(1) sandstone
The sand is grayish brown or khaki. Due to different places of origin, not only the color is dark and deep, but also the hardness and softness of the texture are different. Generally speaking, sand is light and loose, and peaks, holes, stones and textures of various shapes can be carved at will. Because of its good water absorption, plants grow easily. Therefore, this kind of loose stone is one of the most commonly used stones for making landscape bonsai. But this kind of stone also has shortcomings, and it is easy to weather over time. This kind of stone is mostly produced in Zhejiang, Anhui, Sichuan, Hebei, Shandong and other places.
② Reed tube stone (also called wheat straw stone)
The texture, color and origin of Luguanshi are basically the same as those of sandstone. Reed stones are thick and thin, with naturally formed tubular holes and grotesque caves. When selecting this kind of stone, we should take its natural and complete part and shape it after a little processing. However, special care should be taken when processing, otherwise the reed pipe fracture will affect the natural beauty.
(3) Pumice
Pumice is a kind of basalt, which is condensed from volcanic magma. It is gray, grayish yellow, grayish white and other colors. The texture is loose and there are relatively uniform holes inside. Can float on the water, and has good water absorption. You can carve it into various shapes with a knife. This kind of stone is produced in Changbai Mountain in Jilin and Heilongjiang in the northeast.
(4) Sea mother stone (coral stone)
Seaweed is an alluvial fossil of shellfish. Because it is mostly produced in seawater and contains more salt, it needs to be washed with clear water for a long time to remove its salt before attaching small plants. Stone is loose in texture, easy to deform and good in water absorption. This kind of stone lies in its abundance on the seashore.
(5) Stalactites
Stalactites are mostly found in caves in Guangdong, Guangxi and other places, mostly white or yellowish. After a long period of natural karst, they form various shapes such as cylinders and cones, with loose texture and convenient sawing.
(6) Shi Ying (limestone)
Guangdong Yingde is rich in Shi Ying. According to the Records of Shaozhou Prefecture, "chopping hibiscus and other stones, traffic in mammary sinus, and leakage of rain from P54 rock are all ingenious and exquisite". Its color is mostly gray-black, with white, light green and variegated white texture. There is a natural front back stone, the back stone is relatively flat, and the front texture is naturally changeable. The texture is hard, does not absorb water and is not easy to break, but it is difficult to process. When choosing Shi Ying, it is best to be majestic, porous, uneven and naturally formed.
(7) Lingbi Stone
Lingbi stone is hard, metallic, black and white, mixed with black, white, ochre, green and other colors, commonly known as multicolored, mostly produced in Lingbi County, Anhui Province.
(8) Wax stone
Wax stone does not have a complete rock layer, and most of it exists in the mountains in the form of a single stone. In all kinds of hot and humid mountain pits in the south, they are often beaten by water, forming various forms. Hard texture, can not be processed and shaped, can only be decorated with single stone. Colors are dark yellow, light yellow, white and so on. The whole stone is free from damage and impurities, with a smooth and shiny surface and grotesque sinus points like treasures.
(9) Axes split stones
Axe stone is hard and brittle, with many colors, such as dark gray, light gray, gray black, khaki and so on. This kind of stone has a filiform or flaky texture. Along the grain, slightly chiseled or sawed, the craft and shape can show cliffs or towering and majestic peaks. This kind of stone is produced in Jiangsu province.
(10) wood fossils
Wood fossils are fossils of ancient trees, which are hard and difficult to process. The colors are tan and dark gray. It is a good stone for making a bonsai in Shishan.
In addition to the commonly used stones mentioned above, there are other stones, such as chrysanthemum stone and hibiscus stone produced in hua county, Guangdong, Duanshi stone and Baixing stone in Zhaoqing, pine bark stone and stalagmite in Zhejiang, tortoise plastron stone and chicken bone stone in Sichuan, etc. It can also be used as a material for landscape bonsai. (1) tool
1 hammer. Flat hammer (such as axe), suitable for processing loose stone; A sharp hammer (that is, one end is sharp and the other end is flat), which is used to chisel holes and carve stone lines; A flat-headed hammer is good at chiseling. These three kinds of hammers should be specially used for large, medium and small specifications according to their own needs.
② chisel. Used for machining holes, holes and stone patterns. The chisel must be made of steel, and the length and size should be determined as required. You can prepare several sets of chisels with different specifications.
③ hacksaw. Just use a locksmith's bow saw, but the serrations are thicker. A hacksaw is used to saw loose stones and cut vertical and horizontal stone patterns on them.
4 knives. There are flat mouth, round mouth, oblique mouth and other shapes. And all kinds of carving knives should be matched. The carving knife is used for fine carving of turquoise.
⑤ Sieve. Metal is the most durable, used to screen mud, sand, fertilizer, etc.
⑥ Small shovel. It is mainly used for mixing cement and shoveling cement to splice rocks when mixing stones.
⑦ Brush. Before cement is bonded to the rock, the interface must be brushed with a brush. After bonding, the peripheral cement should be gently brushed off.
(2) Materials
① cement. The higher the label, the better. Loose and hard stones can be spliced with cement, but white stones can be spliced with white cement.
② Yellow sand. For mixing cement, such as white cement, white rice should be used instead of yellow sand.
③ Pigment. In order to make the color of the splicing interface similar to that of the spliced stone, and leave no trace after splicing, ink method or toner is used to mix with cement.
(3) Methods
After selecting the right stone, it must be processed. Processing requires natural no artificial traces, carving should not be too dull, but it should be vivid, smooth, concise and rhythmic, and not complicated and out of control. There are four specific processing methods: sawing, carving, gluing and lining stone.
① Sawing method. Before starting work, every stone should be carefully studied over and over again. According to a certain idea, the rough and the fine are removed, and the part suitable for modeling is intercepted as the main body. The rest are similar in color, texture and texture because they come from the same stone. After necessary carving and modeling, they can be used as lining stones. Whether it is loose or hard stone, the bottom must be sawed flat to make it placed smoothly. For hard stones, Jin Gangzuan and special equipment are needed to intercept them. However, when sawing stones, we should pay special attention to pad them with sponge or thick cloth, and don't use too much force to avoid breaking or damaging the stone body and corners.
2 carving method. "Jade is not cut, it is not a tool." Generally, there are few natural perfect forms of stones, and they must be artistically processed. When processing chisel, the whole stone should be thoroughly inspected and carefully considered to determine the viewing surface. After determining the viewing surface, flatten the bottom, and then observe which parts are suitable for digging caves, peaks, canyons, hills, slopes, cliffs, cliffs, etc. According to the natural texture of the stone, we can know fairly well. When carving, you should also master the texture of turquoise and hard stone, and then use different tools to carry out carving according to the situation. The texture lines near the peak should be fine, and the lines far away from the peak should be rough.
This paper introduces several methods of P57 to express various textures and textures of rocks and peaks: lotus leaf folded texture is suitable for expressing granite mountain corridors; Hemp-like wrinkles should show the style of heaped-up mountains; The straight axe chop should show the towering momentum of the cliff; The zigzag folds and wrinkles of the horizontal stripes should show the unique temperament of Shishan (Figure 23).
After the stone is carved, various textures form natural forms such as heavy stone, ridge, ridge, deep stream and lofty stream, which makes the landscape bonsai more in line with the natural features of mountains and rivers.
③ Bonding method. After processing, there are still some defects in some parts of the stone, so similar or identical stone can be used for gluing to make up for the deficiency. However, all bonded stones must be generally consistent in texture, texture, color and momentum, and washed with water, which is a problem that should be paid special attention to when splicing rocks. Secondly, hard stone can be glued at will and does not absorb water; Turquoise needs water absorption, and water absorption lines must be set aside during gluing to prevent water from being isolated in the middle, resulting in the upper part of the stone being cut off and plants being difficult to grow.
The commonly used cementing material is made of cement mixed with a small amount of pigment similar to stone color. So there will be no traces after gluing. Some cement joints are coated with raw stone powder, and the effect is more ideal. The landscape bonsai is shaped and laid out in the principle of "one peak is too beautiful to be sought after, and one spoon is the Wan Li of rivers and lakes". The landscape bonsai is dominated by mountains, and a successful stone mountain should not only have a beautiful shape, but also have a majestic mountain posture, as well as wrinkles, thinness, transparency and leakage. "Wrinkle" means that the upper surface of the stone is textured, with regular wrinkles and should not be smooth; "Thin" means that the stone is slightly long, with a wide and angular top and should not be bloated; "Permeability" means that there are large and small channels in the stone to communicate with each other; "Leakage" means that the stone should have pores, which can ventilate and drain water. When we choose stones as bonsai, we should mainly determine the theme according to the characteristics of stones. If it is straight and steep, it can be used as a dangerous peak; In the flat shape, it can be used to represent continuous mountains; Wrinkles, thinness, transparency and leakage can be seen as Yunfeng, Zhoudao and Tushan, or as a single stone. How to make full use of the natural form of stone for layout and assembly arrangement, there are the following three methods for reference.
(1) monolith. The solitary stone is commonly called the solitary peak. A big stone peak is placed on the left or right side of the basin, and one or two small stones are placed on the other side as an island. In this way, mountains and islands are different in size, and each has its own place, forming different landscapes of peaks and valleys on the vast water surface. This scene has profound implications and concentrated themes. This kind of stone is natural and has not been artificially processed.
② mother stone. The basin is inlaid with two stone peaks, one large and one small, which are opposite to each other. The mother stone (main peak) protrudes slightly to the two sides of the basin, but it cannot stand in the center of the basin, so that the mother stone is in the main position and the child stone is used as a foil. The height of the child and the mother stone is different, and the guest and the host are distinct. The two stones face each other across the water and echo each other from afar, which is both opposite and unified, concise and in line with the authenticity of the natural landscape.
③ Stones. This kind of stone mountain looks like "there are many people like an arch, and the main mountain begins to respect." There are several big stone mountains in the basin. The main mountain in the group of stones must be placed in an important position, and its volume and height should be absolutely dominant. When splicing rocks, the main scene should be prominent, and the object is mainly different. For example, to make a "Pinzi"-shaped stone mountain group, first choose the highest stone as the main peak, arrange it in the back position near the center of the basin, and arrange the other stones around the main peak in the left and right front. In this way, the mountains and rocks are interspersed, and the hills and gullies are neat and deep and natural. A three-dimensional landscape painting with beautiful scenery and rippling blue waves is still in sight.
The scenery in the basin should be rich and varied, not too artificial, and should conform to the momentum of natural landscapes. Mountains are high and low, near and far, slopes are steep and long, peaks are steep and strange, mountains are round and strong, cliffs are steep and dangerous, caves are large and small, banks are tortuous, trees are dense, grass and moss are beautiful and scattered, mountains and rivers, one mountain and one water, one grass and one tree are all very important, so we should consider them comprehensively and not be careless. If you can "search all over the Qifeng and make a manuscript" and make a landscape bonsai, you can naturally reach a perfect position with Qianshan. After the completion of the rocky mountain of rock bonsai, some plants should be planted, some mosses should be embedded, and some figures should be arranged, such as birds, pavilions, houses, bridges, boats and so on. , to decorate the stone mountain, make it endless, vibrant and poetic.
Cultivating plants and configuring small landscapes should not only conform to the proportion of rocks and vegetation, but also pay attention to the coordination of colors. Can not be placed at will, but should be distributed selectively and in a planned way. Plant some small evergreen plants and mosses in crevices, dark edges and foothills of rocks, and arrange necessary living, boats, bridges, pavilions and pavilions. , so as to enrich the content of landscape bonsai, add life breath, and achieve the harmonious unity of content and form. Because the landscape bonsai is thin and shallow, and the plants are tender, we should be more careful in conservation. In order to be beneficial to the growth of plants, it should be placed in a place where it is semi-cloudy and semi-sunny, ventilated to the south and easy to watch. The temperature is high in summer, so it is not suitable to be exposed to the sun for a long time. We must keep out the scorching sun, lest the seedlings with seeds die from drought.
Landscape bonsai should not only ensure that the water in the basin can not be cut off, but also change the water frequently to keep the water clean; Hard rock bonsai should also be watered frequently on the rocks, so that the plants on the mountain are not short of water, so as to keep the moss and vegetation green. If plants grow vigorously, they should also be pruned and renovated.