The beauty of gardens in cities has been generally recognized, and plants are the main roles that constitute the beauty of gardens. Generally speaking, the contribution of garden plants to garden beauty is mainly to present the visual beauty to tourists, followed by the sense of smell. Some people think that orientals pay more attention to the sense of smell, and the traditional favorite flowers are mostly fragrant flowers, such as orchids, magnolia, jasmine and plum blossoms. According to art psychology, vision is the most likely to cause aesthetic feeling, while color is the most sensitive to eyes, followed by body shape and lines. According to these situations, apart from special hobbies, the most popular plants are moving colors, followed by pleasant smells, and then beautiful bodies and lines. Therefore, for thousands of years, gardeners and breeders have been busy around these hobbies or hobbies.
Based on natural beauty, combined with social life, it can be called garden art to create plants and architectural landscapes according to the laws of beauty. Although the growth of plants changes with time, it is relatively slow and difficult to detect. Static content is better than dynamic content, which can be touched, visually felt, lasting and colorful, reappearing the natural beauty in the tangible world in the garden, and even improving because of the bright spots. Garden art can be classified as plastic arts. The expression principle of plastic arts is the principle of garden art modeling.
1. The principle of diversity and unity
Also known as the principle of unity and change. The principle of unity in the application of garden art means that the components in the garden are similar or consistent in shape, volume, color, line, formation and style, which gives people a sense of unity. Because of the different degree of consistency, the sense of unity is also different. Some very similar garden components give people the impression of neatness, solemnity and solemnity, but they are too consistent and feel dull, depressed and monotonous. Therefore, there is often a need for diversity in unity or unity in change in gardens.
In the natural landscape, there are living things and non-living things, which have been coordinated and unified for a long time. They are combined with different contents to form various types of landscape features, such as desert landscape, swamp landscape, alpine grassland landscape and so on. Every landscape with obvious characteristics gives people different feelings and emotional reactions, and any landscape that really makes people feel happy is due to the obvious harmony and unity among its components.
2. The principle of comparison and reconciliation
Contrast and harmony are one of the important means of artistic creation. Garden landscape needs more contrast, which can make the landscape colorful and lively. At the same time, it is necessary to have a harmonious theme without losing the basic style of the garden.
(1) Contrast and Harmony of Images In plant landscaping, there is obvious contrast between the height of trees and the width of shrubs, and between the pointed crown and the oval crown, but now they are all plants, and they are all harmonious from the crown.
(2) Comparison and reconciliation of volume There are great differences among various plants, and different landscape effects can be achieved by comparing the differences in general ecological stages of their growing periods. For example, comparing betel nut with loose flower sunflower, or comparing mallow with brown bamboo can highlight betel nut and mallow, and their postures are harmonious.
(3) Color contrast and harmonic color contrast include differences in hue and chroma. Obvious differences, such as green and red, white and black, are contrast; If the difference is not big, there will be a reconciliation effect. The leaves of plants are mostly green, but there are also many colors such as red, yellow, white and purple. The chromaticity of green is very wide, from light green to dark green. The richness of plant colors is also unparalleled. The use of color contrast can get bright and attractive effects, and the use of color harmony can get a quiet, stable, comfortable and beautiful environment. When plants create landscapes, they often use the contrast method of "a little red in evergreen trees" to create the main scenery or point scenery.
(4) The contrast and harmony of light and shade in the garden green space give people different feelings. Bright and lively, deep and soft green; Light is suitable for activities and darkness is suitable for rest. It is easy to use plants to form light and dark landscapes in gardens, which can not only communicate with each other but also form rich and diverse landscapes.
(5) Comparison and Harmony between Reality and Reality Plants can be divided into evergreen plants and deciduous plants; Trees are divided into height, crown and deficiency; In the garden space, the green trees are solid and the grass in the forest is empty. There is emptiness in reality, and there is reality in emptiness, which makes the garden space layered and varied.
(6) The contrast and harmony between opening and closing consciously creates a closed and open space in the garden, forming a part of emptiness and a part of profundity, which is an aspect that the garden is higher than nature. In those real natural forests, only closed, it is difficult to have an empty place, which inevitably makes people feel chilling. This is the terrible thing about natural scenery. There are closed spaces and empty spaces in the garden environment. Through mutual comparison and contrast, it can be fascinating and lingering.
(7) High contrast and harmony The landscape of the garden pays great attention to high contrast and patchwork, and it is forbidden to be the same except for street trees. Using the different heights of plants, a sequential landscape can be organized, but it can't be a uniform wave curve, but a beautiful skyline, that is, a crown line with infinite beauty, which is long and quiet against the setting sun or morning light.
In addition, the use of tall trees and low shrubs to shape hedgerows planted in the local environment, vertical green columns and horizontal green belts will form a sharp contrast, resulting in a strong artistic effect.
3. The principle of rhythm and prosody
Poetry should have rhythm, and so should music. In Greek, rhythm and prosody are the same word, namely rhythm mos, which originally means the aesthetic feeling produced by the continuous and alternating appearance of comparable components in artistic works, and is an extension of the principle of diversity and unity. Besides poetry and music, it is also widely used in plastic arts such as architecture, sculpture and gardens. In the garden, plant monomers are used to repeat regularly and change intermittently, and rhythm is produced in the sequence repetition and rhythm is produced in the rhythm change. Street trees, for example, use the repeated appearance of one or more plants to form a rhythm. A kind of equidistantly arranged trees is called "simple rhythm", which is monotonous and has little decorative effect. Two kinds of trees, especially a tree and a flowering shrub, are alternately arranged or repeated in different colors in a strip flower bed, resulting in a lively "alternating rhythm". Hedges that have been manually trimmed can be cut into various shapes, such as square undulating battlements, arc undulating waves, straight and spire-shaped semicircles or spheres, which are like green walls and form a "shape rhythm". For example, Denmark uses hawthorn and heather in the south of the United States as hedges. The former turns red in autumn and the latter turns red in spring, so the rhythm of color changes with the change of seasons, which can be called "seasonal rhythm".
The morphological changes of flower beds, including the changes of plant species, colors and arrangement methods, combine to form the most rhythmic arrangement in the garden. During the European Renaissance, a large area of flower beds was used, which gave people a strong sense of rhythm. The other one is called border. There are not many kinds of plants, but they repeat irregularly according to height. The flowering period rises and falls with the seasons and is appreciated all year round. Height, color and season are all changing, just like a symphony, with endless rhythm.
Planting hibiscus mutabilis, oleander, rhododendron, etc. along the water's edge, the reflection is in pairs, which is also a kind of repetition, and one deficiency and one reality form a rhythm. In a forest, the crown of the tree forms an undulating canopy line, which is in harmony with the blue sky and white clouds. It is also the rhythm of the wind blowing and the canopy line flowing with the wind. The repeated appearance of leaves, petals and branches of plants is a coordinated rhythm, and the rhythm produced by garden plants can be described as endless.
The continuously repeated parts of the landscape will also form a "gradual rhythm" if they are regularly increased or decreased step by step. This change is gradual rather than abrupt, for example, the plant community changes from dense to sparse, from high to low, and the color changes from thick to light in a gradual way, thus achieving the overall harmonious effect.
4. Master-slave principle
There are many scenery in the garden, but people often divide it into master-slave relationship, that is, the relationship between emphasis and generality. The garden is artificially beautified. Due to economic, environmental conditions or the supply of seedlings, gardeners often only pay attention to a certain scenery or a certain scenic spot, and put the rest in a general or subordinate position.
In plant landscaping, generally speaking, trees are the main body, shrubs and herbs are subordinate. To emphasize or highlight the main scene, you can use:
The (1) axis or center of gravity position method puts the main scene at the intersection of the main axis or two axes, and the subordinate scenes at both sides of the main axis or the secondary axis. In the natural garden green space, the main scene should be placed at the center of the lot. This center of gravity may be the geometric center of the terrain, the balance center of the plant population in the region, or the center of mass of each space in the region.
(2) Contrast Method In the aforementioned contrast method, those who are tall, beautiful, brightly colored, located in the highlands, or unique in the open space, or stand out from the crowd in the landscape are generally the main scenery, and the rest are subordinate scenery.
5. The principle of balance and stability
Gardens are composed of plants, landscapes and buildings, all of which show different heavy feelings. On the plane, the relationship between light and heavy is balance; On the facade, the relationship between light and heavy is stable.
Regular landscape is a symmetrical arrangement of scenery on both sides of the axis, and its variety, shape, quantity, color and other aspects are very balanced, giving people a neat and solemn feeling. Generally speaking, the landscape cannot be absolutely symmetrical and balanced, but it still needs to be balanced in the overall landscape. This includes all kinds of plants or other elements that can reflect the sense of quantity in shape, quantity, color, texture, lines, etc., and we must weigh and compare them from all aspects to achieve a balanced landscape effect. This is called asymmetric equilibrium, also called natural equilibrium. Asymmetric balance gives the landscape a natural and vivid feeling.
On the facade, an object or a scene is considered to be stable, with a large number in the lower part and a small number in the upper part. The garden is an artificial imitation of the natural landscape. In order to get the best effect, the environment should generally be stable. Therefore, in those thin and long trees with branches and leaves gathered at the top, middle and lower trees should be arranged to make the body heavier and make it a stable landscape. Eucalyptus, for example, shakes in the wind and rain and has a strong sense of instability. When comparing the crowns of middle and low trees, the swaying trend is greatly weakened and the sense of stability is obviously increased.
6. Principle of proportion and scale
The so-called proportion means that the scenery in the garden has a proper and beautiful relationship in shape, including the proportion of the length, width and thickness of each part of the scenery itself, and the proportion of the individual and the whole between the scenery. These two relationships are not necessarily expressed by numbers, but belong to the aesthetic concepts of human senses and experience. For example, the classical gardens in Japan are small in area, and the traditional layout, whether it is trees, stones or other decorative sketches, is very small, which makes people feel kind and appropriate. Large gardens, such as the spacious axis in front of the Washington State Capitol in DC, have large pools, lawns, trees and monuments, which make people feel magnificent. This sense of intimacy and grandeur is formed by appropriate proportions. Therefore, whether the proportional relationship between them can be properly combined with the objective needs is the key to the success or failure of landscape art design by applying the principle of proportion, from part to whole, from short-term to long-term (especially the increase of plant mass), from micro to macro.
Proportion is regarded as a very subtle and elusive principle in the west, which includes both proportional relationship and aesthetic requirements of symmetry, coordination and balance. The most important thing is the standard of human body shape and the familiar size relationship.
Garden is a space scenery for people to enjoy, its scale should be determined according to the requirements of people's use, and its proportional relationship should also conform to the law of people's viewing things. This requires that the position of plants and other scenery as the main scenery should have a scale and proportion. According to statistical analysis, under normal circumstances, the most comfortable viewing angle is 26 ~ 30 in elevation and 45 in horizontal plane, without turning your head. Based on this calculation, the suitable sight distance for large-scale scenes is 3.3 times the height of the scene, and that for small-scale scenes is about 1.7 times. For the width of the scene, the suitable sight distance is 1.2 times the width of the scene. When the gardener wants to set an isolated tree as the main scene in the garden, the minimum width of the surrounding lawn needs to be limited by this law. Otherwise, the best ornamental effect of the tree will not be achieved.
Ornamental scenery can be divided into head-up view, up view and down view due to different perspectives. Head-up makes people calm and has far-reaching influence; Looking up makes people feel dignified and nervous; Looking down, I feel open and thrilling. In the garden, create different viewing angles, so that there are scenery in all directions, so that the garden space is layered and colorful.