Materials and utensils: collected plants, old newspapers or toilet paper, brushes or gauze, specimen clips or two boards and books larger than desk paper, which absorb water.
Paper or cotton wool, watch paper, label, glue, adhesive tape or needle and thread, brush, blade, scissors, cellophane.
manufacturing method
Select the most complete organ from the same plant as the specimen. Wipe the dirt off the sample with a brush or gauze.
Keep the specimen clean and beautiful. Put the sorted specimens on dry old newspapers or papyrus paper, press them with specimen clips, or put them in.
Between two boards, books or bricks are pressed on them. When pressing, pay attention to whether the specimen is flat and whether the position of leaves and flowers is
Unnatural, avoid covering each other up. If the specimen is too long or too dense, it should be trimmed or bent properly. If it's hard,
You should flatten the thorn first. There is a significant difference between the dorsal surface and the ventral surface of some plants, so some leaves should be turned over.
The place where the specimen is pressed should be ventilated and sunny, otherwise the specimen is not easy to dry, it will curl, turn black and lose its original green color. On the flowers
Absorbent paper or absorbent cotton must be placed on the surface. Change the wet paper into dry paper every day, and the wet paper can be used after drying or drying. When changing paper
Pay attention to the posture of plants. You can also iron plants in absorbent paper.
After the plants are dried, select a few points with thread or tape and fix them on the table paper. Small plants or specimens with soft branches and leaves can be dipped in glue with a brush.
Apply it to one side of the specimen, stick it on the table paper, press it slightly, leave it for half a day to a day, and stick it with tape after drying in the shade.
The non-sticky part of the water is fixed on the table paper. If the branches of conifers are used as specimens, it is best to soak them in boiling water first.
Or dip it in thin glue and flatten it to prevent the needle from scattering.
After the wax leaf specimen is made, it should be marked in the lower right corner of the surface paper, including scientific name, common name, origin, collection date and collector.
Method of making insect specimens
According to the characteristics of insects themselves
(
Such as body, size, hardness
)
life
(
Such as larvae or adults
)
And research needs, there will be
The production method is different. Mainly can be divided into the following categories:
First, the needle insertion method
This method is suitable for insects with large body and hard body surface, and it is also the most commonly used specimen making method. collect
Then, before the specimen is dried, insert the insect needle into the specimen and pose or spread its wings.
It can be finished after drying.
Second, microneedles and sticking methods
Some small insects, with ordinary insect needle is too big to insert into the worm, at this time need to use a smaller microneedle to insert.
Insects, then insert the microneedles into a small cork, and then insert the ordinary insect needles into the cork. If there are smaller insects, you can use them.
Glue: Glue the right part of the insect to the tip of the triangle paper, and then insert the triangle paper with a common insect needle.
Thirdly, impregnation method.
Some insects, such as termites or completely abnormal insects, have soft body surfaces and cannot be made into dry sticks for needle insertion.
Ben. At this time, you can soak the worms in the liquid. Usually, insect tissues are fixed with special fixative or hot water first, and then soaked.
95%
In alcohol. Pay attention to the sealing of glass bottles, otherwise alcohol will easily volatilize. Sometimes the specimen will dehydrate or the worm's body fluids will flow.
Come out and reduce the alcohol concentration, then you must change the alcohol several times.
Four, slide specimens
Slide specimens are suitable for tiny insects, and their morphological characteristics must be observed with a microscope or a magnifying glass.
take for example
Lice,
Fleas, aphids, etc. The general steps are as follows: soak the collected samples in
10%
Soften the bones of worms in potassium hydroxide solution for one day, and then take it.
Take it out, wash it with distilled water, and supply red dye if necessary. , for appearance.
Check. then
50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100%
Equal concentration
Alcohol, a series of dehydration, then sealed with gum Arabic and dried.
2-3
In a week, you will be finished.
What tools do you need to make needle specimens?
First of all, insect needles
Insect needles are made of stainless steel and have a length of about.
3.5-4
Cm, its tip can be inserted into worms. Some insects have other needles.
One end has a round head like a pin, and some don't. Insect needles are divided according to size.
5-0
Number, which can be applied to insects of different sizes. Besides,
Microneedles, the length of which is about the length of insect needles.
1/3
And smaller.
Second, spread your wings.
The wing plate is mainly composed of three cork boards. The lower floor is about
30
×
30
A square with a square centimeter.
The top two pieces, about
10
×
30
A rectangle of one square centimeter. The upper two pieces are horizontally aligned and arranged in parallel with each other, leaving an appointment in the middle.
0.5- 1
centimetre
The grooves in the worm's abdomen extend into and flatten the wings on the upper plate.
Third, the overall posture table
The posture table is mainly a cork board, which is used to fix various parts of the worm on the posture table after the needle is inserted into the specimen, so as to keep the specimen natural.
Attitude, don't let it curl.
Fourth, the general station.
It consists of three boards with different heights, and each board is dug with hollow holes with different depths. After the needle is inserted into the insect,
In order to keep the height of the insect on the insect needle consistent with the height of the label, the specimen and the insect needle can be inserted into the hole to adjust the specimen and the insect.
Sign the height, so that after the specimen is finished, put it in the specimen box, and the height of each other will be more uniform and beautiful.
Five, worm marks
In order to record the specimen data in detail, each specimen must have a label. The labels are about the same size.
1
×
1.5
Cm zhi
Made of cardboard, it's called a bug tag. Insect labels must truthfully record the collection time, collection place and collector, both of which are indispensable.
Intransitive verb others
When making specimens, pins, laminated paper, tweezers, etc. To help fix the specimen.
How to make a needle specimen
First, choose insect needles.
According to the different sizes of insect specimens, choose the appropriate insect needle. Like scarabs.
five
Insect needle for medium-sized butterflies.
three
No. Needle, and small mosquitoes use it.
No.2 needle will do.
Second, pin
The position is generally based on the right side of the insect's middle chest. Toona sinensis is inserted on the right side of the rafter. Needle insertion depth
How deep is it? There is also a complete insect needle above the general specimen.
1/3
Subject to the length. But sometimes it must be adjusted according to the thickness of the worm.
Third, spread your wings.
Some insects need to spread their wings, such as butterflies and dragonflies. When spreading wings, first carefully insert the specimen inserted by the needle into the spreading plate to prevent insects.
The body sinks into the groove, and the wings are in a horizontal position. Then spread the wings with tweezers so that the rear edge of the front wing is perpendicular to the body. will
After the wing is adjusted to the ideal position, one hand presses the wing with the layering paper, and the other hand inserts the pin around the layering paper, but not on the wing, so that,
Laminated paper is closely connected with the exhibition board to fix the wings. After spreading your wings, adjust the position of your tentacles, feet and abdomen, and you're done.
All right.
Fourth, the whole posture
Some insects don't need to spread their wings, such as ants and scarabs. However, after specimen collection, insects will curl up and die ugly, which is
In order to facilitate observation in the future and keep the specimen beautiful, it is necessary to adjust the posture. When posing, the front feet and tentacles are forward, the middle and rear feet are backward, and the body is in
The accessory organs are stretched out. Use tweezers to put the parts that need to be fixed in a proper position, and fix the limbs on the posture board with the help of pins.
Serve and dry.
Verb (short for verb) Dry ...
When the specimen has completed the above actions, it is almost ready, and the remaining work is to dry the specimen. Usually in
50
Drying in a thermostat at 20℃
Just do this for a week or so. If there is no thermostat, you can also use exposure or dryer instead. Never microwave or bake.
Box.
Six, save
After the specimen is dried, it can be stored in a specimen box. An ideal specimen box should have a gap around it for placing camphor.
Maru. Iron biscuit boxes can usually be used instead. The box is covered with a layer of dragon board, and the specimens are inserted in the box for preservation. The specimen box needs to be placed.
Store in a ventilated and dry place. A well-preserved herbarium can last for hundreds of years without being damaged. Each generation of specimens
Represents a life, so we should cherish it and make good use of it. For example, carefully observe his morphology, try to classify or conduct other scientific research.
Look into it.
Method of making venous specimens
(
1
) material
Sink, soft brush, leaves, etc.
(
2
) production method
Put the leaves in a sink full of clean water and put them in a warm place. After a few days, the water will gradually change color and smell. Water change succeeded.
Continue soaking until mesophyll and veins fall off. If you don't take it off, you can gently brush it with a soft brush. Then wash it with clear water and put it in a glass.
Dry on the board. Put it in the specimen folder and write down the name, collection place, time and producer, and it becomes a specimen.
Seed specimen making method
There are many kinds of seeds, some are single seeds, and some are fruits formed by the healing of pericarp and seeds.
Different seeds should be treated and preserved separately. If the seeds contain more water, the seeds used must be intact and dry.
Preserve, then there will be the possibility of mildew and deterioration. Therefore, after getting the seeds, they should be dried first, or naturally dried or dried, and then packaged.
Cover the bottle tightly with a ground cork, and finally put a label on the bottle wall, indicating the name of the seed.