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90 ~ 95℃ is 1 ~ 1.5 minutes. Before blanching, 200 mg/kg sodium sulfite color protection solution (adjusted to pH 4.5 with citric acid) should be added for color protection. Otherwise celery will turn yellow after blanching. ③ Crushing and juicing. 0. 1% ~ 0.5% sucrose fatty acid ester and glycerol diacetyl tartrate were added as emulsifiers. When the pressure is small to large, the yield can be improved.
2. White peach juice: ① Selection and cleaning of raw materials. Choose ripe white peaches. In order to remove the residual pesticides, it is washed with 1% salt water and then washed with running water. ② Pre-cooking: heating to 80 ~ 85℃ with steam in a pre-cooker. ③ Crushing and pressing. Vitamin C solution is added to protect the color when crushing, and the dosage is 1%. When pressed, the pore size of the fine screen is 5 mm
3. Blending: celery juice and white peach juice are filtered separately, mixed according to the ratio of 5: 4, 0.3% ~ 0.4% salt is added, and sugar and malic acid are used to adjust sugar and acid, so that the sugar content is 12% and the acidity is 0.35%. The compound juice in the finished product should reach 24%.
4. Sterilization: ultra-high temperature instant sterilization is adopted, and the temperature is kept at130℃ for 5 ~10 second.
5. Canning and secondary sterilization: In order to prevent bacterial contamination during canning, it is necessary to carry out secondary sterilization and keep the temperature at 70℃ for 5 minutes. After sterilization, it is quickly cooled to below 30℃.
Third, matters needing attention
1. Because celery is rich in amino acids, if it is treated at high temperature for too long, the product will lose its flavor. Therefore, if conditions permit, ultra-high temperature instantaneous sterilization should be adopted as far as possible.
2. When drinking this product, add a few drops of brandy to make it more fragrant.
Peach or peach, peach, etc. Be selected as rootstock. Collect fully mature fruits, remove pulp, cleaning, and drying in that shade. Layered sandstone reservoir will be treated around June 5438+February. Before treatment, soak the seeds in clean water for 1-2 days, then mix the seeds with wet sand evenly according to the ratio of 1-(4-5), pile them in a ditch or in the shade, and keep them moist and ventilated for 100- 120 days. You can sow in autumn, and you don't need sand storage. Generally speaking, the soil should be sown immediately after thawing in spring. Before sowing, the nursery should be leveled to make a bed of 1 mX3-5m, the sowing depth should be 4-5cm, and the row spacing of sowing plants should be 10- 12cm X 40-50cm. Bud grafting is often used for grafting. Branch grafting can also be used in spring.
cutting
There are two methods: hard branch cutting and soft branch cutting.
① Hardwood cutting: During dormancy, take robust 1 year branches with sufficient sunshine at the upper part of the crown and cut them from the lower nodes, and cut off branches about 30cm long. Immerse the lower part of this branch 1-2cm in noise-induced butyric acid (IBA) of 1000mg/L for about 10s, take it out, cut it into clean river sand, shade it for 8- 10 weeks, and keep a certain humidity. At the end of this period, when the roots begin to develop, don't let them grow too fast to avoid injury in future sports. After that, the cuttings were moved to a 25C hotbed suitable for root growth, and the hotbed could be mixed with 3 parts of coarse sand and 1 part of peat. Rooted cuttings can be planted directly in nutrition cups.
(2) Soft branch cutting: In the growing season, cut off new shoots with moderate growth potential (avoid using long branches), cut off branches with a length of 10cm from the base, leave 3-4 leaves at the top, and cut off half of the leaves to reduce evaporation. Soak the branch base in 1000mg/L high-noise T- acid (IBA) for about 10s, and cut on perlite substrate, and keep it moist in a greenhouse or plastic shed with ventilation and cooling measures, pay attention to proper shading to prevent exposure at noon, and spray it frequently to increase air humidity. After rooting, move into fields and nutrition cups.
Seedling propagation
The self-pollination rate of many peaches is very high, and the variation of offspring is very small, so many old producing areas still retain the habit of breeding with seeds. Such as Huang Gan in Ning County, Gansu Province, Qingzhou peach in Yidu, Shandong Province, Hunchun peach in Tai 'an, Liaoning Province, etc. However, in large-scale economic cultivation, the yield is required to be highly commercialized. If seedlings are still used for reproduction, the varieties are often mixed. Inconsistency between yield and quality seriously affects orchard management and income. Therefore, grafting propagation is better in economic cultivation.
cultivation techniques
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Seedling selection
According to the soil, climate, management level and local market conditions, select excellent varieties with high yield and right production and marketing, and do a good job in matching early, middle and late maturity varieties. [5]
Garden construction and planting
Selecte slightly acidic sandy soil or sandy loam with good drainage, deep soil layer and PH value of 5.5-6.5, and dig big holes for planting; Terraces should be built on low hills and slopes, with planting density of 40-50 plants per mu in flat land and 50-60 plants in mountainous areas.
Fertilization and topdressing
The base fertilizer advocates applying fertilizer in autumn and winter, mainly organic fertilizer, accounting for 60% ~ 70% of the annual fertilization. Generally, 2000kg manure or150kg is applied per mu; Apply 10% special fertilizer for fruit trees per mu. The frequency, time and dosage of topdressing vary according to varieties, tree ages, cultivation management methods, growth and development periods and external conditions. Generally, pre-bud fertilizer, strong fruit fertilizer and post-harvest fertilizer are the main fertilizers.
Tree and tree structure:
Trees are naturally happy to have three main branches. Tree structure: the height of adult trees is about 2.5 ~ 3 meters, the trunk is 30 ~ 40 cm high, and there are three main branches, each of which occupies the direction of 120. Each main branch is equipped with 1 ~ 2 auxiliary branches, and the opening angle is about 75.
Tree culture:
In the year of planting, the stem should be fixed at 50 ~ 60 cm, and there should be more than 3 strong buds in the plastic belt under the incision. In the first year of growth after planting, new shoots with strong growth and good orientation are selected as main branches for cultivation, and the remaining new shoots can be thinned or twisted as auxiliary branches. In the second year after planting, select strong lateral branches 50 ~ 60 cm away from the main branches with good opening angle, cultivate auxiliary main branches, and cultivate large and small fruiting branches on both main branches and auxiliary main branches.
Trim:
Dormancy (winter) pruning. It can be carried out after defoliation and before germination, and pruning adopts the combination of short cutting and thinning, as well as measures such as long laying, shrinking branches and winding branches. Pruning of fruit branches: long fruit branches, about one-third of the branch length; The middle fruit branches are generally not short except for sparse branches and dense branches; Short fruit branches should be left 10 cm/branch. The amount of branches left depends on site conditions, management level, tree age, tree potential and yield requirements. Pruning in growth period mainly includes technical measures such as re-pruning, de-sprouting, thinning, twisting, pinching, pulling, cutting tips and moving branches after flowering. [5]
Peach has a high fruit setting rate, so it is necessary to thin the fruit and control the amount of fruit left. Fruit thinning should be carried out twice, from late April to early May and middle and late May respectively. Generally, short fruit branches leave 1 fruit, middle fruit branches leave 2 fruits, and long fruit branches leave 3 ~ 5 fruits. Spraying and bagging in time after fruit setting. The harvest time of fruit depends on the characteristics of varieties, and it is appropriate to harvest eight-ripe fruits.
Pests that harm peach trees include peach gummosis, aphids, pear moth, green leafhopper, peach moth, thorn moth, military pest, mulberry white scale and so on. , and should be sprayed in time according to the situation.
control of insect
Peach gummosis
Gummosis can occur on branches, shoots, leaves and fruits, with branches being the most serious. The bark of diseased branches is rough, cracked and difficult to heal, and yellow-brown transparent glue flows out. When the gum flow is serious, the tree is weak, which is easy to become the spawning ground of the pink-necked beetle and accelerate the death of peach trees.
There are many reasons for the gum flow of peach trees, such as pests and diseases, improper fertilization (lack of fertilizer or partial application of nitrogen fertilizer), insufficient soil viscosity and drainage, too much pruning in summer, too deep planting, continuous cropping, hail disaster, drought and flood, freezing injury, sunburn, mechanical damage and so on. All these will cause the glue flow of peach trees. Old and weak trees are more serious.
Prevention and control methods:
1, strengthen comprehensive management, promote the normal growth and development of trees, and enhance the tree potential.
2. Scrape the branches with serious gum flow in autumn and winter, and disinfect the wound with Pomei 5-6 degree stone sulfur mixture or 100 times copper sulfate solution; Or brush with 1︰4 alkaline water, which also has certain curative effect.
Yellow peach grub
Also known as peach moth, peach spot moth, it is an important fruit-eating pest of peach trees, and can also harm many fruit trees and crops such as corn and sorghum. It is harmful for larvae to feed in the fruit, and the damaged fruit is covered with insect dung, which can easily cause fruit cracking and rot, seriously affecting the quality and yield.
Prevention and control methods:
1, fruit bagging. Peach grows to the size of thumb, and is bagged after the second natural fall to prevent moths from laying eggs on the fruit surface.
2. Chemical control. At the adult stage and the peak spawning stage, 10% imidacloprid is 4000 ~ 6000 times or 2.
In addition, the sugar and enzymes contained in pineapple have a certain diuretic effect, which is beneficial to nephritis and hypertension, and also has an auxiliary effect on bronchitis. Because of the function of cellulose, it also has a certain effect on the treatment of constipation. When you have indigestion, eating pineapple can stimulate appetite, relieve greasy, help digestion and relieve constipation. In addition, pineapple is rich in vitamin B 1, which can promote metabolism and eliminate fatigue. [7]
Pineapple juice has a cooling effect and can effectively prevent bronchitis, but it is best not to have a fever. According to medical research, since ancient times, human beings often rely on bromelain contained in pineapples to relieve the symptoms of sore throat and cough. Pineapple peel is rich in bromelain and has rich medicinal value. According to the experiments of foreign experts for more than 20 years, the incidence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and diabetes is obviously reduced after long-term consumption of pineapple peel, and it has certain anti-cancer effect. It also contains an enzyme that can decompose protein.
As a fresh food, pineapple is golden in color, rich in fragrance, sweet and sour, crisp and juicy. Pineapple fruit is mostly used for canning except fresh food, and is widely loved because it can keep its original flavor. Canned pineapple is known as "international canned fruit" and can also be made into a variety of processed products, which are widely welcomed by consumers.
Pineapple, like some fruits, can make some people allergic, and the allergic reaction can appear within 15 minutes at the earliest. This symptom is called "pineapple disease" or "pineapple poisoning". For example, abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, skin flushing, itching all over the body, numbness of limbs, mouth and tongue, and severe allergic reactions such as dyspnea and shock.
Before eating, the pineapple is soaked in salt water, and some organic acids contained in it can be decomposed in salt water to remove the sour taste and make the pineapple taste sweeter. You can also scald it with boiling water before eating. Bromelain began to denature at 45℃~50℃, and more than 90% was destroyed at 100℃. Glycosides can also be destroyed and eliminated at the same time; Serotonin is soluble in water. After cooking, the taste is also improved. Don't eat too many pineapples at a time. Excessive consumption is harmful to the stomach. The baby who eats for the first time only eats the size of a biscuit. If there is no abnormality, the amount can be increased appropriately next time.
1. Because pineapple contains stimulating glycoside and bromelain, it will decompose protein in the body and stimulate the young epidermis of human oral mucosa and lips. If you don't soak the pineapple in salt water before eating, you will feel paralyzed and tingling. So trim the skin and thorns, cut the pulp into pieces, soak it in light salt water or sugar water, and leach out the glycosides before eating. After pineapple is soaked in salt water, it can effectively destroy the internal allergic structure of "pineapple prion", thus losing the ability to make people allergic and the toxicity to some constitutions.
After eating meat or greasy food, eating pineapple is good for your health. "Pineapple Goo Old Meat" and "Pineapple Beef" are both safe dishes to eat.
3. Pineapple and eggs can't be eaten together. Protein in eggs is combined with fruit acid in pineapple, which easily coagulates protein and affects digestion.
4, pineapple and honey can be eaten at the same time, pineapple honey soup can cure bronchitis. However, people who are unwell or have diarrhea symptoms are advised not to eat like this. [7]
Pineapple flowers germinate, grow and bloom brilliantly. No distractions, no boundaries, even places, we must go deep into the essence. This belief in pursuing perfection has always been accompanied by pineapple flowers. There are many small flowers densely clustered on the stem, forming a thick spike, and the bracts at the top of the spike extend radially. Every little flower is a star. Flowers are yellow, light green, pink and white. Pineapple is a very beautiful indoor potted flower, which can enjoy flowers and leaves. With its rosette-like plant type, bright ear color and long flowering period, it has gradually become the "darling" of the New Year flower market.
Gift-giving etiquette: paper towels are laid in the flower basket, and tropical fruits such as pineapple, lily and boiled pineapple are put inside.
The origin of the name
First of all, the origin of pineapple is related to paramita (honey), which is a Buddhist term in Chinese and refers to reaching the other side; The second refers to a tropical fruit, which is now standardized as jackfruit. Jackfruit (or jackfruit, honey) is a tropical fruit, which originated in India and was introduced to Southeast Asia and China very early (it was introduced in the Tang Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties). Today, it is also called wood pineapple, tree pineapple and river snail. Paramita is related to Buddhism, a great religion, which originated in India and then spread to China and China. Paramim is a combination of transliteration and free translation of Sanskrit. The original translation of paramita omits the word "duo". It is said that the paramita of fruit trees is called paramita because of its large fruit (such as wax gourd) and sweet taste.
Secondly, pineapple is also closely related to Buddhist statues with paramita. Anyone who has personally peeled and eaten pineapple will know that there are many hexagonal (or hexagonal) thorns or sun fruit thorns on the shell of pineapple fruit, that is, the remains of small flowers, which are quite like the hair bun of Buddha and Bodhisattva statues (such as Leshan Giant Buddha, Dazu Stone Carved Buddha and various stone carved Buddha statues). In the history of Buddhism, most stone statues of Buddha statues are different from Buddhist monks and nuns in life, and they are generally shaved. Most Buddha statues are made of hair and combed into a bun. Of course, there are hats, headscarves and bald heads. It is conceivable that the ancient people in China, influenced by Buddhism, called this American fruit introduced by westerners paramita, later referred to as Poirot.
Thirdly, there was a man named Kyle Poirot, who had a great influence in the history of cultural exchange between China and the West. He comes from Italy. He came to China in the early Yuan Dynasty and stayed in China for more than ten years. After coming back, he wrote a book, The Travels of Marco Polo, which aroused great interest and eager yearning of westerners for China. So calling this fruit pineapple (Poirot) is a bit foreign, which is consistent with its spread from the west (people).
When American pineapple was first introduced, it was confused with jackfruit imported from India and Southeast Asia. But these two tropical fruits are very different, so people gradually separate their names. Li said in Volume XIII of Notes on South Vietnam during the reign of Emperor Qianlong of Qing Dynasty: "Fancun in the middle of Guangdong is a mountainous town, planted along the road, with horizontal stems like fists and prickly leaves, full of balance." It is known that the jackfruit of American fruit has been reduced to Poirot at this time; The word "mountain" is added in front of it, which means it can be planted on the hillside. Wu Qi of Daoguang period in Qing Dynasty said in Volume 31 of Textual Research on Plant Names: "Loudou produces fruit 100 east, which is Poirot". He went on to say, "Also known as Fanlouzi, it looks like an orchid with dense leaves and stems. Its leaves are peeled and stored with tendons, that is, polonium. " This may be the earliest record called Poirot alone.
The word "pineapple" may first appear in the third volume of Yin Zheng Ji Yao by Gao Jingting in Jiaqing, Qing Dynasty, but it was not explained. So at this time, Poirot has begun to be added with grass heads by literati, indicating that it is a plant and a fruit. Polo is a sequel to Ci Yuan and a revised edition of Ci Hai published in the Republic of China, and its interpretation has been nearly contemporary. It can be seen that the Republic of China was simplified to Poirot. It was not until the dictionaries and dictionaries published after liberation that it was officially defined as "pineapple". [8]
Name discussion
Pineapple is one of the four tropical fruits in the world (the other three are bananas, coconuts and mangoes), ranking second. Pineapple originated in America and was introduced in Ming and Qing Dynasties, which was deeply loved by Chinese people. China is one of the main producers and consumers of pineapple. However, there are many differences in the appellation of pineapple in modern Chinese, which need to be standardized and unified.
Modern Chinese Dictionary, the most commonly used and authoritative Chinese dictionary in China (edited by the Dictionary Office of Institute of Linguistics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, revised by the Commercial Press, 1997 edition), contains "pineapple", but it is only interpreted as "wind pear"; There is also a "jackfruit" article, which is interpreted as "1, wood pineapple. Also known as paramita. 2, commonly known as the wind pear "(page 96). Modern Korean also has "Jackfruit 2", which is just interpreted as "the same jackfruit". The modern article "Pineapple" in Han Dynasty has a detailed explanation, and finally points out that it is also called "pineapple, commonly known as jackfruit" (38 1 page). In other words, Xianhan advocated using pineapple as the official name of this fruit (tree), and at the same time showed that this fruit was also called pineapple, commonly known as jackfruit (sometimes written as jackfruit on the basis of this word). The Chinese Dictionary, the largest Chinese dictionary in China today, is treated in the same way as modern Chinese, with pineapple as the main entry.
Cihai, the most commonly used and authoritative encyclopedia dictionary in China (edited by editorial board, Shanghai Dictionary Publishing House, revised edition 1999), has an article "pineapple" with detailed explanations and illustrations, also known as "yellow pear" and "pineapple" (page 723). There is also "pineapple" in Ci Hai, but it is only interpreted as "pineapple" (page 4 17). That is to say, Cihai advocates using pineapple as the official name of this fruit (tree), and at the same time shows that this fruit is also called pineapple and yellow pear.
In the fields of agriculture and gardening, pineapple and pineapple seem to be evenly matched. For example, in the 1980s, the mainland published books such as Pineapple and Its Cultivation, and Taiwan Province Province published books such as Production Technology of Pineapple, Apricot and Jujube. However, "China Agricultural Encyclopedia Volume" and "China Agricultural Encyclopedia Fruit Tree Volume" both set a "pineapple", and explained that it is also known as pineapple and yellow pear; Also known as pineapple, Wang Li and yellow pear. It seems that the agricultural and horticultural circles in mainland China tend to use pineapple as the official name of this fruit (tree). As can be seen from the above, linguists prefer to use pineapple, and both agricultural and horticultural circles like to use pineapple.
Except ...
Grafting can be carried out about half a month. Scions are suitable for branches that develop well in the same year.
Generally, grafting can be carried out in all seasons except the low temperature period in winter. Because winter and spring are cold and humid for a long time, the wound is not only difficult to heal, but also expands, endangering the plant. Therefore, the best grafting time is March-June, 65438+1October, which has sufficient healing growth period and is conducive to the next year's results.
3. Drug treatment before grafting
The knife used for grafting should be disinfected with alcohol or white wine to prevent bacterial infection. Conditional availability. Dipping the base of scion with sodium naphthylacetate solution can not only promote the formation of callus, but also improve the survival rate. [3]
4. Grafting method
A. Docking method
In Lady Enforcers, a sharp knife is used to cut the triangular prism crosswise at a proper height, then three edges are cut at 30-40 degrees, the sterilized fairy thorn is used to pierce the vascular bundle in the middle of the rootstock, and the cut scion is connected to the other end of the thorn, and the scion is connected to the thorny rootstock. Rootstock and scion should be as close as possible without gaps, so as to avoid poor healing caused by bacterial infection. Then add a thorn on both sides to fix it, and then tie it tightly around the base with thin iron wire.
B. wedging method
Cut a slit longitudinally at the top of the rhizome with a sterilized knife, but not too deep. Then cut the lower part of the scion into a duckbill shape with a sterilized blade, insert it into the crack of the rootstock immediately after cutting, fix it with plastic tape, and cover it with a plastic bag to keep the air humidity, which is beneficial to survival. After 20 days, the growth of grafting was observed. If it can keep fresh and bright green, it will survive. You can leave the nursery in a month.
1. Dilute application of thin fertilizer: Due to the long fruit harvesting period, organic fertilizer should be applied again every year, and NPK compound fertilizer should be applied in a balanced way for a long time. Potassium and magnesium fertilizer should be supplemented during flowering and fruiting to promote sugar accumulation and improve fruit quality. Keep the soil moist during the fruiting period, and cover the tree tray with grass or mushroom residue. When the weather is dry, water should be poured every 3-4 days. Pitaya, like other cactus plants, is smaller than traditional fruit trees. Therefore, fertilization should be based on the principle of sufficient amount, small amount and multiple times.
Young trees (1-2 years old) mainly apply nitrogen fertilizer, so as to apply less frequently and promote the growth of trees. Adult trees (more than 3 years) are mainly applied with phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, and the amount of nitrogen fertilizer is controlled.
Fertilization should be carried out in the germination period of new shoots and the fruit expansion period in spring. Fertilizer is generally made of cake residue, chicken manure and pig manure according to the formula of 1: 2: 7, and 25 kilograms of organic fertilizer is applied to each plant every year. Or in July every year, 10 June, and in March of the following year, each plant is applied with cow dung compost 1.2 kg and compound fertilizer of 200 grams. The root system of pitaya is mainly distributed in topsoil, so fertilization should be adopted to avoid deep furrows to avoid root damage. In addition, after each batch of young fruits is formed, 0.3% magnesium sulfate +0.2% borax +0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate 1 time is sprayed outside the roots to improve the fruit quality.
Because of the long harvest period of pitaya, organic fertilizer should be applied again, and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer should be applied in a balanced way for a long time. Completely using fertilizers with too high nitrogen content in pig manure and chicken manure makes the branches thick, dark green, fragile, easy to break in strong wind, large and heavy fruits, poor quality, low sweetness and even sour or salty. Therefore, potassium fertilizer, magnesium fertilizer and bone meal should be added during flowering and fruiting to promote sugar accumulation and improve fruit quality.
There are many aerial roots of pitaya, which can be transformed into absorption roots. Expanding holes and improving soil can gradually broaden the distribution of root system; You can also induce aerial roots to go to the ground by binding and dragging. [5]
2. Picking: When the branches grow to 1.3- 1.4 meters long, the picking core promotes branching and makes the branches droop naturally.
3. Interplanting and artificial pollination: When planting pitaya, it is necessary to interplant about 10% of white pitaya. Cross-pollination among varieties can obviously improve the seed setting rate. In case of rainy weather, artificial pollination is needed. Pollination can be accomplished by brushing pollen directly on the stigma of female flowers before flowering at night or closing in the morning.
4. Pruning branches: After picking the fruit every year, cut off the bearing branches and let them send out new branches.
To ensure the output in the coming year. Pitaya can be planted in various ways, such as climbing the wall or building a shed, but column cultivation is the most common, which has the advantages of low production cost and high land utilization rate.
The so-called column planting is to erect a cement column or a wooden column, and plant 3-4 pitaya seedlings around the column so that the pitaya seedlings can grow along the column. Planting specifications: row spacing of double-season columns 1.5m× 2m, and 750 plants can be planted per 667m2, with 4 plants planted around each column. Pitaya can be planted all year round. Be careful not to plant it too deep. It can be planted about 3 cm deep, and the soil should be kept moist at the beginning. [3]
Water management
Pitaya grows rapidly in a warm, humid and sunny environment. The soil in the whole garden should be kept moist during the growth of seedlings. Water more in spring and summer to keep the root system growing vigorously. Keeping the soil moist during fruit expansion is beneficial to fruit growth.
Do not soak for a long time when pouring water, and do not spray water frequently from beginning to end. Immersion irrigation will make the roots die of hypoxia for a long time, and drenching water will make the humidity uneven and induce erythema (physiological disease). Drainage should be carried out in time in rainy weather, so as not to be infected with germs and cause the stem meat to rot. Water should be controlled in the garden in winter to enhance the cold resistance of branches.
1, branch spraying: fruit trees with serious diseases,
The variety is completed from early June to winter, and the whole process is divided into three stages: physiological differentiation, morphological differentiation and sexual cell maturation. The flower buds are mixed buds and the inflorescences are corymbose cymes. 5-7 flowers per inflorescence.
bloom and bear fruit—yield positive results
Flowering: The flowering period of apples varies greatly due to different climates. Usually from April to May,
There are 3 ~ 7 flowers in each bud, and the central flower blooms first. Apple is a cross-pollinated plant, and most varieties cannot bear fruit by themselves. The proportion of various fruiting branches varies with the age and species of trees. Usually, young trees have more long fruit branches and middle fruit branches. With the increase of tree age, the proportion of short fruit branches increased rapidly, reaching more than 70% in the full fruit period, and almost all of them were short fruit branches in the aging period. From the variety point of view, Jin Shuai and other varieties have more long fruit branches and medium fruit branches, and varieties such as Starkrimson and Red Fuji have a large proportion of short fruit branches, and varieties such as Liaofu are easy to form axillary buds.
Fruit setting: the normal fruit of apple, each fruit has 5 ventricles, and each ventricle has 2 seeds. During fruit development, seeds secrete hormones to stimulate pulp growth, so pollination is good, seeds are full and full, fruit shape is correct, and pulp is full; On the other hand, on the side with poor seed development or no seed, the pulp becomes thin and deformed, so pollination trees must be arranged to improve the pollination effect. [ 1]
Fruit quality
Apple fruit is a fake fruit developed from ovary and receptacle, in which ovary develops into heart, receptacle develops into meat and embryo develops into seed. The volume expansion of fruit depends on the increase of the number of rapidly dividing cells in the early stage and the volume expansion of cells in the later stage.
The volume expansion of fruit is faster in the middle period to before ripening, slower in the early and late period, and the fruit weight increases fastest in the month before ripening. The length of fruit development period is generally 65 ~ 87 days for early-maturing varieties, 90 ~ 133 days for middle-maturing varieties and 137 ~ 168 days for late-maturing varieties. Fruit color is an important indicator of commodities. The quality of apple coloring is closely related to the accumulation of sugar, the coordination of mineral elements, environmental conditions, and the types and contents of hormones.
Controlling application of nitrogen fertilizer, increasing application of potassium fertilizer, reducing chlorophyll in peel, improving ventilation and light transmission conditions, improving sunshine, good drainage, reducing air humidity and spraying NAA and 2.4-D hormone can all promote apple coloring.
From the appearance of buds to the harvest of fruits, apples usually have four flowers and fruits. The first time at the end