Honeysuckle (Lonicera. ) Also known as honeysuckle, double flower and two precious flowers. It is a semi-evergreen twining shrub of Caprifoliaceae. Take bud (honeysuckle) and vine (honeysuckle) as medicine. It is produced in most parts of the country. The cultivation history has been more than 200 years. Among them, Mi in Mixian County, Henan Province and Dong in Pingyi and Feixian County, Shandong Province are the most famous and sell well at home and abroad. Chlorogenic acid and isochlorogenic acid are the main antibacterial effective components in Lonicera japonica Thunb. Pharmacological tests show that they have inhibitory effects on many bacteria. Sweet in taste and cold in nature, it has the function of clearing away heat and toxic materials. Treat epidemic febrile diseases, wind-heat common cold, sore throat, pneumonia, dysentery, carbuncle, erysipelas, cellulitis, etc. The bud of begonia kunming. , Lactobacillus Taiwan Province DC. And L.dasystyla Rehd. It's all included in the Pharmacopoeia.

I. Morphological characteristics

This vine can be as long as 9 meters, with hollow stems and many branches. Leaves opposite, ovate or oblong, 3-8 cm long, wide tender leaves pubescent, gray-green back. Flowers axillary in pairs, with 2 leaflike bracts. Pedicels and perianth pubescent. The corolla is white at first, and turns golden after 2-3 days, so it is called honeysuckle. Calyx short, 5-lobed, lobes triangular, corolla slightly lipped, 3-5 cm long, tube as long as lip, upper lip 4-lobed, lower lip undivided, outside pilose, glandular hairy; Stamens 5, ovary glabrous, style slightly longer than stamens, all protruding from corolla. Berries are spherical, black and shiny when they are ripe (Figure 18— 1 1).

Fig. 18 —— 1 1 honeysuckle morphological diagram

Second, biological characteristics.

Developed root system, many fine roots and strong rooting ability. Under suitable temperature and humidity, cuttings and drooping branches can take root in less than 15 days. For a perennial plant, the root cap distribution diameter can reach 300-500 cm, the root depth is 150-200 cm, and the main roots are distributed in the topsoil with a depth of 10-50 cm. Most fibrous roots grow in 5-30cm topsoil. Roots grow fastest from the beginning of April to the end of August. As long as there is a certain humidity all year round and the temperature is generally not lower than 5℃, it can germinate, and the number of buds germinated in spring is the most. Young branches are green, thick and short-haired, old branches lose hair, bark is brown, and then it falls off on its own. After new bark is formed, old bark falls off every year. I like a mild climate, and the temperature suitable for growth is 20-30℃. I like a humid environment, so it is best to have high humidity and strong air permeability. However, if the soil humidity is too high, it will affect the growth and the leaves will turn yellow and fall off easily. Like long sunshine, insufficient light will affect the photosynthesis of plants, with slender branches, small leaves, stronger tangles and less bud differentiation. Therefore, it should be planted in a plot with sufficient light and should not be intercropped with trees. Not strict with soil requirements, salt and alkali tolerance. Humus soil with deep and loose soil layer is better.

Third, cultivation techniques.

Selection of (1) varieties

There are many varieties of honeysuckle, and all provinces and regions have excellent varieties suitable for local cultivation. At present, there are two better varieties of honeysuckle in Shandong Province.

1. Jizhaohua

Many branches, short branches, small leaves, dense buds, early flowering, but small buds.

2. Big furry flowers

The flower branches are vigorous, the buds are hypertrophy, the branches are long, easy to entangle, and the flowering period is late. The above two varieties have high yield and good quality.

(2) Breeding methods

Propagation with seeds and cuttings. Cutting propagation has high survival rate and quick income, and is widely used in producing areas.

(1) seed propagation

Picking fruits in June165438+1October, scrubbing in water, removing pulp and chaff, and drying mature seeds for later use. In April of the following year, the seeds are soaked in warm water at 35-40℃ for 24 hours, then mixed with 2-3 times of wet sand to accelerate germination, and planted when the crack of the seeds reaches about 30%. Before sowing, select fertile sandy loam and turn it over 30-30-33 cm deep to make a flat bed with a width of about 65-70 cm. The length of the boundary is not limited. After the frame is straightened, water is poured thoroughly. When the topsoil is slightly loose and dry, the boundary surface is leveled. Divide three shallow ditches in each border according to the row spacing of 2 1-22 cm, spread the seeds evenly in the ditches and cover them with fine soil of 1cm. After sowing, keep the ground moist, cover the border with a layer of weeds, spray water every two days, and it will be unearthed in about ten days. Transplanted after autumn or in the spring of the following year, with seeds of about 1kg per mu.

(2) Cutting propagation

It can also be divided into direct cutting and cutting seedling raising. Cutting time is usually carried out in rainy season. In rainy weather in summer and autumn, choose 1-2-year-old branches that are robust and free from pests and diseases to cut into 30-35 cm, and use the lower leaves as cuttings. On the selected plot, dig the pit according to the row spacing of 165cm and the plant spacing of 150cm, and the pit depth is 16- 18 cm. There are 56 cuttings in each hole, which are scattered and obliquely buried in the soil, and 7- 10 cm is exposed on the ground. After planting, they are filled and compacted. In dry years, water after planting to improve the survival rate.

In order to preserve honeysuckle branches and facilitate management, cuttings are often used to raise seedlings. The method is: choose a plot with convenient watering, turn it deep and level it, and use soil miscellaneous fertilizer as base fertilizer. In July and August, trenches were dug at a row spacing of 23-26 cm, with a trench depth of about 16 cm and a plant spacing of 2 cm. The cuttings are placed obliquely in the ditch, then filled, leveled and compacted. Water once after planting. If the weather is dry in the future, water once every two days to keep the soil moist. It can take root and sprout in about half a month, and transplant in spring or autumn the next year.

(3) Site management

Strengthening the field management of honeysuckle is the main link of high yield, and the following management work must be paid attention to.

(1) Loosening soil, weeding, ridging and fertilization

After honeysuckle cultivation, we should first pay attention to loosening the soil and weeding, so that there are no weeds around the flower pier, which is conducive to growth. Every spring between February and March, before freezing in autumn, we should loosen the soil and raise the soil. Fertilize 1-2 times a year and cultivate the soil at the same time. The method is to open a shallow ditch around the flower pier, sprinkle fertilizer in the ditch and cover it tightly with soil. The type of fertilizer can be a mixture of soil mixed fertilizer and chemical fertilizer, and the amount of fertilizer can be determined according to the size of the flower pier. For perennial large flower piers, 5-6 kg of miscellaneous soil fertilizer and 50-100g of chemical fertilizer can be applied to each pier, and less chemical fertilizer can be applied to small flower piers as appropriate. After picking flowers every time, it is best to apply fertilizer once, mainly urea fertilizer, in order to increase the number of picking flowers.

(2) Dressing and shaping

Reasonable pruning is an effective measure to increase the yield of honeysuckle, which has been popularized and applied in the main producing areas of Shandong Province and achieved good results. Honeysuckle has a strong natural regeneration ability and many new branches. Although the flowering branches can continue to grow, they no longer bloom, and only the new buds germinated on the original flowering mother branches can bud again. Pruning honeysuckle must be based on the variety, pier age and branch type. According to the experience of Linyi, Shandong Province, the creeping big hairy flowers with crown width 120- 140 cm and long branches should be re-cut, long branches should be cut off, short branches should be thinned, and thinning should be paid equal attention to; Strong flower pier, mainly light cutting, less sparse and long stay; The young flower pier is mainly cuttage, which promotes branching and accelerates the expansion of pier crown. Three-dimensional phoenix claw flower, the trunk is obvious, the branches do not touch the ground, and the crown width is 80- 120 cm. Pruning should be done by removing the top, clearing the foot cluster, drilling the cavity, pruning long branches, weak branches, dead branches and lower branches, so that the branches are clustered and upright, the trunk is thick, the branches are evenly distributed, the flower piers are umbrella-shaped, and the ventilation and light transmission are good, so that more new branches are made. Pruning time: 1. Pruning in winter. Winter shearing can be carried out from February 6 to the end of February of the following year. The second is cutting in the growing period. Pruning in the growing season is carried out after picking flowers every time, with the aim of promoting the formation of multi-crop flowers and increasing the yield. At the beginning of June, the first cutting of spring shoots after the first flowering was carried out; The second time is in late July, and the summer shoots are cut after the second flowering; The third time was in early September, and the autumn shoots were cut after three crops of flowers. Growing season pruning needs light pruning. Pruning has obvious effect on increasing yield of honeysuckle. 1983 Pingyi county, Shandong province, after/kloc-0 pruning in winter and 3 pruning in growth period, the average total output of flowers per pier was 969.25g, and the total output of flowers without pruning was 684.58g Compared with flowers without pruning, pruning increased the yield by 284.67g and 4 1 .58%. After pruning, the utilization rate of light energy in each part of the flower pile is improved, the invalid branches and leaves such as weak branches and long branches are removed, the consumption of nutrients and water is reduced, the number of branches and leaves is reasonable, the growth environment is improved, and the plants are robust, which is beneficial to the high yield of honeysuckle.

(3) Overwintering protection

When planting honeysuckle in Jilin and other cold areas, it is necessary to protect the old branches from wintering. If the old branches freeze to death, new branches will sprout in the second year, with less flowering and low yield. Generally, before freezing underground, put the old branches flat on the ground, cover them with 6-7 cm of wormwood, and then cover them with soil, so that they can spend the winter safely. The mulch was removed before germination in the following spring.

(4) Pests and diseases and their control

1. honeysuckle brown spot disease

(sporotrichum grisea rhamni Fuck)

This is a fungal disease. After the onset, the lesions on the leaves are round or polygonal and yellow-brown limited by veins, and gray mold grows on the back when wet. This disease is very serious in July and August. Control methods: (1) remove diseased leaves to reduce the source of germs; (2) Strengthen the cultivation management, increase the application of organic fertilizer, and enhance the disease resistance; (3) At the initial stage of the disease, 3% validamycin 50ppm solution or 1: 1.5: 200 bordeaux solution was sprayed once every 7- 10 days for 2-3 consecutive times.

2. Aphids sinensis

(Chinese amphioxus)

And leaves are curled and turned yellow, and honeysuckle buds are damaged and deformed; Secreting honey dew in the process of injury leads to soot disease and affects the photosynthesis of leaves. The carrot aphid migrated from the first host Umbelliferae to Lonicera japonica in May 438+1October, with the most serious damage in the first half of May and moved to the first host in June, which seriously affected the yield and quality of Lonicera japonica. Control method: spray with 40% dimethoate emulsion 1000 times or 80% dichlorvos emulsion 1000- 1500 times, once every 7- 10 day for 2-3 times in a row, and the last application must be before picking honeysuckle.

3.coffee tiger beetle

(codling moth)

It is an important stem borer of honeysuckle. It is distributed in the old producing areas of honeysuckle in Shandong, especially in Pingyi and Feixian. According to the survey, Wharton's homicide rate has reached 80% for more than ten years. After honeysuckle was killed, it grew weak. After several years of killing, the whole plant died. In Shandong province, every year. The newly hatched larvae first feed on the xylem surface, and when the larvae grow to 3mm, they feed longitudinally in the xylem, forming a tortuous insect path. The cavity is full of sawdust and insect dung, which is very hard, and there is no dung hole on the surface of the branch, which is not only difficult to find, but also the chemical control effect is not good at this time. Control method: spraying 80% dichlorvos emulsion with 1000 times solution in April-May to control adults and newly hatched larvae has certain effect. In recent years, the release of scleroderma. Good control effect has been achieved in the field. In sunny days when the temperature is above 25℃, it is better to release bees in July and August. This biological control method can be popularized and applied in producing areas.

4. Leopard moth

(Zeuzera sp。 )

It happens once a year in Shandong. After hatching, the larvae burrow into branches or new branches, and after 3-5 days, the new branches wither. When the larvae grow to 3-5 mm, the insect dung is discharged from the borehole, which is easy to find and has the habit of transplantation. Larvae bite a circle between xylem and phloem, which makes the branches easily broken by wind. There are often several excrement discharge holes on one side of the injured branch, and the insect excrement is long cylindrical, light yellow and not fragile. Dead plants appeared in Wharton from September to June 5438+ 10. Control method: (1) Clean the flower piles in time. After the second crop of flowers is harvested, it is necessary to combine the pruning from late July to early August to cut off the branches with insects. If pruning is too late, the larvae will eat the lower thick branches and then cut them off, which will have an impact on the growth of flower piles. (2) The middle and late July is the peak of larval hatching, which is the suitable period for chemical control. Use 40% omethoate EC 1500 times solution, and add 0.3-0.5% kerosene to promote the penetration of liquid medicine into the stem. Good control effect can be achieved.

5. willow stem moth

(Holcox Vicarius Walker)

It occurs once every two years in the main producing areas of Shandong, spanning three years. After hatching, the larvae colonized under the old skin of Lonicera japonica, and gradually spread after growing to10-15 mm. However, the permanent head of the larvae was eaten into phloem and shallow xylem from the middle and lower part of the main stem and rhizosphere, forming a wide wormway, discharging a lot of insect droppings and sawdust, seriously damaging the physiological functions of plants, hindering the transport of nutrients and water, and causing the leaves of Lonicera japonica to turn yellow and fall off. Control methods: ① Strengthen field management. The larvae of the willow stem moth like to destroy the fragile flower pier, and most of them eat it from the old hole. Therefore, strengthen tending management, timely fertilization and watering, promote the healthy growth of honeysuckle and improve insect resistance; (2) chemical control: spray 40% omethoate 1000 times of 0.5% kerosene on the branches at the peak of larval hatching, or mix 40% omethoate or chlorpyrifos into liquid medicine to water the roots according to the ratio of medicine: water = 1: 1, that is, dig a hole around the flower pier. Due to the high concentration of liquid medicine, attention should be paid to safety when using it.

6.inchworm of honeysuckle

(honeysuckle clam Chu)

It is an important leaf-eating pest of honeysuckle. When it broke out, the leaves were eaten up, leaving only branches. Prevention and control methods: cleaning the countryside to reduce the source of overwintering insects; Young people can spray 80% dichlorvos EC1000-1500 times.

Fourth, harvesting and processing.

Timely picking is an important link to improve the yield and quality of honeysuckle. Honeysuckle is open for a long time, so we must seize the opportunity to pick it. Generally, the first flower is picked in the middle and late May, and the second flower is picked in the middle and late June. When making, we should grasp that the upper part of the bud is swollen, but it is not open, and it is most suitable when it is bluish white. Picking too early, the buds are green and tender, and the yield is low; It's too late, it's easy to bloom and reduce the quality. The honeysuckle is dried or dried immediately after picking. Put the buds into a drying tray with a thickness of 3-6 cm, and the principle is to dry them on the same day. If flowers are dried in time in rainy weather, the drying temperature should be controlled. The initial drying temperature should not be too high, generally 30-35℃. After drying for 2 hours, the temperature can be raised to about 40℃, and the flowers will emit water. After 5- 10 hour, put it indoors at 45-50℃, dry it for 10 hour, and then discharge most of the water, and then raise the temperature to 55℃. Generally 12-20 hours can be completely dried. You can't turn it by hand or other things during drying, otherwise it will turn black easily. When it is not dry, you can't stop working, and it will get hot and go bad. In Pingyi county, Shandong province, the rate of first-class flowers dried in the sun is as high as 95%, and the rate of first-class flowers dried in the sun is only 23%. Therefore, it is considered that drying is an effective measure to improve the quality of honeysuckle. Dry or sun-dried honeysuckle is stored in a cool and dry place to prevent moisture and insects. Honeysuckle. The shoots are cut and dried in autumn and winter.