In the process of Yangzhou jade carving in Han Dynasty, the economic and political changes further developed. After 1949, many cultural relics of the Han Dynasty were unearthed in Yangzhou. In the Han Dynasty, from the development of small works, from the development of decorative bracelets and Yuhuan County, Yudie was bisexual and alive. Yangzhou 1980, the cultural relics unearthed from the Tianshan tomb in Xishi, northwest gaoyou lake, include fish circle, Wang Bi-mi, large diameter 2 1.8 cm, positive and negative spiral patterns, and a shallow jade carving with exquisite patterns. The diameter of the Imperial Garden is 13.4 cm, and the carving pattern is also spiral. Its carving style is very local. During the Western Han Dynasty, the tomb of King Liu's son was called the tomb of Liu Xu's 64-year rule. These completely unearthed jade articles and the level and development of Yangzhou jade carving in Han Dynasty.
Thousands of kilometers of canals were dug in the Tang Dynasty, which is navigable and located at the intersection of the new canal, the Yangtze River and Yangzhou. It has become the choke point of north-south traffic, and naturally becomes one of the main ports of China's foreign trade. The economy is prosperous, and all industries are prosperous. There is a historical record of "between the Yangtze River and Tuihe River, Guangling Town and Prosperity". Jade carving and handicrafts in Yangzhou flourished in the Tang Dynasty, which was a new development at that time. On the one hand, the architectural decoration of the exhibition hall of the noble giants shows off wealth, but who is this so-called "jade carving household"? On the other hand, in the trend of small jade accessories, Yangzhou jade and jade carving skills have also begun to communicate with the outside world. During the Tianbao period (753), daming temple hated Jian Zhen's guts and went to Japan to teach Yangzhou and as many as 185 jade painters to carve rosewood and embroider. It can be seen that Yangzhou jade carving was in its heyday in the Tang Dynasty.
In the Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties, the jade furnishings in Yangzhou developed to an increasingly rich variety, and the hollowing out and round carving techniques of flower and bird bottles also began in the Song Dynasty. In the Qing Dynasty, Xie Kun introduced his existence: Kang Shanjiang's family witnessed the exquisite jade pagoda made in Yangzhou in the Song Dynasty. He said: "It is absolutely indifferent to a pile of rice remnants, which are all described in Chuncaotang's works", while the tower of Song Yuling Tower is white. Seven inches tall. Seven, six-sided system, covering all aspects ... All the top hexagons of the small cable chain system have never been hindered, said Mo Nengxin, the seven wonders. "Yangzhou jade carving skills and chain making skills can be seen from this vivid description, which shows the great progress. In the Yuan Dynasty, Yangzhou jade furniture supplies became more and more thrifty, and artists began to make "mountain carvings" with natural materials.
Now, Yangzhou Museum is located in a single fan with the production performance of carving white jade at the end of Yuan Dynasty, such as "The Story of Seven Sages in Bamboo Forest" and simple carving in Tushan. It can be said that it is an early work carved by Zi Shan in Yangzhou. Ming dynasty. Yangzhou jade began to form a beautiful and elegant style. Yangzhou Museum has preserved the product "Hexagon Lotus Jade Pot" in the middle of Ming Dynasty, and the "Chi Pan White Cup" is sleek and finely cut, which is worthy of praise. By the end of Ming Dynasty, the style of Yangzhou jade carving in Zi Shan had a new and complicated craft. Later, Yangzhou was preparing for the difficult skills of making large-scale Yushan.
Yangzhou jade carving technology developed to the middle of Qing Dynasty, and it can be said that all products can reach a higher artistic level than before, especially in Qianlong period, when it entered its heyday, Yangzhou became the main distribution center for jade and jadeite, unless producers. Si Long Jade Bureau, a large number of large furniture jade appeared in the Qing court, and the court paid tribute to jade every year. For example, the famous Bai Ruyi and Hetian Jade made by Yang Zhi are spotless and greasy, contributing to the Eighth National Congress of Yangzhou. Every year, they send a large number of hospital furniture to the palace or the theme as a reward is "Imperial Products".
At present, the Qing collection in the Palace Museum in Beijing weighs 1,000 kilograms and 10,000 kilograms, which is close to the jade carving artist Dayu in Yangzhou. Most companies can see it. In the Qing Dynasty, Yangzhou jade wares had high skill and artistic level, large production scale and many skilled craftsmen. In fact, this is unprecedented. The production and synthesis of these large-scale jade articles show solemn, concise and powerful characteristics, which are in sharp contrast with the elegant and beautiful characteristics of Yangzhou and small-scale jade articles. The artistic style of Yangzhou jade "South Show and North Show" has a great influence.
In 1950s, Yangzhou jade carving industry began to recover, which is the main producing area of modern jade in China. From the technical strength of variety shows, it ranks among the best in the same industry, and has won many gold cups, silver cups and treasure prizes, and won many national quality awards. At present, there are China Arts and Crafts Masters, Jiangsu Arts and Crafts Celebrities, 15, 72 senior artists and other professional and technical personnel in Yangzhou. Over the past decades, Yangzhou jade products have emerged in an endless stream, and outstanding works have emerged in an endless stream, retaining the round and simple style and beautiful scenery of traditional jade, which is a good representative of modern jade in China.
Yangzhou jade, comprehensively inherit and develop traditional fine craftsmanship. Tree artists have designed a large number of smooth and delicate jade articles, and the artistic level of cutting is still in the forefront, and their products enjoy a high reputation in the international market. Furnace bottle. Yangzhou jade, carved figures, flowers and birds, animals, antiques and hawthorn are six categories with complete colors. "Carving White Jade Pagoda Furnace" held the 198 1 year national jade appraisal exhibition in Tokyo and Nagoya in the early 1970s, which was highly appreciated by people from all walks of life in Japan. 1986 is cut into "White Jade Five-element Pagoda, the main tower has seven octahedrons, 105 cm high and 32 cm wide, with eight jade chains, and 440 circles of chains connect the four pagodas from all directions to form a group, which is a rare masterpiece of ancient jade pagodas; In the same year, "Yushan", a magnificent landscape, crossed 120 cm high, 90 cm wide and weighed 1000 kilograms. With famous stone carvings as the theme, Leshan Giant Buddha, Dazu Giant Buddha, Longmen Giant Buddha and Yungang Giant Buddha are brought together, forming a profound fairyland in Mi Fei. When the exhibition caused a sensation, the reporter's share capital was announced and highly praised by Hong Kong newspapers. In the following 200 years, this Jasper Mountain was proposed to rule the Qing Dynasty of Qianlong Emperor, and China Dayu Water Control Map was the only jade treasure, which fully reflected the new level of jade carving skills in China. The sapphire "Bai Shou Ru Yi" used in 1989 was cut into Bai Yushan terracotta country and eggshell by the state in 65439. China Arts and Crafts Treasures Jade Museum has passed the national evaluation and is now on display.
For a long time, people regarded jade as a treasure. It is a solid, meticulous, rough, comprehensive, smooth and beautiful anti-transmission art, or as a family heirloom, with high economic value. Jade carving technology in China has a long history, which is about 6000 years according to research. As early as the Neolithic Age, our ancestors used miscellaneous stones and beautiful jade to identify utensils.
During the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, Zhuo had the skill of gradually cutting barbarians. In the process of making, people who don't know already know how to use beautiful colors to increase aesthetic objects. The use of jade has gradually expanded, and it has been cut into ritual vessels, musical instruments and various decorations to be enshrined in temples or worn on people. In terms of sacrifice, Zhilian applied for alliance, even if the two armies confronted each other, jade should be used as a token in peacetime, which is called "turning arms into jade". In the slave society, jade has become a symbol of the noble status, power and wealth of kings and nobles, forming the ethos that "a gentleman must wear jade". Feudal society was particularly popular. Qin Shihuang is the largest jade material, cut into six engravings and named it Yuxi. Since then, there has been a decree, as one of the symbols of the supreme power of the feudal dynasty. At the same time, ancient jade is a symbol of nobility, purity, goodwill and auspiciousness.
The ancients said: "A gentleman is more beautiful than jade, moist and gentle, and he is kind to millet. It is also called benevolence and righteousness, hanging like a pendant, courtesy and righteousness. " Everyone is in Guangdong, and so are the channels. "Throughout the ages, many beautiful languages? It is no accident that jade is often contacted in literary works. Chinese jade, as the product of material civilization and spiritual civilization construction, has been the real perfection and beauty of human beings for thousands of years, and is known as the "oriental art" for its excellent technology and beautiful shape. The jade carving technology in Yangzhou, a famous historical and cultural city, is one of the important sources of jade in China, which can be traced back to ancient times. The existing jade making technology is in the Xia Dynasty in Yangzhou.
[Jade]
Hetian jade
Distributed in Hotan-Yutian Qiemo, shache-Tashkurgan, northern slope of Kunlun Mountain 1500 km, * * * has nine origins. Hetian jade is mainly composed of tremolite-actinolite, accompanied by trace tremolite, serpentine, graphite, magnets and other minerals, forming white, turquoise, black, yellow and other colors. Most jade, some variegated. Jade is translucent, has a resin luster after polishing, and its hardness ranges from 5.5 degrees to 6.4 degrees. Hetian jade is a rock with an altitude of more than 3500 meters and 5000 meters. The long-term solution of differentiation and stripping is to break into pieces of different sizes, collapse on the hillside, and then ripen into rivers with rain. After drying in autumn, the collected jade pieces are called seed jade in the river bed, and the mountain materials are mined in the rocks. Times and Hetian jade, the earliest jade, came from Fu Hao's tomb in Yin Ruins. Hetian jade gradually became the main material for cultivating talents and mining mountain materials in the Spring and Autumn Period, which began in the Qing Dynasty. During Zhuo's reign, Dayu, the emperor of Qing Qianlong, was in charge of water control in Yushan, and the former price of Qing jade was 65,438+00007, that is, the collection system was strictly collected in the mountain.
Yellow and
According to the purity, color and texture of Hetian jade, the main varieties are:
& lt/① White jade: The stone is shining, and more than 95% pure white color, texture, delicacy and luster moisten the fine varieties of Hetian jade. During the period of economic prosperity, several jades in Han, Song and Qing dynasties paid great attention to the selection of high-quality white jade, which was often re-carved.
(2) Sheep fat: high-grade white jade, fine and pure in texture, with stone content as high as 99% in an instant, with the same weight of hoarfrost and delicate luster of jade, and its economic value is several times that of jade. The Han Dynasty, the Song Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty all admired sheep fat.
③ Qingtian jade: There is no obvious difference in the quality of white jade, only the black is slightly green, and the economic value of white jade and Hetian jade is slightly lower than that of white jade.
(4) Sapphire, light cyan, green, gray and white, is called sapphire, with uniform color and delicate texture, equipped with a flashlight, and 89% of passing stones and 6% of actinolite are oily luster, which is rich in reserves. They are varieties of ancient jade collected or mined.
⑤ Topaz: It is basically white and yellow, which is the gap formed by the long-term infiltration of iron oxide into surface water. Naming is based on the color: beeswax yellow, chestnut color, okra yellow, yellow yellow, yellow yellow, and the change of egg yolk. It is extremely rare that the color is thick waxy yellow, yellow and chestnut, and its value can reach sheep fat. Topaz was homophonic "empire" in Qing dynasty, and it was rare, and its economic value once exceeded sheep fat.
⑥ Tang Yu: Iron oxide permeates the stone or red shell in different shades. The crimson "Tang Yu, tiger skin jade" and white pink are called "flashing pink jade". Sugar jade is often made of white jade, which can be made into beautiful colored jade or jadeite. The carved seed material of the sugar jade skin of the snuff bottle is hollow, and the "gold and silver package" is also diffused. Mo Yu ⑦: The stone is sandwiched with graphite, and the magnet is black. Ink jade is mostly gray or gray-ink black stripes, which shapes the flash in life. "Dark clouds, light ink and golden sable must be the beauty of thick black spots. The value of pure lacquer ink is higher than that of other black jade varieties. The jet is waxy and uneven in color, so it is not suitable for carving. Most ships are inlaid with gold and silver thread.
⑧ Jasper: produced in Junggar jade mine, known as "Tianshan Jasper is grayish green, dark green, dark green and pure dark green. In a folder, there are spots, black spots, or jasper with poor quality. More than 85% of the stones are translucent, delicate in texture and shiny in oil, which belongs to intermediate jade.
The hill
Dushan jade, dushan jade and Nanyang, Henan are also called "Nanyang Jade" or "Henan Jade" and "Duyu".
As early as 6,000 years ago, the ancients mined dushan jade, and there were many dushan jade products in the Yinxu of Anyang. Jade was unearthed in the tomb of the Western Han Dynasty, he said, dushan jade Mountain.
turquoise
Turquoise, also known as "emerald", is a blue jade material. Jade varieties, which are especially popular in the southwestern United States and the Muslim world. The custom of 65438+ February birthstone symbolizes the victory and success of the world. Emerald crystals are very small, waxy and opaque. Most of them are sky blue, dark blue, green, blue, green and white, with uniform colors, usually with white stripes, spots or dark brown lines. Turquoise is mainly used for making rings, earrings, pendants or carving Buddha statues, fairies, landscapes, flowers and other works.
In addition to the four famous jade mentioned above, there are many kinds of jade in China, but most of them belong to low-grade jade. ....../a & gt；
agate
The word agate comes from Buddhist scriptures, and its grain color is like agate. Agate is widely distributed, with the reputation of Liaoning, Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Hubei, Xinjiang, Jiangsu and Liaoning Fuxin Agate City, almost all provinces and regions have major producing areas.
Pure agate has white, red, gray, brown, blue, green and other colors, and often contains pigment ions or other impurities. Red and white agates are dazzling in color, and white agates are extremely beautiful in color, and they are generally surrounded by rings, such as endless belts, which are called chalcedony files.
The varieties of agate and chalcedony mainly include the following points:
A) Onyx: Very fine linear parallel pattern, which is the most precious red onyx variety.
B) water bile agate: natural agate, a medium-empty water tank "called" water bile agate water tank can be divided into a number of "organs" and "gall" bold water, with high transparency, good jade quality and preciousness.
C) The agate ring is called "agate" because of its red luster.
D) East red agate: Japanese red agate.
E) chrysotile: pink and green, around.
F) agate color: surrounded by red
G) Jasper: chalcedony of various colors, such as red, khaki and gray. , the composition is not pure, the color is divided into "ruby" and "green jasper stone".
plum blossom jade
In Ruyang County, Henan Province, also known as "Yuzhou Jade", beautiful plum blossom patterns or other patterns are vividly presented, hence the name. Secret jade, black, brown, red and gray background, black background is better, plum blossom pattern color is red, green and white, on the black background, at the same time, multi-color plum blossom jade boutique.
Qinghai jade
In Qinghai, hence the name. Beautiful appearance, the color is white or light gray with green logo, and the appearance of jade is more delicate and transparent. Jade is similar to illegal traders pretending to be jade.
Lapis lazuli/lapis lazuli
Celestite, sodium, calcium aluminum silicate minerals are dark blue, sky blue or purple blue, opaque as jade, with glass luster and hardness of 5-6. Lapis lazuli is often used to make Buddha statues, beads, snuff bottles, bottles, clocks, ornaments and so on. Ithaca can also be used as a ring surface. Lapis lazuli is bright blue in color and pure in quality, containing a small amount of pyrite and high-grade Venus.
Ross Shi Ying
Hibiscus, also known as "Rose Yingshi, Rose Yingshi and Changnanyu", is a pink translucent to transparent seasonal block with glass luster or oily luster, and its hardness is distributed in Xinjiang, Yunnan and Inner Mongolia. The high-quality hibiscus produced in Brazil is mainly used for cutting and polishing, necklaces, hearts and trinkets. The color of hibiscus flowers is deeper, and the darker pink is closer to white light, the better, and pink is the least.
Ma Laiyu
/& gt； Produced in Malaysia, it is a kind of dyed quartzite dyed green, with glass luster, hardness of 7, green appearance and high transparency. Malaysia is rich in raw materials and low in added value, which is suitable for producing some low-grade accessories.
Dongling
Produced in India, it is a kind of green chromite-mica quartzite, slightly transparent-translucent jade. Like stars, there are very beautiful varieties of high-quality quartzite jade scattered in green scales, which are mainly used to make beaded necklaces and other ornaments.
Mimi jade
Produced in Mixian County, Henan Province, hence the name. , also known as Henan jade. White translucent color-light green, used as jade materials, mostly dyed, mainly apple green and orange red, green is even more amazing, mainly used to make jewelry or decorations, low-grade jade materials.
BR p> your Cui
Produced in Guizhou, hence the name. Also known as Guizhou jade, the color is light green and glassy, but it is not pure impurities, such as low-quality jade, which is a low-grade jade material.
Beijing White
In the suburbs of Beijing, hence the name. Jade products with fine texture, uniform white, greasy and smooth, and crystal clear are favored by jade species.
Mubianshi
It looks like dense and hard wood, hence its name. Emerald hardness 7. Yellow-brown, cinnamon, purple, blue, blue-green, blue-gray and other colors, including yellow cat's eye effect, are called eagle eye stones, brown and blue, and eagle eye stones have the highest value. High-quality eagle-eye sapphire is mainly used to make bracelets, and the ring surface is called zebra tiger eye stone, tiger eye stone. Cat's eye effect is mainly used to make bracelet beads and necklace beads, egg-shaped torus made of large particles, but the cat's eye is rigid, and this value is not high.
blue sky
In Lantian, its name. Lantian jade, one of the ancient blue-sky jade, has fine texture, hardness of 4 and good machinability. The high-quality jade pillow produced has two colors of beige and apple green, fitness balls and wine sets, which is a popular low-grade jade.
Lingbi jade
One of the traditional famous jade in the history of China, there are many varieties. The most famous is the Hongan Huiluo, and the hardness of the gray Anhui ruby is 3, which is produced in Lingbi County, Anhui Province, hence the name. 4, people with low hardness, suitable for flowers, figures and animals and other handicrafts after production and processing, polished smooth and shiny.
Baiyunyu
Produced in Baiyun Obo, Inner Mongolia, hence the name, also known as Baiyun Obo Jade, also known as Baiyun Obo Jade, with delicate texture. The white clouds with good processing performance and high quality are grayish green when flashing a gorgeous "golden thread" or "golden star" effect, which is suitable for making ink stones, pen containers, stationery and other handicrafts.
Baiheyu
In Hefeng County, Hubei Province, also known as "Wuhuashi", the processed texture is exquisite and beautiful, the pattern is clear, round, conical, long, green in color, cream in color and ruddy in fruit color. The production process has high artistic value.
Malachite is similar to the tail feather of emerald peacock, hence the name. It is glassy and slightly transparent. It is low-grade jade with high quality, necklaces, rings, hearts and other accessories, but there are also a few with bright colors and strange structures, which are valuable and quite expensive.
Wulanchui
In Wulan County, Qinghai Province, it is named after its green color. Gray-green, with different degrees of darkness, such as green and emerald green to dark green jade white with dots. Wulanchui has a high hardness of 6-7, oily luster, slightly transparent to translucent. It is often used to make bracelets, face-lifting jade cabbages, and other small ornaments. It belongs to low-grade jade with poor luster and poor processability.
Category [jade]
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Yu Li
Etiquette jadeite was used for religious sacrifices and national ceremonies in ancient times. According to Zhou Li, there are six offerings to Bi, Cong, Gui, Hu.
① Two-way.
Bi-directional center hole is round and flat. Ancient rituals, these cultural relics can be linked with the spirit of ancestors. Besides being a sacrifice, it can also be used for decoration and auspiciousness, so as to capture Liangzhu culture in the Neolithic Age. The spring and autumn semester is quite good. Jade funerary objects often unearthed in Han tombs and Bi tombs are carved more and more finely.
② Jade Cong
The excircle of the jade cong is a cylindrical tubular jade. The radius of the cluster says that heaven, ancient cosmology, square clusters dedicated to God's land and sky can also be used to pray for good luck. In the Liangzhu culture of the Neolithic Age, jade cong appeared the most developed, and some of them were engraved with animal cotton patterns. From the glorious period of Yu Cong, Han Yu Cong and foreign short columns with inner rings became decorative and funeral utensils without decoration.
(3) Yugui
Yugui is a triangle or straight jade with an ancient jade as a rectangle. Gui is located in the festival of the gods, but also for the difference of levels and the function. During the Warring States Period, Yugui and yu zhang were the most popular, followed by Song Dynasty to Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty.
(4) Yu Zha, uh-huh
I am a flat rectangular object with a spiral blade at one end, and the shape is half a ghost valley tea. It first appeared in Longshan culture and prevailed in Shang and Zhou Dynasties. In Zhang Gui, the distortion of the direction of a ceremony and the difference between Spring and Autumn are often rare.
⑤ Huang Yu
Jade yellow mud is curved jade. Korean is "half of Yuan Yu's, but generally the jade Huang unearthed is only one-third of the two-way size, with arc holes at both ends, which often leads to a wearable grave", said Pei Huang.
⑥ Yuhu
Henan Opera is a kind of jade with tiger patterns or shapes, which is common from Shang Dynasty to Han Dynasty.
Bury jade
In ancient China, it was believed that institutions could be protected in order to bury jade. The jade burial ceremony is specially made to protect the jade, jade clothes, Han Yu, jade grip and nine-hole jade plug buried with him.
① Jade clothes
Jade clothes, also known as "Stephane", "Jade is in charge, and the falling thread wears the corpse to cover the jade piece. According to legend, the corpse can be preserved by antisepsis, and it can be divided into gold thread jade clothes, copper wire jade clothes and silver stock jade clothes.
② Han Yu
Han Yu, also known as "Hanyu", is recorded in the mouths of Yuchan, Jade Silkworm, jade fish, Jade Tube Supplier Zhou Yuhan Hanyu, Warring States Jade Pig, Jade Dog, Jade Cattle, jade fish, etc. Any small piece of jade can be used as a cicada widely used by Han people after the Han Dynasty to make the early Ming Tombs, which shows Xiao Er's claim to Yuhan.
③ Jade grip
Also known as "holding jade", it is a common kind of jade burial in the hands of Han people. Pig-shaped "Jade Dolphin" Juan-shaped Yu Pei is held, sometimes regarded as a jade holding (4) nine-trick jade plug.
The nine skills of the packer, including ears, eyes and double nostrils, are to protect the body and prevent the escape of essence.
jade pendant
Wearing jade refers to individuals who wear all kinds of jade, which is characterized by small individuals and most of them can wear holes. There are many kinds of jade, including hair, jade bracelets, jade pieces and jade belt hooks. Wear several groups and hang them separately.
/& gt； Earrings are shaped like jade ornaments, but there is a certain gap. Jade wares of Shang Dynasty with multiple optical elements in Neolithic Age often have no dragon pattern, but are opposite to each other. Jade articles carved with many oblique knives in the Western Zhou Dynasty, such as dragon pattern, moire pattern and bird pattern, were unearthed in the Spring and Autumn Period of the Warring States Period.
bracelet
Bracelets are out of fashion. Since ancient times, it has been relatively small, with a diameter of 2-5 cm. A basic person's wrist saw the unearthed jade bracelet of Dawenkou culture in Neolithic cemetery, which was round, oblate in the Spring and Autumn Period, gold-plated bracelet in the Tang Dynasty, developed cylindrical ring of Song bracelet, and plain inner tube with no pattern, which was more common in the decoration of bracelets in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, such as combination beads, rope patterns and bamboo patterns.
David Yu
A slightly curved cone was originally portable. It became a tool to untie accessories, and later it was said to be a symbol of adults. From the Neolithic Age to the Han Dynasty, the age was not bad, but it has never been seen since the Han Dynasty.
Emerald ta
Jade, commonly known as "cylindrical sleeve finger pull", is designed for hooking early household appliances with the thumb and wearing it when archery. As early as the Shang Dynasty to the Han Dynasty, it gradually became a new ornament that lost its practical function. From the Song Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, the imitation of Han-shaped Yu Pei was slightly exclusive, with different shapes and ornamentation.