qing army was wiped out, and more than a thousand people were killed or injured below the lieutenant. He Zhang attacked chunhua town overnight and fled to Danyang on 2 1 via Jurong. At this point, the Jiangnan camp of the Qing army, which threatened Tianjing for three years, was completely destroyed by the Taiping Army.

3. Tianjing incident

The Tianjing incident was an open split between the leading groups of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom in 1856.

However, after the capital was Tianjing, the rift between the main leaders of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom became more and more serious, and Yang, Wei Changhui and Shi Dakai each formed their own power groups to fight for power and profit.

East Wang Yang mastered most of the military and political power, and his arrogant and overbearing style expanded his contradictions with Hong Xiuquan, Wei Changhui, Shi Dakai and Qin Rigang.

1856, after the collapse of Jiangnan Daying in August and September, Yang even forced the heavenly king Hong Xiuquan to go to Dongjiafeng for long live. Hong Xiuquan ordered Wei Changhui and Shi Dakai to go back to the headquarters to deal with Yang.

After receiving the order, Wei Changhui immediately led his troops back to Tianjing, surrounded Dongdong, so as to kill Yang and his family, create a massacre in Tianjing, implement a reign of terror, and kill Yang's whole family. Shi Dakai fled to Anqing.

Wei Changhui's massacre and tyranny aroused the anger of Tianjing soldiers, and Shi Dakai also demanded that Hong Xiuquan punish Wei Changhui. Hong Xiuquan executed Wei Changhui and more than 200 of his confidants in early October of 165438. ?

165438+ At the end of October, Shi Dakai returned to Tianjing, and Hong Xiuquan put him in charge of government affairs. But he was suspicious, made his brother king, and held Shi Dakai in check everywhere. 1In June, 857, Shi Dakai led the troops to flee.1In May, 863, he was surrounded by the Qing army and was completely annihilated.

The Tianjing Rebellion weakened the Taiping Army and lost the favorable opportunity to attack the enemy, which was the turning point of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom from prosperity to decline.

4. The Second Opium War

The Second Opium War was a war of aggression against China jointly launched by Britain and France with the support of Russia and the United States. In order to further open the China market and expand the interests of aggression in China, Britain and France used the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement in China as an excuse to jointly attack the Qing government under the pretext of Yarrow Incident and Ma Fu Incident.

Because Britain and France launched wars under the pretext of Yarrow Incident and Father Ma Incident respectively, they were called "Yarrow War" by the British.

At the same time, because this war can be regarded as the continuation of the first opium war (that is, the opium war, as opposed to the second), it is also called the "second opium war".

1860, British and French troops invaded Beijing, and the Qing emperor fled to Chengde. British and French troops invaded Yuanmingyuan, plundered jewels and burned them.

After Russia sent troops to participate in the war, it claimed that "mediation was successful" and coerced the Qing government to cede more than 6.5438+0.5 million square kilometers of territory, becoming the biggest winner. The war ended with the Qing government being forced to sign the Beijing Treaty.

The Second Opium War forced the Qing government to successively sign the Tianjin Treaty, the Beijing Treaty, the Sino-Russian Aihui Treaty and other peace treaties, and the invasion of foreign powers deepened.

As a result, China lost 1.5 million square kilometers in the northeast and northwest. After the war, the Qing government was able to concentrate on suppressing the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and maintaining its rule.

Hong Xiuquan executed Wei Changhui in a letter.

After Shi Dakai fled to Anqing, he set out to kill Wei Changhui. Hong Xiuquan saw the situation expanding at this time, and his indiscriminate killing of innocent people has caused great dissatisfaction among the soldiers and civilians in Tianjing. He and Shi Dakai implored the Great King Wei to stop the indiscriminate killing of Wei Changhui.

With the support of Tianjing soldiers and civilians, Hong Xiuquan killed Wei Changhui and Qin Rigang. 1856165438+1October, Hong Xiuquan ordered the execution of Wei Changhui. Wei Changhui was dismembered at the age of 3/kloc-0.

Baidu Encyclopedia-1856