Camellia oleifera 1 Planting method and afforestation site selection
Camellia oleifera has strong vitality, drought resistance and barren, but as an economic forest tree species mainly harvesting fruits, in order to have better yield, mountain red soil, yellow soil and yellow brown soil developed from sandstone, shale, granite and limestone should be selected; The soil layer with a thickness of more than 60 cm and less than 40 cm is not suitable for forest land; There are also differences in altitude requirements. Common camellia oleifera has strong adaptability and wide ecological requirements, ranging from 30? The mountainous area of 1900m can grow and develop normally, but it can grow and develop normally at 200? 600m mountain area grows well; The slope direction, gradient and position are sunny or semi-sunny slopes, and the gentle slopes with middle and low slopes below 25 degrees are used for afforestation.
2. Soil preparation before afforestation
Soil preparation is an important link in afforestation of Camellia oleifera. By loosening soil, the thickness of loose soil layer is deepened, the soil structure of forest land is improved, and the soil water storage capacity and ventilation conditions are improved; Improve microbial activity conditions, improve soil fertility, and create favorable conditions for the growth and development of Camellia oleifera roots. Soil preparation should be combined with soil and water conservation under mountain farming conditions. The greater the slope, the more serious the soil erosion is, and the soil preparation should be carried out as far as possible.
Soil preparation should be carried out three or four months before afforestation, which is beneficial to the full weathering of soil. Generally, it is autumn soil preparation, winter afforestation or winter soil preparation and spring afforestation.
The soil preparation method of Camellia oleifera includes full reclamation, which is suitable for mountainous areas with slope less than 15 degrees. Strip soil preparation, suitable for afforestation, slope 16? 25 degrees Shan Ye; Block soil preparation is mainly used for steep slopes, broken slopes and surrounding tree planting. It can be selected according to forest land, management level and labor force.
Step 3 Afforestation
(1) Afforestation methods: According to different afforestation materials, it can be divided into two types: planting seedlings and sowing afforestation. Because Camellia oleifera is a cross-pollinated and sexually hybridized tree species, the offspring of natural hybridization are very different, and the superior and inferior plants of direct seeding Camellia oleifera forest are mixed, which seriously affects the yield per unit area and cannot achieve the goal of high and stable yield. Therefore, seedlings cultivated by seeds or direct seeding of seeds are no longer used for afforestation. At present, all the high-yield camellia oleifera forests have planted grafted seedlings for afforestation. Afforestation with grafted seedlings or cuttings of clonal varieties cultivated in nurseries, greenhouses or containers is called camellia oleifera planting seedlings. Artificial seedlings, especially container seedlings, generally have complete roots and vigorous aboveground parts. Strong resistance to external environment, high survival rate, fast growth, fast crown formation, and 1? It will blossom and bear fruit in two years. The seedling size and age of afforestation are different due to different seedling raising methods. Generally, it takes two years for grafted seedlings with buds to come out of the nursery. If cultivated in containers, they can also grow out of the nursery within one year. Generally speaking, Camellia oleifera seedlings used for afforestation must have developed roots, vigorous growth, stout stems and a height of about 20cm. If conditions permit, it is best to use container seedlings for afforestation. The survival rate of Camellia oleifera afforestation is closely related to air humidity and soil moisture. Seedlings are most likely to lose water in sunny days and dry seasons, which leads to afforestation failure. It is best to choose rainy weather and plant before it rains, and the survival rate after planting is high. For the big hole on the flat slope, the top soil should be used to loosen the soil at the acupoint into a steamed bun shape, which can prevent the cave soil from sinking and accumulate water in the rainy season after planting, resulting in water damage and death. Planting seedlings and afforestation must be solid, and the planting depth of seedlings should exceed the original nursery 1? 1.5cm is appropriate. When using plastic film bags as containers to raise seedlings, the film bags must be removed to avoid affecting the extension of seedling roots.
(2) Afforestation density: It varies according to the types and business purposes of Camellia oleifera. Common Camellia oleifera aims at harvesting fruits and producing oil, and generally about 100 plants are planted per mu. Only by controlling the reasonable density according to local conditions can we achieve economic benefits and high and stable yield. Fertile land can be planted thinly, and thin soil can be planted densely; Sparse planting at the foot of the mountain and dense planting at the top of the mountain; Sparse planting on gentle slope and dense planting on steep slope; Experience of thinning and non-thinning planting. The layout and configuration of Camellia oleifera planting sites should be based on the principle that plants do not affect each other and reduce competition among plants. Generally speaking, plum blossom or triangle arrangement is suitable for gentle slope, while on hillside, the spacing between trees is small, the row spacing is large, and the arrangement is ladder-shaped, and the gap between rows is large, which is beneficial to the utilization of light energy.
4. Young forest tending management
The length of young Camellia oleifera forest stage is closely related to the site conditions, management intensity, biological differences of Camellia oleifera tree species and varieties. Usually, the site conditions are good, the water and fertilizer conditions are superior, and the intensive management of Camellia oleifera forest is put into production early; The site conditions are poor, the soil is arid and barren, and the extensive camellia oleifera forest is put into production late. Ordinary camellia oleifera is generally 5? Six years, excellent human cloning? Fujian 43, Fujian 48, Fujian 60? After long-term breeding and popularization and application, it is suitable for planting camellia oleifera in our region. Its grafted seedlings were put into production early, 3? It will blossom and bear fruit in four years. Timely tending and management after afforestation, creating superior environmental conditions and meeting the water demand of camellia oleifera growth and development are the key measures to ensure afforestation survival, early fruiting and high yield.
(1) Farming instead of caressing. Through artificial measures, improve soil fertility to meet the needs of plant growth and development, and achieve the goal of high yield. Therefore, soil tillage is an important part of young Camellia oleifera forest management. The young forest stage of Camellia oleifera is mainly for vegetative growth, so as to form a huge root system and a complete tree body, and prepare for flowering and fruiting in the reproductive stage. The newly-built Camellia oleifera forest is vulnerable to weeds because of its damaged roots, poor resistance to adverse external environment and weak vitality. Spring is the most vigorous time for young trees to grow and the fastest stage for weeds to grow. Timely tending, weeding and loosening the soil can increase soil nutrients and create good growth conditions for the growth of young Camellia oleifera trees, thus ensuring the survival rate of afforestation, promoting growth and development, and flowering and fruiting early. The main function of tillage is to cut off soil capillaries, reduce water evaporation, promote gas exchange, create suitable living conditions for soil microorganisms, improve the utilization rate of organic nutrients, promote the growth and development of young trees, eliminate weeds and reduce pests and diseases. The soil cultivation methods of young Camellia oleifera forest include whole cultivation, strip cultivation and hole sowing cultivation. According to the growth of weeds in woodland and land use, different methods are adopted according to local conditions. Suitable for interplanting or intercropping in woodland with deep soil layer, gentle slope and slope not exceeding 15 degree. The slope is steep, which can be interplanted in strips or tended in strips. Pit tending can be used in places where soil erosion is serious and it is not suitable for full reclamation, belt tending and labor shortage. With the growth of young trees, the range of tending should be gradually expanded.
(2) plastic trimming. Camellia oleifera shaping and pruning is a comprehensive agricultural technical measure, which must be based on fertilizer and water management to get results. Otherwise, simply emphasizing plastic pruning will affect the growth and development of Camellia oleifera, and the expected effect will not be achieved. When pruning young Camellia oleifera forest, the height of trunk should be determined according to the convenience of tending and fertilization in forest activities and the needs of future management. Generally speaking, the trunk height of common camellia oleifera is 30? 50cm is appropriate. Therefore, when the trunk of Camellia oleifera grows to a certain height after afforestation, the top should be truncated according to the predetermined trunk height, and then 3? Four branches are the main branches, guide the main branches to grow outward and upward evenly, and pay attention to the uniform distribution. In the second year, the main branches were properly pruned to control their growth and make them grow in a balanced way, and gradually cultivated into natural round-headed happy crowns. Camellia oleifera has strong germination ability. If young trees are cut down again, a large number of new branches will sprout at the incision, which will consume a lot of nutrients and make the growth of trees lose balance. Therefore, all the overlapping branches should be cut off, the long branches sprouting at the base should be controlled with short scissors, and the branches should be properly thinned and dense, so that the nutrients can be reasonably adjusted. After pruning, the physiological activity of Camellia oleifera increased significantly. Proper pruning of young Camellia oleifera forest laid a foundation for the rapid growth and high yield of young Camellia oleifera forest, which not only promoted the early growth and development of Camellia oleifera, but also had a significant impact on the future yield.
(3) Intercropping fertilization. During the period of young Camellia oleifera forest, green manure, medicinal materials, peanuts or leguminous crops can be planted in the gap of forest land, and intertillage fertilization can be used instead of tending, which can effectively inhibit the growth of weeds and shrubs, improve the ability of soil water storage and fertilizer conservation, improve the microclimate in the forest, reduce the surface temperature and increase the humidity in the forest, thus promoting the root growth and tree development of young Camellia oleifera forest, and achieving the purpose of fast growth and early fruit.
Camellia oleifera 1 cultivation techniques, afforestation site selection
Camellia oleifera is an acidic tree species, which is generally suitable for growing in soil with pH value of 5-6.5. Acidic soils such as Tiemangji, Yingshanhong, Vaccinium bracteatum, Rhus sumac and Imperata showed that the low hills with lush plants could be used as afforestation sites for Camellia oleifera.
Camellia oleifera is a tree species that gradually changes from semi-shade to yang during individual development. After entering adulthood (10 years), due to a large number of results, vegetative growth and reproductive growth alternate, and the demand for direct light is very urgent, such as insufficient light, which has a great impact on the yield of Camellia oleifera. The main purpose of planting Camellia oleifera is to produce more fruits, seeds and oil, so afforestation must choose sunny slope and semi-sunny slope. Especially in mountainous areas with mountainous peaks, we should pay special attention to the choice of woodland slope direction, and should choose south, east or southeast.
Camellia oleifera should always be cultivated in intertillage, and the soil in forest land should be cultivated in different degrees at each growth stage. The greater the slope, the faster the soil erosion. For soil and water conservation and water conservation, Camellia oleifera should choose sloping land or gentle slope below 25 degrees for afforestation.
2. Soil preparation
There are three kinds of soil preparation methods for Camellia oleifera: full reclamation, strip soil preparation and block soil preparation, which can be selected according to forest land, management level, labor input and ecological environment protection. Full reclamation is suitable for afforestation land with slope less than 15 degree and not easy to cause soil erosion. Steep slopes, broken slopes and? Four sides? You can plant trees. Soil preparation should be carried out three or four months before afforestation, which is beneficial to soil weathering and cave soil implementation. Does the planting hole cost 80? 80? 80cm pit, combined with the pit to fill with enough base fertilizer, base fertilizer should be fully mixed with backfill soil, hole filling should be more than 20cm above the ground.
3. Planting density
Afforestation density is mainly determined according to the biological characteristics of tree species, site conditions and varieties and models for business purposes, generally 60? About 120 strains. The fertile land is sparsely planted and the soil is thin and dense; Sparse planting at the foot of the mountain and dense planting at the top of the mountain; Sparse planting on gentle slope and dense planting on steep slope; The experience of intercropping and non-intercropping and planting density, the planting density of first frost varieties and the planting density of cold dew varieties are worth popularizing.
4, seedling planting
Camellia oleifera is an evergreen broad-leaved tree species, and its seedlings have long main roots and few lateral roots. Afforestation in sunny days and dry seasons is most likely to cause water loss of seedlings, leading to afforestation failure. The survival rate of Camellia oleifera afforestation is closely related to air humidity and soil moisture. The survival rate of afforestation in sunny days is very different from that in rainy days, so the survival rate is high when planting. It is rainy in spring, with high air humidity and wet soil. The beginning of spring? Where to? Scared? During this period, it is most suitable to choose cloudy day or light rain for afforestation before the buds germinate.
What is the basis of afforestation? Three buries, two steps and one seedling? The principle of. Be sure to plant it firmly and steadily. For the big hole on the flat slope, after planting, pile the base stem into steamed bread with loose soil to prevent the hole soil from sinking and accumulating water in rainy season, resulting in waterlogging death. The suitable planting depth of seedlings is 1- 1.5cm beyond the original nursery.
Direct seeding afforestation is a simple and labor-saving method, which can quickly complete large-scale afforestation tasks.
5. Tending management
The management of young forest is mainly intertillage weeding to solve the problem that seedlings and weeds compete for light, water and fertilizer. 3 times, at the same time, intercropping cultivation can be carried out instead of caressing; Secondly, tree-type cultivation, timely drying and coring, and controlling branch elongation, in order to cultivate high-yield tree-type with compact crown and open tree shape; In order to ensure the premature delivery and high yield of young forests, appropriate fertilization measures should be taken. The forest stage is the period when Camellia oleifera begins to bear fruit, and it is also the most valuable period for Camellia oleifera management. Ensure the high and stable yield of adult Camellia oleifera, shovel and weed once a year in summer and dig deep every three years in winter. In addition, reasonable fertilization should be carried out according to soil fertility, tree age, tree potential and fruiting year.