1. 1 Determine the planting time.
At present, most growers in Kunming mainly calculate the planting time by listing cut flowers on holidays. The planting time is early April, middle and late June,165438+1early October, etc. However, the determination of planting time should not be limited to the above-mentioned time, and should be adjusted appropriately according to the change of flower market price to cope with market risks.
1.2 book seedlings in advance
At present, most carnation growers do not raise seedlings by themselves, but book them from seedling companies, while Kunming growers generally book them from Mao Ying and Qicai seedling companies. Because the seedlings of the seedling company are of good quality, healthy and few hidden germs, good seedlings are the premise of planting high-quality cut flowers. After determining the planting varieties, the seedlings are generally scheduled 2 months in advance. Because there are many orders from the seedling company, there are still some uncertain other factors, so we should book in advance to ensure the seedling transplanting when planting.
1.3 Determine the amount of seedlings used.
Because growers have different specifications for greenhouse facilities, each greenhouse has different requirements for seedlings. According to the specifications of the greenhouse (the width of the greenhouse is 5.2 ~ 6m, and the length of the greenhouse is 70m), it is estimated that a greenhouse needs about 2,000 seedlings to grow four plants, that is, 667m2 needs17,000 seedlings.
Selection of 1.4 varieties
Variety selection is based on the principle of high yield, strong disease resistance and good market sales. At present, the main varieties of carnations in Kunming are Master, Hongfu, pink diamond, Baxter, Xtep, Pink Lady, Flame and Carnival. Each variety has its own advantages and disadvantages, and should be properly matched when planting, subject to market demand.
1.5 base fertilizer application and soil disinfection
Apply base fertilizer 20 days in advance, and apply 3000kg of decomposed cow dung every 667㎡ in combination with soil turning. The base fertilizer can also be replaced by organic fertilizer or other farmyard manure. The base fertilizer is required to be decomposed and sterilized, and seedlings cannot be burned at the same time. When chemical fertilizer is used as base fertilizer, before rotary tillage, 50 kg of calcium superphosphate, 30 kg of diammonium phosphate and 20 kg of potassium sulfate can be applied in 667㎡. Considering the cost, some growers only use farmyard manure as base fertilizer, which has little effect on the whole growth period of carnation.
35% Weibaimu aqueous solution (sodium methyl dithiocarbamate) was selected for soil disinfection, and the soil was ploughed flat and kept moist before application. Dilute every 667㎡ with 19.2kg of medicine and 1000kg of water, evenly spray on the surface of the seedbed, and let the medicine wet the soil layer by 4cm；; Immediately after application, cover it with polyethylene plastic film to prevent gas leakage; After 10d, remove the plastic film harrow soil to make the residual gas fully volatilize for 5-7 days; It can be planted after the residual medicine gas in the soil is exhausted.
1.6 soil preparation, used for soil preparation.
Before making the border, dig deep into the soil (30 ~ 40 cm). Generally, the frame is 90cm wide, 30 ~ 40 cm high and 40 ~ 50 cm wide, and the surface of the frame is required to be flat.
1.7 Laying drip irrigation, piling and netting.
After the frame is completed, drip irrigation is laid first, and then piling and pulling the net. Support piles should be erected firmly, especially the main support piles at both ends of the boundary should be erected very firmly. The supporting pile length is 130 ~ 150cm, 80 ~ 100 cm above ground and 50cm underground. Height is consistent, firm and straight, and 1 ~ 2m is set 1 pair; The supporting net requires that the grid (10cm× 12cm) be aligned and tight; Generally, according to the plant height of carnations, varieties with plant height below 70cm will be painted with three layers of net, and varieties with plant height above 70cm will be painted with four layers of net. Kunming area generally pulls three layers of nets.
2 Colonization
2. 1 upper sunshade net
Before planting, a shading net with shading rate of about 30% was painted on the outer film of the greenhouse, and shading 15 ~ 20 days after planting was beneficial to the survival of seedlings.
2.2 transplantation
Water 0 ~ 4 days before sowing 1. When planting, the soil is in a certain moist state, and it is appropriate to rub and scatter the soil by hand when landing. Generally, the plant spacing is 10cm×20cm, and the seedlings should only be planted at a shallow depth of 0.5 ~ 1.0 cm. Immediately after transplanting, root-fixing water should be poured thoroughly.
3 Post-colonial management
3. 1 seedling management
After transplanting, water should be poured every 3 days (about 10min for each time). When the seedlings grow to 15 ~ 20 days, the seedlings are topdressing for the first time, and 5 kg of ammonium nitrate and 5 kg of urea are applied every 667㎡.
3.2 Management after coring
After 25 ~ 30 days of growth, the seedlings began to pick their hearts. Generally, pick at one time, leave 2 ~ 3 pairs of leaves, and remove the stem tips. About 25 days after coring, the seedlings are fixed and shaped, 3 ~ 5 strong buds with similar size are selected, and the weak buds and small buds are erased, so that the flowering period is neat and the quality of cut flowers is enhanced.
3.2. 1 water after coring, once every 3d in spring and twice every 7d; In summer, water is usually poured once every two days and three times every seven days, each time 10min. In actual production, watering should be properly adjusted according to weather conditions.
3.2.2 After topdressing and spraying are completed, a small amount of topdressing is needed, and urea 1kg, phosphate nitrate 1kg, calcium ammonium nitrate 1kg, potassium nitrate 1kg, magnesium sulfate 0.5kg and boron fertilizer 0.5kg are applied to 667m2. On the second day after topdressing, apply 500g of pesticide chlorothalonil every 667㎡ to prevent bacterial infection after coring. After that, topdressing was applied once every 7 days until the first flower was picked, reducing the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer and increasing the amount of potassium fertilizer. During the period, 7kg of urea, 7kg of nitrophosphate, 7kg of calcium ammonium nitrate, 5kg of potassium nitrate, magnesium sulfate 1kg and boron fertilizer 1kg were applied topdressing. After topdressing, in order to prevent the occurrence of pests and diseases during this period, 500 grams of chlorothalonil, 200 grams of Cirsium japonicum and 500 grams of chlorfenapyr were sprayed at one time in 667㎡.
3.2.3 The lateral buds germinated after bud smearing, bud picking and core removal shall be erased in time except for being reserved as flower branches. When the bud appears, a single variety leaves a big bud at the top, and the other bud should be wiped off before it grows to the size of a pea.
4 Management of the second crop of flowers
After the first flower is harvested, it is 15 ~ 20 cm away from the ground. When harvesting the first crop of flowers, cut off the remaining flower branches and branches with long nodes. Under the incision, two pairs of nodes of green leaves should be left. After pruning, clean and remove the cut branches and leaves, and spray bactericide 1 time. Stop irrigation and fertilization within 5 ~ 10 days after pruning, and resume normal water and fertilizer management after new buds germinate. Water and fertilizer management is the same as the first crop of flowers.
5 pest control
The main diseases of carnation in production are leaf spot and rust, and the main pests are thrips and red spiders. In the daily management of water, fertilizer and pesticide application, in order to prevent the occurrence of pests and diseases, targeted chemicals are sprayed on the second day after each fertilization to prevent pests and diseases. After the actual occurrence of pests and diseases, pesticide control should be carried out in time.
5. 1 disease
5. 1. 1 leaf spot in production, if leaf spot occurs on plants, spray 500 grams of pesticide Shigao on 667㎡ and add 100 grams of borax for control.
5. 1.2 Rust In production, if plants are rusted, the pesticide kresoxim-methyl 100g is generally sprayed at 667m2 for control.
5.2 pests
5.2. 1 In the production of thrips, if plants are infected by thrips, you can choose blue board for physical control, or you can choose 667㎡ spraying 100g pesticide Jixing for control.
5.2.2 In the production of red spider, if the pest red spider appears on the plant, it is generally controlled by spraying 500 grams of rice blast amide (Baozhuo) at 667㎡.
6 harvesting, packaging and storage
When harvesting, if it is necessary to keep the lateral branches of the second crop of flowers, the cut should be above the lateral branches 1cm, if it is not necessary to keep the lateral branches, it should be cut to the base. When harvesting, the left hand gently holds the flower neck, the right hand takes the scissors from the lower part, and then pulls them out from the upper part of the net. After the cut flowers are collected and bundled, they should be immediately put into a bucket that has been thoroughly cleaned and disinfected and filled with clear water to minimize the dehydration time. The dehydration time of cut flowers should not exceed 30 minutes. The cut flowers packed in barrels after bundling should be transported to the post-harvest processing workshop for subsequent processing under the conditions of avoiding wind and violent shaking.
If the picked flower branches are in primary arrangement, it is necessary to pick out the unqualified products and peel off the basal leaves of 5 ~ 7 plants under the flower. The qualified products after primary sorting and grading are immediately put into the prepared preservative or put into clean water to absorb water for about 6 hours. If possible, it is best to put it in a cold storage at 4 ~ 5℃ for precooling and preservation, and then carry out hydroponics.