On the Relationship between Zhuangzi and Keiko 1 Zhuang Hui was in the middle of the Warring States Period, and there were many different ideas. According to relevant information, Keiko is older than Zhuangzi, and Keiko belongs to the upper class, and the official is the king. He stayed in phase for more than 30 years and won the trust of Wei Huiwang. Theoretically, Zhuang Hui and his wife can't be together, but in fact, they just have a deep friendship. This shows two points: first, Zhuangzi is really magical, otherwise Keiko can't bend down and intersect with it; Second, Keiko is loyal and friendly. According to "Zhuangzi Tianxia", "Keiko has many faces, and his books are five cars ... Hui Shi regards this as a major event, knowing the debaters in the world and enjoying them."
Ideologically, they often argue endlessly because of their different views. Zhuang Hui's debate is a happy ending for a hundred schools of thought to contend. Zhuang Hui is both contradictory and complementary, and their thoughts are opposite to each other, inspiring and sublimating each other, forming their own distinct ideological systems. Of course, the biggest beneficiary of Zhuang Hui's argument is Zhuangzi. Zhuangzi got a lot of inspiration from it and constantly improved his thoughts, which was systematically reflected in Zhuangzi. At the same time, Zhuangzi is worthy of his friend, and many of Keiko's thoughts are recorded in Zhuangzi, which can be circulated and even get a clear outline.
Today, let's try to make it clear that Zhuang Hui's friendship is due to their mutual trust and respect for each other's virtues. Zhuangzi is rare and has a high vision. If Keiko is not easy-going and doesn't put on airs, I'm afraid no matter how hard she tries, she is unlikely to be harmonious. Another reason is that Keiko was expelled from Wei Huiwang because he didn't want to die well. Without it, he was humiliated and displaced, and Zhuangzi was moved by compassion. So the distance between them is getting closer and closer, and finally they can play jokes on each other (see the story of "rotten mouse and young goose" in Zhuangzi Autumn Water). Probably influenced by Zhuangzi, Keiko turned to academic studies after losing his official position.
Zhuang Hui's argument is not all rational, with wisdom and emotion; There are criticisms and counter-criticisms; There are contradictions and integrations. There is a famous debate in Zhuangzi Qiushui:
Zhuang Hui swims on Haoliang. Zhuangzi said, "Fish swim leisurely and have fun." Keiko said, "You are not a fish. How can you know that fish are happy?" ? Zhuangzi said, "You are not me. How do you know that I don't know that fish are happy?" " ? " Keiko said: "I am not a son, I really don't know my son;" Zigu is not a fish, but I don't know the joy of fish! " Zhuangzi said, "Please follow its source. Confucius said,' You know a lot about fish.' If you know what I know, ask me. I know it very well. "
This debate makes us feel that the question of whether the cognitive scope of the ancients is limited or infinite has long been involved. This boundary is the relationship between relative and absolute. Such a debate has entered the category of philosophy, and even gives people an inscrutable feeling. Who made Zhuangzi enter the inscrutable realm? This is of course inseparable from Keiko's argument.
The friendship between Zhuang and Hui is based on the dispute between Zhuang and Hui. Looking at the beginning and end of this debate, it shows that the friendship between Zhuang Hui is rare. Today, I feel that there is no such good atmosphere at present. People either flatter each other, abuse each other, or even punch and kick each other. Literary criticism can't escape the temporary bad habits, let alone academic exchanges and debates. I am probably an imaginary retro, eager to go back to the past, but I know that it is absolutely impossible.
On the Relationship between Zhuangzi and Keiko II. Zhuangzi has a broad mind and regards wealth as a lost treasure. Its superb interest in life naturally transcends the crowd and the community. It is no wonder that in his eyes, "the world is heavy and turbid, and he does not talk to Zhuang." In this case, we have to "communicate with the spirit of heaven and earth alone". It's really not easy for a talented person like Zhuangzi to find one or two confidants. I'm afraid there won't be any other friends besides Keiko. They are all argumentative essays, and their eloquence is extremely sharp; They are also very knowledgeable and have a strong passion for exploring knowledge.
Keiko likes to talk under the tree, and when he is tired, he lies down on the piano ("singing against the tree, dying by plane"). Zhuangzi doesn't like it, but he is often dragged by Keiko to talk and study under the buttonwood tree ("Keiko's plane is also ..."), or go for a walk in the fields. One of the most famous arguments in history was caused by their walking:
Zhuangzi and Keiko are playing on the bridge of Haoshui. Zhuangzi said: "It is the happiness of the fish to swim leisurely!" Keiko asked, "If you are not a fish, how do you know that fish is happy?" Zhuangzi replied, "If you are not me, how do you know that I don't know the happiness of fish?" Keiko argued: "I am not you, although I don't know you;" Since you are not a fish, obviously you don't know the happiness of fish. " Zhuangzi replied, "Please start from the beginning! When you say,' How do you know that fish are happy', you know what I mean and ask me, then I can know the happiness of fish on the good water bridge. " (Qiushui) Comments: Zhuangzi's and Laozi's thoughts merged into "Laozi's philosophy", which shows Zhuangzi's high position in the history of China's thoughts. But in this argument, Zhuangzi made an important mistake. After Keiko refuted according to Zhuangzi's logical analogy, Zhuangzi remembered to directly refute the topic at the beginning, proving that Zhuangzi did something wrong and Zhuangzi's rebuttal was invalid, that is, Zhuangzi remembered to directly refute at the beginning after his own rebuttal was invalid. So, on the whole, in this debate, it can't be said that Zhuangzi won, and Zhuangzi tied Keiko at most.
Zhuangzi's understanding of the outside world often takes an ornamental attitude. He often exerts his subjective feelings on external objects, thus producing empathy. Keiko, on the other hand, only analyzes the reality in a rational sense from the standpoint of analysis. So he will naturally doubt Zhuangzi's so-called "truth".
In the argument between Zhuangzi and Keiko, from the perspective of "cognitive activities", their arguments never met; If you look at the beauty, pleasure and affection of a thing, it doesn't matter what they say. Only in different positions and realms, an assertion ("knowing the joy of fish") and a doubt ("since you are not a fish, obviously you don't know the joy of fish!" Their cognitive attitudes are significantly different; Zhuangzi emphasized aesthetics, while Keiko emphasized epistemological judgment. This different cognitive attitude is due to their different personalities; Zhuangzi has the style of an artist, while Keiko has the personality of a logician.
Because of their different personalities, Zhuangzi and Keiko have different basic positions, which leads to two opposing ideas ── one is to be detached from things, but return to things themselves to appreciate their beauty; A kind of solipsism, that is, people will never know the mentality of a third party anyway.
Zhuangzi and Keiko often bicker when discussing problems because of their different basic views, but Keiko always seems to be praised. In "Happy Travel", Zhuangzi ridiculed Keiko for "not using big things well"; On the homology theory, he was criticized: "It's not that others have to understand it, but that they have to impose it on others, so Keiko's life is hard and white" ("If it's not so clear, ignorance will be so difficult"); "Dechongfu" also said Keiko: "You have worked hard ... and you are proud of the theory of being strong and white." These criticisms, Zhuangzi is standing on his own philosophical point of view, and his greatest intention is to express himself through Keiko.
In addition, it is recorded in Autumn Water that Zhuangzi went to see Keiko when he was Prime Minister Liang, and it is rumored that Zhuangzi came to replace Keiko. Keiko panicked and sent someone to search Zhuangzi for three days and three nights in Beijing. Later, Zhuangzi went to see Keiko and told him a fable, comparing his appearance to that of an owl who thought he was beautiful because he had a rotten mouse. I'm afraid this story is the cover of his students, but Zhuangzi and Keiko do have a great distance in real life; Being in the ruling class, Keiko is inevitably tainted with bureaucracy. Of course, he is very contemptuous of Zhuangzi who is "not for ambition, not for poverty". It is said that Keiko passed by Zhu Meng, riding a hundred cars behind him, with great momentum. When Zhuangzi saw it, he even caught too many fish and threw them back into the water. ("Huainan Ziqi Su Xun")
The two of them, although there is a distance in real life, are also diametrically opposed in academic concepts, but in friendship, Keiko is indeed the only friend in Zhuangzi's life. This can be seen from a memorial of Zhuangzi after Keiko's death:
After passing Keiko's grave, Zhuangzi turned to his entourage and said, "The Ying people of the State of Chu pinched the white stone, and a drop of sludge the size of a fly's wing was splashed on the tip of his nose. He asked a craftsman to cut it for him. The craftsman waved his axe, whizzed it down with his hand, completely removed the mud drops, and his nose was intact, so he stood still. When Song heard about this, he called the craftsman and said, "Give me a try." The stonemason said,' I used to be able to cut, but my opponent is dead!' Since Mr. Wang died, I have no rivals, and I have no one to talk to! "("Wu Xu Gui ")
After Keiko's death, Zhuangzi couldn't find anyone to talk to. In this short fable, pure and sincere feelings are revealed. It's a genius to set up this funny fable to compare his friendship with the dead, Zhuangzi.
On the relationship between Zhuangzi and Keiko. 3. Zhuangzi's life and legend.
The Warring States period was an era of great ideological liberation and academic development in ancient China. Among the brilliant stars like a cloud, there is a great thinker Zhuang Zhou, known by the world as Zhuangzi, a Taoist master in the middle of the Warring States Period. He was born in about 369 BC (the seventh year of the reign of King Zhou) and died in about 286 BC (the twenty-ninth year), roughly at the same time as Mencius (about 372-289 BC) and Qu Yuan (about 340-278 BC). Unfortunately, there are few records about his life story in ancient literature. According to the records and anecdotes in Historical Records and Lao Zi Han Fei Zhuangzi Biography, we only know that he was from Mongolia in Song Dynasty (now the northeast of Shangqiu City, Henan Province) and worked as a small official in Monti's lacquer garden for a short time. He came from a poor family, lived in a narrow alley and made a living by weaving straw sandals. He is sallow and emaciated with hunger, and sometimes he has to borrow rice from others for emergencies.
He was knowledgeable, studied all the academic schools at that time, and had his own views, and analyzed and criticized all the schools. It is said that when Chu Weiwang heard that he had received higher education, he sent an emissary, with a generous gift, and asked him to be the minister of the country. He laughed and said to the messenger, "A thousand dollars is really a lot of money; Qing Xiang, what a noble position! But didn't you see the sacrificial cow? Feed it for a few years, then put it in a splendid appearance and bring it into the ancestral temple where the ancestors of the emperor were sacrificed. By this time, it just wants to be a pig and avoid being slaughtered, and it can't do it. Go away and don't insult me. I would rather be happy in the mud pond like a turtle than be bound by the master of a country. I will never be an official and let my heart be free and happy forever. "
His friend Hui Shi posed in Liang. One day, someone came to report: "Zhuang Zhou has arrived in Liang State and wants to take your photo." Hui Shi was so frightened that he sent people to search all over the country for three days and nights. But Zhuangzi came to see him in person, and told him a story as soon as they met, saying, "There is a kind of bird called (ten thousand birds) chick in the south, which flies from the South China Sea to the North Sea. I will fall down and rest when I meet a plane tree, eat when I find bamboo and rice, and drink when I meet Ganquan. One day, a kite was catching a dead mouse. When it saw a bird flying over it, it looked up at the bird and shouted, "drink!" " Do you still want to' drink' me with your Liang Guo? "In Zhuangzi's view, the picture is just a dead mouse, but Hui Shi holds it as tightly as a kite, for fear of being snatched away by the noble (ten thousand birds) chicks. How ridiculous and pathetic!
Zhuangzi's wife died, and Hui Shi went to offer condolences, only to find Zhuang Zhou sitting on the ground with his legs crossed, singing while knocking on the clay bowl. Hui Shi said, "Your wife has lived with you all her life, bearing children for you and raising you. Now that she's old and dead, it's enough for you not to cry, but also to knock on the basin and sing. Isn't that too much? Zhuang Zhou said, "No, it isn't. How could I not be sad when she just died? But at first I thought there was no life in the world. Not only is there no life, but there is no body; Not only does he have no body, but he doesn't even breathe. Later, in chaos, change produces venting, gas changes again to produce form, and form changes again to produce life. Now, from life to death, it is as natural as the changes of the four seasons. When a person dies, it is as safe as sleeping in a big house between heaven and earth, but I still want to cry for her. I think this is a natural change of fate that I don't know, so I stopped crying. "
When Zhuangzi was dying, his disciples wanted to give him a good burial. Zhuangzi stopped them and said, "I take heaven and earth as coffins, the sun and the moon as treasure walls, the stars as pearls, and everything as funerary objects. Is there nothing better than this? " The disciples said, "We are afraid that eagles and crows will peck you!" " Zhuangzi said, "It was eaten by eagles and crows on the ground, buried in the ground for ants to eat, and ate this with that. How can you be so eccentric! "
There are many such stories, so I won't mention them here. All these records are not necessarily facts, but they reflect Zhuang Zhou's thoughts, character and attitude. He lives in poverty, but he doesn't like powerful people, high officials and rich people, and he doesn't make mean sarcasm. He believes that birth, aging, illness and death are natural laws, life is not enough to be happy, and death is not enough to be sad. Death is just a return to nature, and death is more comfortable than life. These are all reflections of his cynical and even world-weary thoughts.
Zhuangzi Xiaoyao Tour
There is a kind of fish named Kun in Beiming. Kunda, thousands of miles away. Become a bird. Its name is Peng. Peng's back is thousands of miles away. Fly away angrily if its wings hang (hang/bound) the clouds in the sky. If it is a bird, shipping will migrate to Nanming. South ghost, Tianchi also. "Qi Xie", ambition is strange. The words in "Hehe" say: "Peng moved to Nanming, and the water hit three thousand miles. Those who climbed up (spun up) and went up (spun down) went to Wan Li, and those who went to rest in June. Wild horses, dust and creatures are blowing with interest. The sky is gray, its positive color is evil, it is far away and extremely evil, if it is, it is gone. And the product of husband's water is not thick, then the negative boat is weak. Cover the depression with a glass of water, and the mustard will sail; If you cover a cup, it's glue. Shallow water makes a big boat. The wind is not thick, and its negative wing is weak. So if you go to Wan Li for nine days, the wind will drop, and then you will mend the wind today, so that the sky will not dry up, and then you will go south today.
Fu and Xue Dui said with a smile, "I will definitely fly (xuè) and catch the elm ("grabbing the ground with my head "), but when it doesn't arrive, I will control the ground. Xi regards Wan Li as nine times, the south as "suitable for wild", and three times (the same as "rice") is the opposite. The fittest keeps food for a hundred miles; The fittest travels a thousand miles, and food gathers in March. What do you know about the second worm?
Little knowledge ("wisdom") is not as good as great knowledge, and small years are not as good as big years. I know this is a natural phenomenon, but I don't know the fate of bacteria. I don't know the spring and autumn, this is a small year. There are ghosts in southern Chu, five hundred years old is spring, and five hundred years old is autumn; In ancient times, there was a big tree, eight thousand years old was spring, and eight thousand years old was autumn, which was also a big year. Peng Zu has a long-standing reputation, and everyone is a horse. Not sad at all!
The thorn in the soup problem is also: (The thorn says: "Besides the infinite, there is also the infinite. There is a ghost sea in the poor north, and Tianchi is also. There is a kind of fish, which is thousands of miles wide. He who doesn't know his accomplishment is called Kun. There is a bird called Peng. Its back is like a mountain, and its wings are like clouds hanging in the sky. Wan Li, who rolls the horn, is absolutely unique ("Xunzi's exhortation": "Those who pretend to be boatmen should not swim." ) clouds, negative days, and then map south, but suitable for south. He laughed at me and said, "He and Shi also jumped up, but after several times, I flew between Artemisia, which also flew to the extreme." And he is also a history. This kind of small debate (through "debate") is also true.
Therefore, the husband knows the effect (giving the meaning of dedication is the same as the "effect" of "loyalty"), and the line is compared (and the meaning of harmony and obedience). The Book of Songs: "Jun is a big country and can compete with others." ) In one township, the virtue and the monarch combined to levy a country, and so did their self-care. Song still laughed: the world's reputation without persuasion, the world without love, depending on the internal and external points, fighting for the realm of honor and disgrace, has long gone forever. There are countless others in the world. Although, there are still trees. Fu Liezi rode against the wind, Ling Ran was good, ten days and five days, and then reversed. The blessed don't count. Although this is off-line, there are still things to do. It is evil for a husband to resist the debate of six qi with the meaning of heaven and earth and swim endlessly. Therefore, to a person who doesn't have himself, the God-man is useless and the sage is nameless.