First, the planning of garden selection.

Winter jujube is drought-resistant, barren-resistant, salt-alkali resistant and has strong adaptability to soil. In order to achieve the goal of high quality, high yield and high efficiency, we should choose to build gardens on deep and fertile slightly alkaline sandy soil. The planting mode of winter jujube is close planting garden, which is convenient for intensive management and obtains high benefits. The density should be 55- 1 1 1 plant per 667m2, and the plant spacing should be 2-3m×3-4m.

Second, establish a garden.

Winter jujube trees can be planted in autumn and spring. Autumn sowing is after defoliation and before winter is closed, and spring sowing is after soil thawing and before germination. When planting branches, mark the designated points according to the planned plant spacing, divide the topsoil and subsoil by planting holes with a square of 1 m, and apply 50 kg of high-quality ring fertilizer and 0.5 kg of diammonium phosphate to each hole, and mix them evenly with the topsoil. The seedlings are selected from high-quality strong seedlings which are 1-2 years old after grafting, have no pests and diseases, have developed roots, have a height of more than 120 cm, a ground diameter of more than 1 cm, and have well healed grafted parts. After planting in autumn, it is permeable to water, and before winter, a mound with a height of 20-30 cm is cultivated, young trees are dried, grass stems are tied to prevent rabbits from gnawing bark, and the mound is removed in spring, and tree trays are covered with plastic films; After planting in spring, water the trees, cover them with plastic film, and dry the young trees.

Third, the management of soil, fertilizer and water.

Management. Level the land before planting, loosen the soil after planting, and cover the whole garden with 20 cm thick wheat straw to keep soil moisture and adjust soil temperature. Fertilize. After harvesting every year, ditch and apply basic fertilizer, with 50- 100 kg of organic fertilizer per plant and 1-2 kg of special fertilizer for multi-element fruit trees. Top dressing three times a year, before germination in early April, topdressing urea 0.5- 1.0 kg or diammonium phosphate 0.3-0.7 kg per plant; At the beginning of June, topdressing fruit fertilizer, topdressing urea 0.5- 1.0 kg per plant; In the first ten days of August, topdressing human manure 15-25 kg for each expanded fruit, and adding 0.5- 1.5 kg of special fertilizer for multi-element fruit trees. Topdressing is applied in multiple holes or furrows with a depth of 65,438+00-65,438+05 cm, and the amount of fertilizer applied depends on the size of the tree and the number of fruits. Foliar spraying: from May to July, spray 0.3-0.4% urea or slight fertilizer every 15 days, spray 0.3% urea and 0.2% borax mixture in the first half of June, and spray 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate 3-4 times in August-September. Spraying 0.5- 1% urea once after jujube fruit harvesting can effectively delay leaf senescence, improve photosynthetic capacity and benefit nutrient accumulation. Irrigation and drainage. The key water should be grasped three times throughout the year, that is, germination water, pre-flowering water and young fruit swelling water, and it is advisable to pour it thoroughly. When there is water in the rainy season, drain it to prevent emergency waterlogging.

Fourth, timely control pests and diseases.

Before jujube trees germinate, they should be sprayed with 5-degree sulfur mixture to eliminate overwintering pests and diseases. Spraying 1 times pyrethroid pesticide for 3000 times in May, and adding 50% monocrotophos 1.500 times or 50% "1.605"1.500 times to prevent jujube koji and fruit. Spraying 1-2 times 15% acetaminophen 2500 times or 73% propargite 1000 times in June and August to control tetranychus mites. In mid-June, 7-8 days after the jujube tree opens, the conventional dosage of common pesticides is used. Spraying fungicides to control jujube rust, ring rot and anthracnose for the first time in late June, using 75% chlorothalonil 600 times or 70% thiophanate-methyl 800 times or 50% carbendazim 600 times, until every 10- 15 days in September. From June to August, according to the occurrence of Ceratophyllum japonicum, Eupolyphaga sinensis, jujube armyworm and jujube gall midge, pyrethroid pesticides were used for 3000 times control, 50% monocrotophos 1500 times control or 40% isocarbophos for 2000 times control.

Five, plastic pruning

1. Characteristics of branches and buds of Dongzao jujube. There are three kinds of winter jujube trees: primary buds, secondary buds and adventitious buds. The main bud is located at the top of the development branch (jujube head) and in the axils of the lateral leaves, and at the top of the development branch of the fruiting mother branch (jujube rootstock), which has strong vitality. The secondary bud is located above the side of the main bud. The secondary buds in the middle and upper parts of the growth and development branches germinate to produce fruiting branches (secondary branches), and the secondary buds in the lower parts of the growth and development branches or fruiting branches and fruiting mother branches germinate to produce fruiting branches (hanging dates). Adventitious bud: that is, the location and time of germination are uncertain. Generally, it is developed from ray parenchyma cells in mechanical wounds of trunk and main branches, which can germinate into new jujube heads. Adventitious buds play an important role in regeneration and pruning. The main bud of winter jujube is used to germinate the jujube head and form a tree skeleton or fruiting branches. Plastic pruning is to stimulate the germination of main buds and cultivate them into backbone branches and fruiting branches.

2. Young tree shaping. Winter jujube tree is a tree species with strong photophobia, and the pruning of young trees should adopt different tree shapes according to different densities. About 55 plants are planted every 667 square meters, and the shape of small crown and sparse layer is adopted; Planting about 80 plants per 667 square meters adopts spindle shape; Plant about 100 plants every 667 square meters, with two main branches open; Sparse planting with row spacing of more than 8 meters adopts trunk sparse layer. The stem height of densely planted winter jujube is about 60 cm, and the stem height of sparsely planted winter jujube is about1m. According to the different tree structure, the methods of cutting off the top, thinning out the secondary branches or cutting off the secondary branches with 1-2 nodes are adopted to stimulate the main buds at the base of the secondary branches or on the secondary branches to germinate jujube heads and cultivate backbone branches or fruit branches.

3. Pruning of fruit trees in fruiting period. The pruning tasks of winter jujube trees in the fruit-bearing period are: to maintain a good tree structure, make the branches evenly distributed, have good crown illumination, constantly cultivate and update the fruit-bearing branches and backbone branches, and maintain vigorous growth and long fruit-bearing life. In order to achieve this goal, it is necessary to remove long branches, competitive branches, cross branches, over-dense branches, weak branches and pest branches in time, and retract drooping branches. According to the space size, the first and second-year-old jujube leaves 3-5 secondary branches and is cultivated into fruiting branches. When the main branch is extended and the head is drooping and weak, it is retracted, and the branches behind the head change, keeping 60-70 degrees.

4. Prune in summer. Winter jujube trees grow vigorously, and pruning should be combined with winter pruning and summer pruning, mainly in order to facilitate early fruiting, high quality and high yield. The main methods of summer pruning are:

(1) Pick jujube tops. From May to August, when the new jujube head is not lignified, 3-5 secondary branches are retained, and the top ends are removed to inhibit elongation growth. Picking jujube heads at flowering stage can improve the fruit setting rate and promote the growth of young fruits; Picking the extension head of the backbone branch with an appropriate length (50-60 cm) can promote the growth and thickening of the branch, increase the sharpness of the backbone branch and increase the load.

(2) wipe the bud. In the growing season, the useless dates sprouted on the main branches should be erased in time to save nutrition and prevent disturbing the tree shape and affecting ventilation and light transmission.

(3) thinning branches. Timely drain jujube heads in dense places and jujube heads that are of no use value.

(4) pull the branches. For branches with inappropriate direction and angle, adjust the branch pulling during the growth period while the green branches are soft.

(5) removing germination. Roots and tillering seedlings sprouting on the ground around the trunk should be removed as soon as possible when they are not used for reproduction.

Sixth, set fruit reasonably to ensure high fruit yield.

Winter jujube has a long flowering period, a large amount of flowers and a low natural fruit setting rate. Artificial promotion of reasonable fruit setting is of great significance to increase yield and improve jujube fruit quality. Promote the transformation from "head flower" to "head fruit", realize each fruiting branch 1 fruit, and realize high yield.

1. In early June, around the "awn seed", when the whole jujube tree blooms about 30%, it is necessary to circumcise and girdle. If the trunk of the jujube tree is less than 20 cm, the first ring cutting is around the "awn seed" and it is cut three times every seven days. Ring cutting can be carried out on the trunk or main branch. Trunk girdling is carried out on trees with trunk circumference greater than 20cm, and the width is 0.5-0.7mm.. ..

2. Pick your head and pick your heart. Picking jujube heads at flowering stage can inhibit the vigorous growth of jujube heads, make nutrients flow more to the flowers and promote fruit setting.

3. Improve the microclimate in the field. The flowering period is dry and the soil water content is low, so the tree tray should be watered. When there is no water, the canopy should be sprayed with water after 17 hours and last for 3-4 days to increase the air humidity, improve the microclimate in the field and promote fruit setting.

4. Put bees in the jujube garden. Put bees in or around the jujube orchard to spread pollen for jujube flowers, so that jujube flowers can be fully pollinated and promote fruit setting.

5. Pull out branches and open corners. For more upright branches, pull the branches to make the angle reach more than 70 degrees. Relieve growth potential and promote fruit setting.

6. Spray gibberellin and trace elements. Spraying gibberellin 1 time at the initial flowering stage, spraying 0.3% borax, 0.3% zinc sulfate and ferrous sulfate 1-2 times from flowering stage to young fruit stage to promote fruit setting.

7. Thin the fruit. After the physiological fruit drop, the trees are dense with sparse fruit, and each jujube hangs 1 fruit in the flourishing trees, and every 2-3 jujube hangs 1 fruit in the weak trees.

Seven, timely harvesting, storage and preservation.

1. Harvest in time. The ripening process of winter jujube can be divided into three stages: white ripening stage, crisp ripening stage and post-ripening stage, and the crisp ripening stage (about 65438+1October 5) is suitable for harvesting, at which time the jujube fruit is bright, juicy and delicious. The maturity of winter jujube is inconsistent, so it should be harvested in stages. When harvesting, carefully pick with your hands, and spread soft items such as weeds on the ground to prevent them from falling and cracking. Picked jujube fruits should be packed in cartons to avoid injury.

2. Store and keep fresh. The fresh-keeping period of winter jujube is short, and it can only be kept fresh for 6-7 days at room temperature. When it expires, it will become a berry. In order to prolong the market supply period of winter jujube and improve economic benefits, it is necessary to store winter jujube in underground cellar, and the temperature should be controlled below 65438 06℃. Winter jujube can be packed in pvc plastic bags or directly buried in wet sand. It can be stored in the cellar for about 30 days and stored in a constant temperature warehouse. The winter jujubes are packed in 0.03mmPVC plastic bags and put into a constant temperature warehouse, and the temperature is controlled at 0-65438 0℃. Controlled atmosphere storage, under suitable temperature and gas composition, the preservation period of winter jujube is expected to reach around the Spring Festival.